Unit 4 Exam (Ch. 16, 17) - Connect Flashcards
TRUE OR FALSE:
Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, olfaction, and touch.
FALSE
Sensory receptors detect both external stimuli (such as light, sound waves, olfaction, and touch) and internal stimuli (such as changes in blood pressure, body temperature, oxygen levels, and stretch in muscles or organs). This allows the body to respond to its environment as well as maintain homeostasis.
What is a sensation?
a. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a transducer potential
b. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a conducting potential
c. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a receptor potential
d. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a resting potential
e. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a generator potential
Detection of a stimulus resulting in a RECEPTOR potential
The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an) ___________.
a. action potential
b. graded potential
c. local potential
d. sensory potential
e. receptor potential
receptor potential
Any sensory neuron detects stimuli within an area called its
__________ field.
choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single
receptive
For example, a single touch sensory __________ can cover a large area of skin.
choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single
neuron
Anywhere the skin is touched in that area stimulates that __________ neuron.
choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single
single
The brain cannot determine where in the __________ the neuron was stimulated.
choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single
field
A touch at any __________ places in the field can therefore feel like a single touch.
choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single
two
A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus is called a(n) __________.
a. sense organ
b. receptor
c. transducer
d. initiator
e. activator
sense organ
You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon?
a. The sensory projection of olfaction
b. The projection pathway of olfaction
c. The tonic nature of olfaction
d. The phasic nature of olfaction
e. The fast adaptation of the primary olfactory cortex to the smell of your deodorant
The phasic nature of olfaction
Which of the following is not a way that receptors are classified?
a. By stimulus origin
b. By sensory projection
c. By stimulus modality
d. By receptor distribution
e. All of these are ways to classify receptors.
By sensory projection
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following are examples of the kind of information obtained from sensory receptors?
a. Bitter
b. Brightness of light
c. Membrane potential
d. Duration of an instrumental note
e. Placement of an item in your left vs. right hand
Bitter,
Brightness of light,
Duration of an instrumental note,
Placement of an item in your left vs. right hand.
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
What information does the brain use to determine the intensity of a stimulus?
a. How rapidly the sensory neurons fire
b. How many sensory neurons respond
c. Which sensory neurons respond
d. How long the stimulus lasts
e. Which receptive fields are stimulated
How rapidly the sensory neurons fire,
How many sensory neurons respond,
Which sensory neurons respond
Changes in blood pressure are detected by __________ in certain arteries.
a. mechanoreceptors
b. chemoreceptors
c. proprioceptors
d. nociceptors
e. thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
Match each type of receptor to the stimulus it detects.
- Photoreceptor =
- Thermoreceptor =
- Mechanoreceptor =
- Chemoreceptor =
- Nociceptor =
Types of Stimulus:
a. Chemicals
b. Changes in temperature
c. Light
d. Tissue damage (or potentially damaging stimuli)
e. Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration
- Photoreceptor = Light
- Thermoreceptor = Changes in temperature
- Mechanoreceptor = Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration
- Chemoreceptor = Chemicals
- Nociceptor = Tissue damage (or potentially damaging stimuli)
Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by ___________.
a. thermoreceptors
b. chemoreceptors
c. nociceptors
d. mechanoreceptors
e. proprioceptors
chemoreceptors
Which of the following are unencapsulated endings?
a. Free nerve endings
b. Tactile corpuscles
c. End bulbs
d. Muscle spindles
e. Pacinian corpuscles
Free nerve endings
Correctly match each receptor with the type of stimulus it detects:
- Deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration =
- Light touch, movement of hairs =
- Light touch, texture =
- Warm and cold receptors, nociceptors =
- Light touch, pressure =
Options:
Bulbous corpuscles
Muscle spindles
Hair receptors
Lamellar corpuscles
Tactile discs
Free nerve endings
Tactile corpuscles
- Deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration = LAMELLAR CORPUSCLES
- Light touch, movement of hairs = HAIR RECEPTORS
- Light touch, texture = TACTILE CORPUSCLES
- Warm and cold receptors, nociceptors = FREE NERVE ENDINGS
- Light touch, pressure = TACTILE DISCS
General Senses or Special Senses?
- Feeling the pain of a hot stove
- Listening to music
- Being able to recognize your friend’s face
- Identifying the aroma of a chocolate chip cookie
- Feeling the direction of movement on an amusement ride
- Noticing that your skin is cold
- Feeling the weight of an object in your hand
- Describing the texture of an object
General Senses:
1. Feeling the pain of a hot stove
2. Noticing that your skin is cold
3. Feeling the weight of an object in your hand
4. Describing the texture of an object
Special Senses:
1. Listening to music
2. Being able to recognize your friend’s face
3. identifying the aroma of a chocolate chip cookie
4. Feeling the direction of movement on an amusement ride
TRUE OR FALSE:
Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain.
FALSE
Referred pain is actually due to CONVERGENCE of sensory pathways, not divergence. In referred pain, sensory input from different areas of the body converges on the same nerve pathways in the spinal cord. The brain, which interprets the sensory signals, may misinterpret the origin of the pain, leading to the sensation being felt in a different area of the body than the actual source of the pain.
Divergence, on the other hand, involves one neuron sending signals to multiple pathways, which does not explain referred pain.
Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye?
a. Conjunctiva
b. Palpebra
c. Lacrimal apparatus
d. Superior oblique
e. Cornea
Cornea
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the following anatomical features of the eye.
Options:
1. Retina
2. Fovea centralis
3. Choroid
4. Sclera
5. Optic disc
6. Macula lutea
7. Ora serrata
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the following anatomical features of the eye.
Options:
1. Suspensory ligaments
2. Iris
3. Vitreous body
4. Pupil
5. Lens
6. Ciliary body
7. Cornea
TRUE OR FALSE:
The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa (fibrous layer) of the eyeball.
TRUE
The CORNEA is part of the TUNICA FIBROSA, the outermost fibrous layer of the eyeball. This layer includes:
- The SCLERA, which provides structural support and protects the inner components of the eye.
- The CORNEA, which is transparent and allows light to enter the eye, playing a key role in focusing light onto the retina.
Axons from all regions of the retina converge on the __________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.
a. macula lutea
b. optic disc
c. fovea centralis
d. ora serrata
e. lens
optic disc
Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of light through the eyeball. Start with the cornea as number one:
Pupil
Retina
Cornea
Lens
Posterior chamber
Anterior chamber
Vitreous humor
Choroid
LIGHT ENTERS
1. Cornea
2. Anterior chamber
3. Pupil
4. Posterior chamber
5. Lens
6. Vitreous humor
7. Retina
8. Choroid
LIGHT EXITS
Structure, Space, Hole, or Cavity:
- Ora serrata
- Posterior chamber
- Iris
- Pupil
- Lens
- Anterior chamber
- Vitreous chamber
- Cornea
- Hyaloid canal
- Ciliary body
STRUCTURE:
1. Ora serrata
2. Iris
3. Lens
4. Cornea
5. Ciliary body
SPACE:
1. Posterior chamber
2. Anterior chamber
3. Hyaloid canal
HOLE:
1. Pupil
CAVITY:
1. Vitreous chamber
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly identify the following structures of the eye.
Options:
Cornea
Anterior chamber
Iris
Scleral venous sinus
Ciliary muscle
Ciliary process
Posterior chamber
When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called __________.
a. emmetropia
b. accommodation
c. refraction
d. myopia
e. diplopia
accommodation
__________ is when the eye is focused on an object more than 20 feet away, and light rays focus on the retina without effort.
emmetropia
The eye will automatically focus on distant things unless the __________ is shifted elsewhere.
focus
This __________ response is the adjustment to close-range vision.
near
This response depends on __________, constriction of the pupil, and lens accommodation.
convergence
These three factors aid in focusing the image onto the __________.
retina
- In the emmetropic eye, the __________ muscle is relaxed and dilated.
- This puts tension on the suspensory ligament and flattens the __________.
- Oppositely, in accommodation, the ciliary muscle contracts and __________ the diameter of the ciliary body.
- This action reduces tension on the __________ ligament.
- This results in the lens forming a __________ shape.
options:
concave
enlarges
pupil
narrows
ciliary
convex
lens
suspensory
- ciliary
- lens
- narrows
- suspensory
- convex
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly identify the following parts of the retina.
Options:
Horizontal cell
Ganglion cell
Cone
Amacrine cell
Bipolar cell
Rod
Pigment epithelium
What is the correct order of cells in the retina from back to front?
a. Photoreceptor - bipolar - ganglion
b. Ganglion - bipolar - photoreceptor
c. Photoreceptor - ganglion - bipolar
d. Ganglion - photoreceptor - bipolar
e. Bipolar-photoreceptor-ganglion
Photoreceptor - bipolar - ganglion
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following is a true statement regarding photoreceptors?
a. Rods are responsible for night vision.
b. Rods are associated with photopic vision.
c. Cones are associated with color vision.
d. There are more cones than rods.
e. Cones function in brighter light.
Rods are responsible for night vision,
Cones are associated with color vision,
Cones function in brighter light.
Is the following associated with LIGHT POSITIONING (controlling how and where light strikes the retina) or SENSORY PROCESSING (how that information is processed)?
- Cornea
- Bipolar cells
- Photoreceptors
- Occipital cortex
- Extrinsic muscles
- Ganglion cells
- Ciliary bodies
- Accommodation
- Pupil
- Amacrine cells
Light Positioning:
1. Cornea
2. Extrinsic muscles
3. Ciliary bodies
4. Accommodation
5. Pupil
Sensory Processing:
1. Bipolar cells
2. Photoreceptors
3. Occipital cortex
4. Ganglion cells
5. Amacrine cells
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Read each description on top regarding the different the visual projection pathway. Then, click and drag them to their correct positions on the image to identify which level of the pathway is described by each.
Options
1. 3rd-order neurons of vision
2. Synapse between 2nd and 3rd-order neurons
3. The origin of retinal ganglion cell axons
4. Half of the nerve fibers decussate here
5. Contains nerve fibers from both eyes after they’ve emerged from the optic chiasm
6. Conscious visual sensation
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Vestibule =
Inner Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Auricle =
Outer Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Auditory tube =
Middle Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Tensor tympani muscle =
Middle Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Lobule =
Outer Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Incus =
Middle Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Auditory canal =
Outer Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Semicircular ducts =
Inner Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Helix =
Outer Ear
Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?
Cochlea =
Inner Ear
TRUE OR FALSE:
The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.
FALSE
The middle ear consists of AIR-FILLED chambers, not fluid-filled. It contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear, on the other hand, contains fluid-filled structures, such as the cochlea.
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly identify the following structures of the cochlea.
Options:
1. Scala vestibuli
2. Spiral organ
3. Cochlear nerve
4. Cochlear duct
5. Spiral ganglion
6. Scala tympani
7. Vestibular membrane
Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ?
a. Cochlea
b. Vestibule
c. Semicircular duct
d. Stapes
e. Tympanic cavity
Cochlea
During hearing, which of the following is the first to vibrate?
a. Basilar membrane
b. Tympanic membrane
c. Hair cells of spiral organ
d. Oval window
e. Stapes
Tympanic membrane
Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves and their conversion to fluid waves through the ear and hearing apparatus:
Scala Tympani
Auricle
Tympanic Membrane
Incus
Stapes
Malleus
Auditory Canal
Cochlear Duct
Scala Vestibuli
Oval Window
Secondary Tympanic Membrane (also known as the membrane covering the round window!)
- Auricle
Collects and funnels sound waves into the auditory canal. - Auditory Canal
Transmits sound waves toward the tympanic membrane. - Tympanic Membrane
Vibrates in response to sound waves and transfers vibrations to the ossicles. - Malleus
The 1st ossicle, which transfers vibrations to the incus. - Incus
The 2nd ossicle, which passes vibrations to the stapes. - Stapes
The 3rd ossicle, which vibrates against the oval window. - Oval Window
Vibrations at the oval window create fluid waves in the cochlea. - Scala Vestibuli
The fluid-filled chamber where the waves first travel within the cochlea. - Cochlear Duct
Houses the organ of Corti, where fluid waves are converted into nerve signals. - Scala Tympani
The chamber that dissipates the remaining energy of the fluid waves. - Secondary Tympanic Membrane (membrane of round window!)
Covers the round window and allows for the release of pressure from the fluid waves in the cochlea.
Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ?
a. Stereocilium
b. Inner hair cell
c. Tectorial membrane
d. Round window
e. Basilar membrane
Inner hair cell
Is the following associated with PITCH or LOUDNESS?
- Determined by the frequency of sound waves
- Cycles per second
- Measured in decibels
- A person singing a high C
- Amplitude of sound wave
- Measured in Hertz
- How far back and forth the cone vibrates on each cycle
- Sound intensity
PITCH:
1. Measured in Hertz
2. Cycles per second
3. Determined by the frequency of sound waves
4. A person singing a high C
LOUDNESS:
1. Measured in Decibels
2. Sound intensity
3. Amplitude of sound wave
4. How far back and forth the cone vibrates on each cycle
As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive ___________.
a. gets louder
b. gets higher
c. gets higher and louder
d. gets lower
e. gets lower and softer
gets higher
Louder sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics?
a. Higher frequencies
b. Lower frequencies
c. Larger amplitudes
d. Smaller amplitudes
Larger amplitudes
TRUE OR FALSE:
Short wavelengths from high pitched sounds cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window.
True
SHORT WAVELENGTHS, which correspond to HIGH-PITCHED sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window. This is because the basilar membrane is stiffer and narrower at the base (near the oval window), making it more sensitive to high-frequency vibrations. Low-pitched sounds, with longer wavelengths, cause displacement further along the basilar membrane toward the apex, where it is wider and more flexible.
A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur?
a. The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end
b. The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end
c. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end
d. The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end
e. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end
The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end
because:
- 150 Hz (LOW PITCH): Low-frequency sounds cause vibrations near the DISTAL END (apex) of the basilar membrane, where it is wider and more flexible.
whereas: HIGH PITCH => PROXIMAL end
- 100 dB (LOUD): A loud sound results in VIGOROUS vibrations, amplifying the displacement of the basilar membrane at the specific region corresponding to the sound frequency.
whereas: QUIET => SLIGHT vibration
Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway?
a. Cochlear duct → spiral organ → ossicles → oval window → auditory canal → tympanic membrane → fibers of cochlear nerve
b. Auditory canal → tympanic membrane → oval window → cochlear duct → ossicles → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve
c. Cochlear duct → oval window → auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve
d. Tympanic membrane → auditory canal → ossicles → oval window → cochlear duct → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve
e. Auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlear duct → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve
Auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlear duct → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve
TRUE OR FALSE:
The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium.
False
The vestibule is part of the inner ear, but it does not contain organs of hearing. Instead, it houses the saccule and utricle, which are responsible for detecting static equilibrium (head position) and linear acceleration.
Hearing is mediated by the cochlea, which is a separate structure within the inner ear. Thus, the vestibule is exclusively associated with equilibrium, not hearing.
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the following anatomical features of the semicircular canals.
Options:
Supporting cells
Cupula
Sensory nerve fibers
Endolymph
Crista ampullaris
Hair cells
What is the crista ampullaris associated with?
a. Static equilibrium when standing still
b. Static acceleration in linear acceleration
c. Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration
d. Hearing high-pitch sounds
e. Vision related to color
Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration
Would the following require angular/rotational acceleration or linear acceleration?
- Performing a somersault
- Performing a cartwheel
- Executing a twist in the air
- Beginning to run
- Moving in a car that is driving in a straight line
- Going up in an elevator
- Doing an upside-down loop in a roller coaster
- Riding a merry-go-around
- Falling off a cliff
- Jumping straight in the air
ROTATIONAL (Angular) Acceleration:
1. Performing a somersault
2. Performing a cartwheel
3. Executing a twist in the air
4. Doing an upside-down loop in a roller coaster
5. Riding a merry-go-around
LINEAR Acceleration:
1. Beginning to run
2. Moving in a car that is driving in a straight line
3. Going up in an elevator
4. Falling off a cliff
5. Jumping straight in the air
The __________ contains vertically arranged maculae that provide feedback of body movement in the vertical plane.
a. crista ampularis
b. utricle
c. saccule
d. macula utriculi
e. semicircular canals
saccule
The __________ is stimulated during linear acceleration in the transverse plane.
Options:
a. crista ampularis
b. utricle
c. saccule
d. macula utriculi
e. semicircular canals
macula utriculi
An example of __________ would include sitting in a wheelchair and having someone push you from behind.
a. angular/rotational acceleration
b. static equilibrium
c. linear acceleration
d. dynamic equilibrium
linear acceleration
An example of __________ would be sitting in an office chair and having someone spin you in a circle.
a. angular/rotational acceleration
b. static equilibrium
c. linear acceleration
d. dynamic equilibrium
angular/rotational equilibrium
Each of the __________ is specially positioned to detect angular acceleration in one of the three planes.
a. crista ampularis
b. utricle
c. saccule
d. macula utriculi
e. semicircular canals
semicircular canals
When someone is standing still, the kinocilia of the macula sacculi are bending inferiorly and thus conveying information regarding one’s __________.
a. angular/rotational acceleration
b. static equilibrium
c. linear acceleration
d. dynamic equilibrium
static equilibrium
The concept of __________ can be exemplified by any acceleration, or change in velocity.
a. angular/rotational acceleration
b. static equilibrium
c. linear acceleration
d. dynamic equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium
When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving?
a. The inner hair cells of the basilar membrane.
b. The outer hair cells of the basilar membrane.
c. The hair cells of the tectorial membrane.
d. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi.
e. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi.
The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi.
When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________.
a. cochlea
b. saccule
c. semicircular ducts
d. utricle
e. spiral organ
semicircular ducts
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the sense of equilibrium?
a. Otolithic membrane
b. Semicircular canals
c. Saccule
d. Utricle
e. Vallate papillae
Vallate papillae
-> taste buds located on the tongue and are involved in the sense of taste, NOT equilibrium.
Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain?
a. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex
b. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex
c. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex
d. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex
e. Vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - vestibular nerve - cerebral cortex
Vestibular nerve
-> vestibulocochlear nerve
-> vestibular nuclei
-> thalamus
-> cerebral cortex
Which of the following structures are associated with HEARING or EQUILIBRIUM?
- Basilar membrane
- Utricle
- Cochlea
- Semicircular canal
- Vestibule
- Tensor tympani muscle
- Vestibular nerve
- Cochlear nerve
- Stapes
HEARING:
1. Cochlea
2. Cochlear nerve
3. Basilar membrane
4. Tensor tympani muscle
5. Stapes (one of the 3 ossicles)
EQUILIBRIUM:
1. Vestibule
2. Vestibular nerve
3. Utricle
4. Semicircular canal
Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye?
a. Lingual papilla
b. Taste (gustatory) cell
c. Taste hair
d. Taste bud
e. Taste pore
Lingual papilla
-> the visible bumps on the surface of the tongue, and they contain taste buds. They can be seen with the naked eye.
Taste (gustatory) cells, taste hair, taste buds, and taste pores are microscopic structures and cannot be seen without a microscope. Taste buds are clusters of gustatory cells, and the taste hairs (or microvilli) are part of those cells.
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the anatomical elements of a taste bud.
Options:
Taste bud
Basal cell
Taste hairs
Taste pore
Tongue epithelium
Supporting cell
Sensory nerve fibers
Identify which of the following descriptions apply to which primary taste: Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Umami
- Produced by sugars
- Produced by acids in foods like lemons
- Usually associated with high-calorie foods
- Craved by people with electrolyte deficiencies
- Produced by organic alkaloids, like caffeine
- Produced by potassium and sodium ions
- Produced by amino acids
- Common in citrus fruits
- Serves as a warning not to ingest a poisonous or spoiled food
- Perceived as a “meaty” flavor
Salty:
1. Craved by people with electrolyte deficiencies
2. Produced by potassium and sodium ions
Sweet:
1. Produced by sugars
2. Usually associated with high-calorie foods
Sour:
1. Produced by acids in foods like lemons
2. Common in citrus fruits
Bitter:
1. Produced by organic alkaloids, like caffeine
2. Serves as a warning not to ingest a poisonous or spoiled food
Umami:
1. Produced by amino acids
2. Perceived as a “meaty” flavor
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following statements are true regarding gustation?
a. Taste is chemical sense.
b. It’s easier to taste with a dry tongue.
c. Humans are more sensitive to taste than to smell.
d. When gustatory hairs are stimulated, a receptor potential is created.
e. All of the primary tastes can be detected throughout the tongue.
Taste is chemical sense.
When gustatory hairs are stimulated, a receptor potential is created.
All of the primary tastes can be detected throughout the tongue.
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly identify the following anatomical features of the olfactory receptors.
Options:
Olfactory gland
Basal cell
Cribriform plate of ethimoid bone
Olfactory cell
Olfactory hairs
Supporting cells
Mucus
- Sound waves reaching the olfactory mucosa do not elicit olfactory perception due to the
__________ not matching the type of stimulus of the receptor. - To protect the body, potentially harmful substances emit an odor perceived as __________.
- A human’s inability to perceive smells that are apparent to dogs represents insufficient __________ of stimulus.
- The unpleasurable chemical smells of dissection rooms become imperceptible over time due to __________ of phasic receptors.
a. equilibrium
b. tonic receptors
c. unpleasant
d. sensory adaptation
e. intensity
f. modality
- modality
- unpleasant
- intensity
- sensory adaptation
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following statements are true regarding olfaction?
a. Smell is a chemical sense.
b. Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor.
c. Humans can only distinguish up to 200 odors.
d. Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli.
e. When olfactory receptors are stimulated, the response is referred to as “gustation.”
Smell is a chemical sense.
Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor.
Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli.
Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?
a. Parietal lobe
b. Insula
c. Occipital lobe
d. Frontal lobe
e. Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?
a. Touch
b. Olfaction
c. Gustation
d. Vision
e. Equilibrium
Olfaction
Sort each description or image by whether it characterizes endocrine or exocrine glands:
a. Secretions are released via ducts onto epithelial tissues.
b. Glands exhibit a high density of capillaries.
c. Secretions might contain metabolic waste.
d. Secretions are distributed through the bloodstream.
e. Secretions may have antimicrobial properties.
f. Secretions belong to three chemical categories: steroids, monoamines, and peptides.
g. Secretions serve as a form of cell-to-cell communication.
h. Secretion serve to lubricate mucosal membranes.
ENDOcrine Glands:
1. Glands exhibit a high density of capillaries.
2. Secretions are distributed through the bloodstream.
3. Secretions belong to three chemical categories: steroids, monoamines, and peptides.
4. Secretions serve as a form of cell-to-cell communication.
EXOcrine Glands:
1. Secretions are released via ducts onto epithelial tissues.
2. Secretions might contain metabolic waste.
3. Secretions may have antimicrobial properties.
4. Secretions serve to lubricate mucosal membranes.
Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.
a. Sometimes has very general effects
b. Usually has relatively local, specific effects
c. Communicates by means of hormones
d. Stops quickly even stimulus stops
e. Reacts more slowly to stimuli
f. Reacts quickly to stimuli
g. Releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution
h. May continue responding long after stimulus stops
i. Releases neurotransmitters at synapses
j. Communicates by means of electrical impulses
ENDOCRINE System:
a. Sometimes has very general effects
c. Communicates by means of hormones
e. Reacts more slowly to stimuli
g. Releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution
h. May continue responding long after stimulus stops
NERVOUS System:
b. Usually has relatively local, specific effects
d. Stops quickly when stimulus stops
f. Reacts quickly to stimuli
i. Releases neurotransmitters at synapses
j. Communicates by means of electrical impulses
Which of the following best describes a hormone?
a. A chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.
b. Chemical messengers that diffuse from their point of origin locally to affect other cells physiology.
c. Chemical messengers that travel across a synapse to stimulate another cell.
d. Junctions between cells interconnecting their cytoplasm.
e. A chemical messenger that is triggered by the binding of a ligand on the cell surface and causes a change in DNA transcription.
A chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.
Steroid hormones are derived from __________.
cholesterol
Does the following describe a steroid or a peptide?
a. Bind to membrane-bound receptors
b. Require second messenger systems
c. Require a transport protein
d. Elicit responses over several hours to days
e. Elicit responses almost immediately
f. Hydrophobic
g. Bind to receptors in the cell’s nucleus
h. Pass directly through the plasma membrane
i. Hydrophilic
j. Utilize cAMP, DAG, or IP3 systems
STEROID:
1. Hydrophobic
2. Elicit responses over several hours to days
3. Require a transport protein
4. Bind to receptors in the cell’s nucleus
5. Pass directly through the plasma membrane
PEPTIDE:
1. Hydrophilic
2. Elicit responses almost immediately
3. Require second messenger systems
4. Bind to membrane-bound receptors
5. Utilize cAMP, DAG, or IP3 systems
Are the following a steroid, monoamine, or a peptide?
a. Estradiol
b. Thyroxine
c. Testosterone
d. Epinephrine
e. Oxytocin
f. Insulin
STEROIDS:
- Estradiol
- Testosterone
MONOAMINES:
- Thyroxine
- Epinephrine
PEPTIDES:
- Oxytocin
- Insulin
Similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific __________ that the hormones bind to.
a. gated channels
b. metabolic pathways
c. receptors
d. enzymes
e. cofactors
receptors
Steroid hormones bind to __________ of the target cell.
a. carbohydrate receptors on the cell membrane
b. carbohydrate receptors in the cytoplasm
c. protein receptors on the cell membrane
d. protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
e. lipid receptors on the cell membrane
protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
The steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to __________.
a. hormone response elements in DNA
b. hormone response elements in mRNA
c. hormone response elements on proteins
d. ribosomes to stimulate translation
e. the cell membrane, thereby increasing its permeability
hormone response elements in DNA
The mode of action of steroid hormones involves __________.
a. a second messenger
b. modification of enzyme activity
c. stimulation of DNA replication
d. stimulation of transcription
e. inhibition of protein synthesis
stimulation of transcription
TRUE OR FALSE:
Steroid hormones travel in the blood attached to protein carriers.
TRUE
Explanation:
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic (lipid-soluble) and do not dissolve easily in the aqueous environment of the bloodstream. To be transported effectively, they bind to protein carriers such as albumin or specific transport proteins like sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or cortisol-binding globulin (CBG). These carrier proteins help maintain hormone solubility and prolong their half-life in circulation.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Steroid hormones are water-soluble.
FALSE:
Explanation:
Steroids = hydroPHOBIC
Which of the following defines hormone specificity?
a. Each hormone is made only from one tissue.
b. Each receptor binds to only one hormone.
c. Each hormone has only one specific effect.
d. Each hormone is derived from a single amino acid.
e. Each cell can only respond to one hormone.
Each receptor binds to only one hormone.
Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. Therefore, they bind to receptors where?
a. On the cell surface
b. On the cytoskeleton
c. In the nucleus
d. On the DNA
e. On a cAMP molecule
On the cell surface
Do the following have antagonistic, permissive, or synergistic effects?
a. One hormone opposes the action of another
b. The effects of insulin and glucagon on blood glucose levels
c. The effects of FSH and testosterone on sperm production
d. One hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a second hormone that is secreted later
e. The effects of estrogen and progesterone on the uterus
f. Two or more hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate parts
ANTAGONISTIC Effects:
1. One hormone opposes the action of another
2. The effects of insulin and glucagon on blood glucose levels
PERMISSIVE Effects:
1. One hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a second hormone that is secreted later
2. The effects of estrogen and progesterone on the uterus
SYNERGISTIC Effects:
1. Two or more hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate parts
2. The effects of FSH and testosterone on sperm production
TRUE OR FALSE:
Hormones always function independently of other hormones.
FALSE
Explanation:
Hormones often interact with each other to regulate physiological processes. These interactions can include:
1. Synergistic effects: Hormones work together to amplify a response (e.g., FSH and testosterone on sperm production).
2. Antagonistic effects: Hormones have opposing actions (e.g., insulin and glucagon on blood glucose levels).
3. Permissive effects: One hormone prepares the target tissue for the action of another (e.g., estrogen and progesterone on the uterus).
Such interactions ensure precise control and coordination of biological functions. Hormones RARELY act in isolation.
Neither follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?
a. Hormone clearance
b. The cascade effect
c. The synergistic effect
d. The permissive effect
e. The antagonistic effect
The synergistic effect
Most hormones are taken up and degraded by the __________ and __________.
a. liver; kidney
b. spleen; kidney
c. spleen; liver
d. bone marrow; spleen
e. bone marrow; liver
liver; kidney
The rate of hormone removal is called the __________, and the length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from the blood is the __________.
a. metabolic clearance rate; half-life
b. half-life; metabolic clearance rate
c. synergistic effect; half-life
d. antagonistic effect; metabolic clearance rate
e. None of the choices are correct
metabolic clearance rate; half-life
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the following gross anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands.
Options:
Secondary Capillaries
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Thyroid
Thalamus
Nuclei of Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Portal Venules
Stalk/Infundibulum
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary:
a. The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis.
b. The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins.
c. The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system.
d. Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
e. Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.
- The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis.
- The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system.
- Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.
Identify the hormone abbreviations and classify them by their main target organs:
1. Pituitary
2. Thyroid
3. Mammary Gland
4. Liver, Fat, Muscle, Bone
5. Adrenal Cortex
6. Testis/Ovaries
Hormones:
- IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor)
- GH (Growth Hormone)
- TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone)
- CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)
- FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
- PRL (Prolactin)
- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
- GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone)
- TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
- ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
Pituitary:
- TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone)
- CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)
- GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone)
Thyroid:
- TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
Mammary Gland:
- PRL (Prolactin)
Liver, Fat, Muscle, Bone
- GH (Growth Hormone)
- IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor)
Adrenal Cortex
- ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
Testis/Ovaries
- FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Which hormone stimulates sperm production?
a. Luteinizing hormone
b. Growth hormone
c. Follicle stimulating hormone
d. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
e. Progesterone
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the __________.
a. hypothalamus
b. anterior pituitary
c. posterior pituitary
d. kidney
e. cerebellum
hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the __________.
a. hypothalamus
b. anterior pituitary
c. posterior pituitary
d. kidney
e. cerebellum
posterior pituitary
Which of the following is a function of ADH?
a. INCREASE urine volume output and cause blood-vessel DILATION
b. INCREASE urine volume output and cause blood-vessel CONSTRICTION
c. DECREASE urine volume output and cause blood-vessel DILATION
d. DECREASE urine volume output and cause blood-vessel CONSTRICTION
e. DECREASE urine volume output, but has NO EFFECT on blood vessels
DECREASE urine volume output and cause blood-vessel CONSTRICTION
TRUE OR FALSE:
ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration.
TRUE
Explanation:
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) helps conserve water during dehydration by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. This reduces urine output, allowing the body to retain more water and maintain proper hydration levels.
TRUE OR FALSE:
ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream.
TRUE
Explanation:
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream. It then travels through the circulatory system to its target cells in the kidneys, where it promotes water reabsorption, helping to conserve water in the body.
FILL IN THE BLANK:
1. Osmolarity-detecting cells located in the nuclei of the __________ are stimulated by an increasing blood solute concentration.
2. Action potentials are then generated in the __________ at the inferior edge of the hypothalamus.
3. These action potentials travel down the length of the axons of the __________ tract to their destination at the posterior pituitary gland.
4. The __________ gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) into the bloodstream.
5. Circulating throughout the body, ADH arrives at the __________ of the kidneys.
6. Due to an increase in __________ of water from the kidneys’ nephrons, blood volume is maintained.
Options:
a. anterior pituitary
b. infraoptic nucleus
c. lateral spinothalmic
d. thalamus
e. hypothalamus
f. surpaoptic nucleus
g. hypothalamo-hypophyseal
h. posterior pituitary
i. target cells
j. reabsorption
- hypothalamus
- supraoptic nucleus
- hypothalamo-hypophyseal
- posterior pituitary
- target cells
- reabsorption
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following is a function of growth hormone?
a. GH promotes tissue growth.
b. GH inhibits protein synthesis.
c. GH targets many organs.
d. GH stimulates milk secretion by the mammary glands.
e. GH promotes tissue repair and maintenance throughout life.
- GH promotes tissue growth.
- GH targets many organs.
- GH promotes tissue repair and maintenance throughout life.
Match each hormone description with its standard abbreviation.
1. GnRH
2. TSH
3. ADH
4. LH
5. PTH
6. ACTH
7. PRL
8. FSH
9. CRH
10. T3
Named for an effect on gamete production =
Name means “against urine” =
Name means “near the thyroid” =
Named for directly affecting the thyroid =
Named for the number of iodine molecules in the hormone =
Name means “promoting milk production” =
Named for causing the release of hormone affecting the gonads =
Named for stimulating the cortex of the adrenal gland =
Named for producing the conversion of the follicle into a corpus luteum =
Named for causing the release of ACTH =
GnRH = Gonadotropin-releasing hormone = Named for causing the release of hormone affecting the gonads
TSH = Thyroid-stimulating hormone = Named for directly affecting the thyroid
ADH = Antidiuretic hormone = Name means “against urine”
LH = Luteinizing hormone = Named for producing the conversion of the follicle into a corpus luteum
PTH = Parathyroid hormone = Name means “near the thyroid”
ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic hormone = Named for stimulating the cortex of the adrenal gland
PRL = Prolactin = Named for “promoting milk production”
FSH = Follicle-stimulating hormone = Named for an effect on gamete production
CRH = Corticotropin-releasing hormone = Named for causing the release of ACTH
T3 = Triiodothyronine = Named for the number of iodine molecules in the hormone
TRUE OR FALSE:
The hypothalamus secretes eight hormones, six to regulate the anterior pituitary and two that are stored in the posterior pituitary.
TRUE
Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this is in the form of __________.
a. positive feedback
b. direct nervous stimulation
c. negative feedback inhibition
d. reverberation
e. All of the choices are correct.
negative feedback inhibition
Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms?
a. Hypothalamus
b. Pituitary gland
c. Pineal gland
d. Thyroid gland
e. Adrenal gland
Pineal gland
The hormone called __________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
a. calcitonin
b. melanin
c. melatonin
d. hepcidin
e. inhibin
melatonin
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the structures in the newborn and the adult.
Options:
Newborn
Adult
Adrenal Gland
Thymus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Liver
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the histological anatomy of this gland.
Options:
Parafollicular (C) Cells
Alpha Cells
Follicular Cells
Stored Thyroglobulin
Beta Cells
Follicle
This gland is the THYROID gland!
TRUE OR FALSE:
Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.
TRUE
What effect does thyroid hormone have on the body’s metabolic rate?
a. It increases it.
b. It decreases it.
c. It has no effect.
d. It increases then decreases it.
e. It decreases then increases it.
It increases it.
Parathyroid hormone promotes which of the following?
a. The resorption of calcium from bone
b. Increased calcium levels in the urine
c. Decreased production of calcitriol (vitamin D) in the kidney
d. Decreased absorption of calcium from the small intestine
e. Increased osteoblast activity
The resorption of calcium from bone
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the following parts of the adrenal gland.
Options:
Adrenal Medulla
Zona Reticularis
Kidney
Adrenal Gland
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Adrenal Cortex
Suprarenal Vein
FILL IN THE BLANK:
The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal __________.
medulla
FILL IN THE BLANK:
When blood glucose is high, beta cells of the __________ secrete __________.
Uptake of glucose by the liver, muscles, and fat cells __________. As a result, __________ levels decrease.
When blood glucose levels are too low, alpha cells of the pancreas secrete __________. As a result, the __________ releases glucose into the blood.
Each of these is an example of a __________ feedback system.
Options:
adrenal glands
blood glucose
glucagon
hypothalamus
increases
insulin
liver
negative
pancreas
positive
When blood glucose is high, beta cells of the PANCREAS secrete INSULIN.
Uptake of glucose by the liver, muscles, and fat cells INCREASES.
As a result, BLOOD GLUCOSE levels decrease.
When blood glucose levels are too low, alpha cells of the pancreas secrete GLUCAGON.
As a result, the LIVER releases glucose into the blood.
Each of these is an example of a NEGATIVE feedback system.
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Identify which glands:
- Thymus and/or Thyroid
- Pancreas and/or Adrenals
- Ovary and/or Testis
would be responsible for each descriptive role or function:
1. Produces hormones that regulate blood glucose
2. Produces hormones involved with blood pressure regulation
3. Produces hormones that affect water balance
4. Produces hormones that regulate calcium levels
5. Produces reproductive hormones
6. Produces hormones used in a sympathetic response
7. Associated with the stress response
8. Responsible for immune maturation
9. Principal gland for metabolic control
Thymus and/or Thyroid:
1. Responsible for immune maturation = THYMUS
2. Produces hormones that regulate calcium levels = THYROID
3. Principal gland for metabolic control = THYROID
Pancreas and/or Adrenals:
1. Produces hormones that regulate blood glucose = PANCREAS
2. Produces hormones involved with blood pressure regulation = ADRENALS
3. Produces hormones that affect water balance = ADRENALS
4. Produces hormones used in a sympathetic response = ADRENALS
5. Associated with the stress response = ADRENALS
Ovary and/or Testis:
1. Produces reproductive hormones = BOTH
Which of the following is not an endocrine organ?
a. Spleen
b. Pineal gland
c. Thymus
d. Neurohypophysis
e. Testis
Spleen
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Follicle-stimulating hormone targets which of these organs?
A
B
C
D
E
E
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Hormones from which organ have the greatest effect on the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
A
B
C
D
E
B
The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells.
a. thyroid
b. thymus
c. adrenal gland
d. spleen
e. parathyroid
thymus
The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body’s metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
a. thyroid gland
b. pancreas
c. adrenal gland
d. parathyroid gland
e. thymus
thyroid gland
The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
a. thymus
b. thyroid gland
c. parathyroid glands
d. pineal gland
e. pituitary gland
parathyroid glands
The __________ is not an endocrine gland, but it has a role in endocrine function.
a. kidney
b. pancreas
c. thyroid gland
d. parathyroid gland
e. adrenal gland
kidney
What is the name of the hormone at A?
a. Growth hormone
b. Prolactin
c. Oxytocin
d. Follicle-stimulating hormone
e. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Prolactin
