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BIOL 242 - Anatomy 1 Lecture > Unit 4 Exam (Ch. 16, 17) - Connect > Flashcards

Unit 4 Exam (Ch. 16, 17) - Connect Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, olfaction, and touch.

A

FALSE

Sensory receptors detect both external stimuli (such as light, sound waves, olfaction, and touch) and internal stimuli (such as changes in blood pressure, body temperature, oxygen levels, and stretch in muscles or organs). This allows the body to respond to its environment as well as maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

What is a sensation?

a. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a transducer potential
b. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a conducting potential
c. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a receptor potential
d. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a resting potential
e. Detection of a stimulus resulting in a generator potential

A

Detection of a stimulus resulting in a RECEPTOR potential

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3
Q

The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an) ___________.

a. action potential
b. graded potential
c. local potential
d. sensory potential
e. receptor potential

A

receptor potential

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4
Q

Any sensory neuron detects stimuli within an area called its
__________ field.

choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single

A

receptive

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5
Q

For example, a single touch sensory __________ can cover a large area of skin.

choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single

A

neuron

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6
Q

Anywhere the skin is touched in that area stimulates that __________ neuron.

choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single

A

single

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7
Q

The brain cannot determine where in the __________ the neuron was stimulated.

choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single

A

field

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8
Q

A touch at any __________ places in the field can therefore feel like a single touch.

choices:
other
receptor
neuron
field
receptive
two
single

A

two

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9
Q

A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus is called a(n) __________.

a. sense organ
b. receptor
c. transducer
d. initiator
e. activator

A

sense organ

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10
Q

You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon?

a. The sensory projection of olfaction

b. The projection pathway of olfaction

c. The tonic nature of olfaction

d. The phasic nature of olfaction

e. The fast adaptation of the primary olfactory cortex to the smell of your deodorant

A

The phasic nature of olfaction

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11
Q

Which of the following is not a way that receptors are classified?

a. By stimulus origin

b. By sensory projection

c. By stimulus modality

d. By receptor distribution

e. All of these are ways to classify receptors.

A

By sensory projection

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12
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following are examples of the kind of information obtained from sensory receptors?

a. Bitter

b. Brightness of light

c. Membrane potential

d. Duration of an instrumental note

e. Placement of an item in your left vs. right hand

A

Bitter,
Brightness of light,
Duration of an instrumental note,
Placement of an item in your left vs. right hand.

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13
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
What information does the brain use to determine the intensity of a stimulus?

a. How rapidly the sensory neurons fire

b. How many sensory neurons respond

c. Which sensory neurons respond

d. How long the stimulus lasts

e. Which receptive fields are stimulated

A

How rapidly the sensory neurons fire,
How many sensory neurons respond,
Which sensory neurons respond

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14
Q

Changes in blood pressure are detected by __________ in certain arteries.

a. mechanoreceptors
b. chemoreceptors
c. proprioceptors
d. nociceptors
e. thermoreceptors

A

mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

Match each type of receptor to the stimulus it detects.

  1. Photoreceptor =
  2. Thermoreceptor =
  3. Mechanoreceptor =
  4. Chemoreceptor =
  5. Nociceptor =

Types of Stimulus:

a. Chemicals
b. Changes in temperature
c. Light
d. Tissue damage (or potentially damaging stimuli)
e. Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration

A
  1. Photoreceptor = Light
  2. Thermoreceptor = Changes in temperature
  3. Mechanoreceptor = Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration
  4. Chemoreceptor = Chemicals
  5. Nociceptor = Tissue damage (or potentially damaging stimuli)
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16
Q

Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by ___________.

a. thermoreceptors
b. chemoreceptors
c. nociceptors
d. mechanoreceptors
e. proprioceptors

A

chemoreceptors

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17
Q

Which of the following are unencapsulated endings?

a. Free nerve endings
b. Tactile corpuscles
c. End bulbs
d. Muscle spindles
e. Pacinian corpuscles

A

Free nerve endings

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18
Q

Correctly match each receptor with the type of stimulus it detects:

  1. Deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration =
  2. Light touch, movement of hairs =
  3. Light touch, texture =
  4. Warm and cold receptors, nociceptors =
  5. Light touch, pressure =

Options:
Bulbous corpuscles
Muscle spindles
Hair receptors
Lamellar corpuscles
Tactile discs
Free nerve endings
Tactile corpuscles

A
  1. Deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration = LAMELLAR CORPUSCLES
  2. Light touch, movement of hairs = HAIR RECEPTORS
  3. Light touch, texture = TACTILE CORPUSCLES
  4. Warm and cold receptors, nociceptors = FREE NERVE ENDINGS
  5. Light touch, pressure = TACTILE DISCS
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19
Q

General Senses or Special Senses?

  1. Feeling the pain of a hot stove
  2. Listening to music
  3. Being able to recognize your friend’s face
  4. Identifying the aroma of a chocolate chip cookie
  5. Feeling the direction of movement on an amusement ride
  6. Noticing that your skin is cold
  7. Feeling the weight of an object in your hand
  8. Describing the texture of an object
A

General Senses:
1. Feeling the pain of a hot stove
2. Noticing that your skin is cold
3. Feeling the weight of an object in your hand
4. Describing the texture of an object

Special Senses:
1. Listening to music
2. Being able to recognize your friend’s face
3. identifying the aroma of a chocolate chip cookie
4. Feeling the direction of movement on an amusement ride

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain.

A

FALSE

Referred pain is actually due to CONVERGENCE of sensory pathways, not divergence. In referred pain, sensory input from different areas of the body converges on the same nerve pathways in the spinal cord. The brain, which interprets the sensory signals, may misinterpret the origin of the pain, leading to the sensation being felt in a different area of the body than the actual source of the pain.

Divergence, on the other hand, involves one neuron sending signals to multiple pathways, which does not explain referred pain.

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21
Q

Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye?

a. Conjunctiva
b. Palpebra
c. Lacrimal apparatus
d. Superior oblique
e. Cornea

A

Cornea

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22
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the following anatomical features of the eye.

Options:
1. Retina
2. Fovea centralis
3. Choroid
4. Sclera
5. Optic disc
6. Macula lutea
7. Ora serrata

A
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23
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the following anatomical features of the eye.

Options:
1. Suspensory ligaments
2. Iris
3. Vitreous body
4. Pupil
5. Lens
6. Ciliary body
7. Cornea

A
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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa (fibrous layer) of the eyeball.

A

TRUE

The CORNEA is part of the TUNICA FIBROSA, the outermost fibrous layer of the eyeball. This layer includes:
- The SCLERA, which provides structural support and protects the inner components of the eye.
- The CORNEA, which is transparent and allows light to enter the eye, playing a key role in focusing light onto the retina.

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25
Q

Axons from all regions of the retina converge on the __________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.

a. macula lutea
b. optic disc
c. fovea centralis
d. ora serrata
e. lens

A

optic disc

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26
Q

Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of light through the eyeball. Start with the cornea as number one:

Pupil
Retina
Cornea
Lens
Posterior chamber
Anterior chamber
Vitreous humor
Choroid

A

LIGHT ENTERS
1. Cornea
2. Anterior chamber
3. Pupil
4. Posterior chamber
5. Lens
6. Vitreous humor
7. Retina
8. Choroid
LIGHT EXITS

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27
Q

Structure, Space, Hole, or Cavity:

  1. Ora serrata
  2. Posterior chamber
  3. Iris
  4. Pupil
  5. Lens
  6. Anterior chamber
  7. Vitreous chamber
  8. Cornea
  9. Hyaloid canal
  10. Ciliary body
A

STRUCTURE:
1. Ora serrata
2. Iris
3. Lens
4. Cornea
5. Ciliary body

SPACE:
1. Posterior chamber
2. Anterior chamber
3. Hyaloid canal

HOLE:
1. Pupil

CAVITY:
1. Vitreous chamber

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28
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly identify the following structures of the eye.

Options:
Cornea
Anterior chamber
Iris
Scleral venous sinus
Ciliary muscle
Ciliary process
Posterior chamber

A
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29
Q

When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called __________.

a. emmetropia
b. accommodation
c. refraction
d. myopia
e. diplopia

A

accommodation

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30
Q

__________ is when the eye is focused on an object more than 20 feet away, and light rays focus on the retina without effort.

A

emmetropia

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31
Q

The eye will automatically focus on distant things unless the __________ is shifted elsewhere.

A

focus

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32
Q

This __________ response is the adjustment to close-range vision.

A

near

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33
Q

This response depends on __________, constriction of the pupil, and lens accommodation.

A

convergence

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34
Q

These three factors aid in focusing the image onto the __________.

A

retina

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35
Q
  1. In the emmetropic eye, the __________ muscle is relaxed and dilated.
  2. This puts tension on the suspensory ligament and flattens the __________.
  3. Oppositely, in accommodation, the ciliary muscle contracts and __________ the diameter of the ciliary body.
  4. This action reduces tension on the __________ ligament.
  5. This results in the lens forming a __________ shape.

options:
concave
enlarges
pupil
narrows
ciliary
convex
lens
suspensory

A
  1. ciliary
  2. lens
  3. narrows
  4. suspensory
  5. convex
36
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly identify the following parts of the retina.

Options:
Horizontal cell
Ganglion cell
Cone
Amacrine cell
Bipolar cell
Rod
Pigment epithelium

A
37
Q

What is the correct order of cells in the retina from back to front?

a. Photoreceptor - bipolar - ganglion

b. Ganglion - bipolar - photoreceptor

c. Photoreceptor - ganglion - bipolar

d. Ganglion - photoreceptor - bipolar

e. Bipolar-photoreceptor-ganglion

A

Photoreceptor - bipolar - ganglion

38
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following is a true statement regarding photoreceptors?

a. Rods are responsible for night vision.

b. Rods are associated with photopic vision.

c. Cones are associated with color vision.

d. There are more cones than rods.

e. Cones function in brighter light.

A

Rods are responsible for night vision,
Cones are associated with color vision,
Cones function in brighter light.

39
Q

Is the following associated with LIGHT POSITIONING (controlling how and where light strikes the retina) or SENSORY PROCESSING (how that information is processed)?

  1. Cornea
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Occipital cortex
  5. Extrinsic muscles
  6. Ganglion cells
  7. Ciliary bodies
  8. Accommodation
  9. Pupil
  10. Amacrine cells
A

Light Positioning:
1. Cornea
2. Extrinsic muscles
3. Ciliary bodies
4. Accommodation
5. Pupil

Sensory Processing:
1. Bipolar cells
2. Photoreceptors
3. Occipital cortex
4. Ganglion cells
5. Amacrine cells

40
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Read each description on top regarding the different the visual projection pathway. Then, click and drag them to their correct positions on the image to identify which level of the pathway is described by each.

Options
1. 3rd-order neurons of vision
2. Synapse between 2nd and 3rd-order neurons
3. The origin of retinal ganglion cell axons
4. Half of the nerve fibers decussate here
5. Contains nerve fibers from both eyes after they’ve emerged from the optic chiasm
6. Conscious visual sensation

A
41
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Vestibule =

A

Inner Ear

42
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Auricle =

A

Outer Ear

43
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Auditory tube =

A

Middle Ear

44
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Tensor tympani muscle =

A

Middle Ear

45
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Lobule =

A

Outer Ear

46
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Incus =

A

Middle Ear

47
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Auditory canal =

A

Outer Ear

48
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Semicircular ducts =

A

Inner Ear

49
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Helix =

A

Outer Ear

50
Q

Found in Outer Ear, Middle Ear, or Inner Ear?

Cochlea =

A

Inner Ear

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.

A

FALSE

The middle ear consists of AIR-FILLED chambers, not fluid-filled. It contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear, on the other hand, contains fluid-filled structures, such as the cochlea.

52
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly identify the following structures of the cochlea.

Options:
1. Scala vestibuli
2. Spiral organ
3. Cochlear nerve
4. Cochlear duct
5. Spiral ganglion
6. Scala tympani
7. Vestibular membrane

A
53
Q

Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ?

a. Cochlea
b. Vestibule
c. Semicircular duct
d. Stapes
e. Tympanic cavity

A

Cochlea

54
Q

During hearing, which of the following is the first to vibrate?

a. Basilar membrane
b. Tympanic membrane
c. Hair cells of spiral organ
d. Oval window
e. Stapes

A

Tympanic membrane

55
Q

Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves and their conversion to fluid waves through the ear and hearing apparatus:

Scala Tympani
Auricle
Tympanic Membrane
Incus
Stapes
Malleus
Auditory Canal
Cochlear Duct
Scala Vestibuli
Oval Window
Secondary Tympanic Membrane (also known as the membrane covering the round window!)

A
  1. Auricle
    Collects and funnels sound waves into the auditory canal.
  2. Auditory Canal
    Transmits sound waves toward the tympanic membrane.
  3. Tympanic Membrane
    Vibrates in response to sound waves and transfers vibrations to the ossicles.
  4. Malleus
    The 1st ossicle, which transfers vibrations to the incus.
  5. Incus
    The 2nd ossicle, which passes vibrations to the stapes.
  6. Stapes
    The 3rd ossicle, which vibrates against the oval window.
  7. Oval Window
    Vibrations at the oval window create fluid waves in the cochlea.
  8. Scala Vestibuli
    The fluid-filled chamber where the waves first travel within the cochlea.
  9. Cochlear Duct
    Houses the organ of Corti, where fluid waves are converted into nerve signals.
  10. Scala Tympani
    The chamber that dissipates the remaining energy of the fluid waves.
  11. Secondary Tympanic Membrane (membrane of round window!)
    Covers the round window and allows for the release of pressure from the fluid waves in the cochlea.
56
Q

Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ?

a. Stereocilium
b. Inner hair cell
c. Tectorial membrane
d. Round window
e. Basilar membrane

A

Inner hair cell

57
Q

Is the following associated with PITCH or LOUDNESS?

  1. Determined by the frequency of sound waves
  2. Cycles per second
  3. Measured in decibels
  4. A person singing a high C
  5. Amplitude of sound wave
  6. Measured in Hertz
  7. How far back and forth the cone vibrates on each cycle
  8. Sound intensity
A

PITCH:
1. Measured in Hertz
2. Cycles per second
3. Determined by the frequency of sound waves
4. A person singing a high C

LOUDNESS:
1. Measured in Decibels
2. Sound intensity
3. Amplitude of sound wave
4. How far back and forth the cone vibrates on each cycle

58
Q

As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive ___________.

a. gets louder
b. gets higher
c. gets higher and louder
d. gets lower
e. gets lower and softer

A

gets higher

59
Q

Louder sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics?

a. Higher frequencies
b. Lower frequencies
c. Larger amplitudes
d. Smaller amplitudes

A

Larger amplitudes

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Short wavelengths from high pitched sounds cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window.

A

True

SHORT WAVELENGTHS, which correspond to HIGH-PITCHED sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window. This is because the basilar membrane is stiffer and narrower at the base (near the oval window), making it more sensitive to high-frequency vibrations. Low-pitched sounds, with longer wavelengths, cause displacement further along the basilar membrane toward the apex, where it is wider and more flexible.

61
Q

A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur?

a. The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end
b. The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end
c. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end
d. The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end
e. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end

A

The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end

because:

  • 150 Hz (LOW PITCH): Low-frequency sounds cause vibrations near the DISTAL END (apex) of the basilar membrane, where it is wider and more flexible.

whereas: HIGH PITCH => PROXIMAL end

  • 100 dB (LOUD): A loud sound results in VIGOROUS vibrations, amplifying the displacement of the basilar membrane at the specific region corresponding to the sound frequency.

whereas: QUIET => SLIGHT vibration

62
Q

Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway?

a. Cochlear duct → spiral organ → ossicles → oval window → auditory canal → tympanic membrane → fibers of cochlear nerve

b. Auditory canal → tympanic membrane → oval window → cochlear duct → ossicles → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve

c. Cochlear duct → oval window → auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve

d. Tympanic membrane → auditory canal → ossicles → oval window → cochlear duct → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve

e. Auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlear duct → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve

A

Auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlear duct → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve

63
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium.

A

False

The vestibule is part of the inner ear, but it does not contain organs of hearing. Instead, it houses the saccule and utricle, which are responsible for detecting static equilibrium (head position) and linear acceleration.

Hearing is mediated by the cochlea, which is a separate structure within the inner ear. Thus, the vestibule is exclusively associated with equilibrium, not hearing.

64
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the following anatomical features of the semicircular canals.

Options:
Supporting cells
Cupula
Sensory nerve fibers
Endolymph
Crista ampullaris
Hair cells

A
65
Q

What is the crista ampullaris associated with?

a. Static equilibrium when standing still
b. Static acceleration in linear acceleration
c. Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration
d. Hearing high-pitch sounds
e. Vision related to color

A

Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration

66
Q

Would the following require angular/rotational acceleration or linear acceleration?

  1. Performing a somersault
  2. Performing a cartwheel
  3. Executing a twist in the air
  4. Beginning to run
  5. Moving in a car that is driving in a straight line
  6. Going up in an elevator
  7. Doing an upside-down loop in a roller coaster
  8. Riding a merry-go-around
  9. Falling off a cliff
  10. Jumping straight in the air
A

ROTATIONAL (Angular) Acceleration:
1. Performing a somersault
2. Performing a cartwheel
3. Executing a twist in the air
4. Doing an upside-down loop in a roller coaster
5. Riding a merry-go-around

LINEAR Acceleration:
1. Beginning to run
2. Moving in a car that is driving in a straight line
3. Going up in an elevator
4. Falling off a cliff
5. Jumping straight in the air

67
Q

The __________ contains vertically arranged maculae that provide feedback of body movement in the vertical plane.

a. crista ampularis
b. utricle
c. saccule
d. macula utriculi
e. semicircular canals

A

saccule

68
Q

The __________ is stimulated during linear acceleration in the transverse plane.

Options:
a. crista ampularis
b. utricle
c. saccule
d. macula utriculi
e. semicircular canals

A

macula utriculi

69
Q

An example of __________ would include sitting in a wheelchair and having someone push you from behind.

a. angular/rotational acceleration
b. static equilibrium
c. linear acceleration
d. dynamic equilibrium

A

linear acceleration

70
Q

An example of __________ would be sitting in an office chair and having someone spin you in a circle.

a. angular/rotational acceleration
b. static equilibrium
c. linear acceleration
d. dynamic equilibrium

A

angular/rotational equilibrium

71
Q

Each of the __________ is specially positioned to detect angular acceleration in one of the three planes.

a. crista ampularis
b. utricle
c. saccule
d. macula utriculi
e. semicircular canals

A

semicircular canals

72
Q

When someone is standing still, the kinocilia of the macula sacculi are bending inferiorly and thus conveying information regarding one’s __________.

a. angular/rotational acceleration
b. static equilibrium
c. linear acceleration
d. dynamic equilibrium

A

static equilibrium

73
Q

The concept of __________ can be exemplified by any acceleration, or change in velocity.

a. angular/rotational acceleration
b. static equilibrium
c. linear acceleration
d. dynamic equilibrium

A

dynamic equilibrium

74
Q

When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving?

a. The inner hair cells of the basilar membrane.
b. The outer hair cells of the basilar membrane.
c. The hair cells of the tectorial membrane.
d. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi.
e. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi.

A

The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi.

75
Q

When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________.

a. cochlea
b. saccule
c. semicircular ducts
d. utricle
e. spiral organ

A

semicircular ducts

76
Q

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the sense of equilibrium?

a. Otolithic membrane
b. Semicircular canals
c. Saccule
d. Utricle
e. Vallate papillae

A

Vallate papillae
-> taste buds located on the tongue and are involved in the sense of taste, NOT equilibrium.

77
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain?

a. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex

b. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex

c. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex

d. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex

e. Vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - vestibular nerve - cerebral cortex

A

Vestibular nerve
-> vestibulocochlear nerve
-> vestibular nuclei
-> thalamus
-> cerebral cortex

78
Q

Which of the following structures are associated with HEARING or EQUILIBRIUM?

  1. Basilar membrane
  2. Utricle
  3. Cochlea
  4. Semicircular canal
  5. Vestibule
  6. Tensor tympani muscle
  7. Vestibular nerve
  8. Cochlear nerve
  9. Stapes
A

HEARING:
1. Cochlea
2. Cochlear nerve
3. Basilar membrane
4. Tensor tympani muscle
5. Stapes (one of the 3 ossicles)

EQUILIBRIUM:
1. Vestibule
2. Vestibular nerve
3. Utricle
4. Semicircular canal

79
Q

Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye?

a. Lingual papilla
b. Taste (gustatory) cell
c. Taste hair
d. Taste bud
e. Taste pore

A

Lingual papilla
-> the visible bumps on the surface of the tongue, and they contain taste buds. They can be seen with the naked eye.

Taste (gustatory) cells, taste hair, taste buds, and taste pores are microscopic structures and cannot be seen without a microscope. Taste buds are clusters of gustatory cells, and the taste hairs (or microvilli) are part of those cells.

80
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly label the anatomical elements of a taste bud.

Options:
Taste bud
Basal cell
Taste hairs
Taste pore
Tongue epithelium
Supporting cell
Sensory nerve fibers

A
81
Q

Identify which of the following descriptions apply to which primary taste: Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Umami

  1. Produced by sugars
  2. Produced by acids in foods like lemons
  3. Usually associated with high-calorie foods
  4. Craved by people with electrolyte deficiencies
  5. Produced by organic alkaloids, like caffeine
  6. Produced by potassium and sodium ions
  7. Produced by amino acids
  8. Common in citrus fruits
  9. Serves as a warning not to ingest a poisonous or spoiled food
  10. Perceived as a “meaty” flavor
A

Salty:
1. Craved by people with electrolyte deficiencies
2. Produced by potassium and sodium ions

Sweet:
1. Produced by sugars
2. Usually associated with high-calorie foods

Sour:
1. Produced by acids in foods like lemons
2. Common in citrus fruits

Bitter:
1. Produced by organic alkaloids, like caffeine
2. Serves as a warning not to ingest a poisonous or spoiled food

Umami:
1. Produced by amino acids
2. Perceived as a “meaty” flavor

82
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following statements are true regarding gustation?

a. Taste is chemical sense.

b. It’s easier to taste with a dry tongue.

c. Humans are more sensitive to taste than to smell.

d. When gustatory hairs are stimulated, a receptor potential is created.

e. All of the primary tastes can be detected throughout the tongue.

A

Taste is chemical sense.
When gustatory hairs are stimulated, a receptor potential is created.
All of the primary tastes can be detected throughout the tongue.

83
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE:
Correctly identify the following anatomical features of the olfactory receptors.

Options:
Olfactory gland
Basal cell
Cribriform plate of ethimoid bone
Olfactory cell
Olfactory hairs
Supporting cells
Mucus

A
84
Q
  1. Sound waves reaching the olfactory mucosa do not elicit olfactory perception due to the
    __________ not matching the type of stimulus of the receptor.
  2. To protect the body, potentially harmful substances emit an odor perceived as __________.
  3. A human’s inability to perceive smells that are apparent to dogs represents insufficient __________ of stimulus.
  4. The unpleasurable chemical smells of dissection rooms become imperceptible over time due to __________ of phasic receptors.

a. equilibrium
b. tonic receptors
c. unpleasant
d. sensory adaptation
e. intensity
f. modality

A
  1. modality
  2. unpleasant
  3. intensity
  4. sensory adaptation
85
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
Which of the following statements are true regarding olfaction?

a. Smell is a chemical sense.

b. Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor.

c. Humans can only distinguish up to 200 odors.

d. Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli.

e. When olfactory receptors are stimulated, the response is referred to as “gustation.”

A

Smell is a chemical sense.

Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor.

Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli.

86
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

a. Parietal lobe
b. Insula
c. Occipital lobe
d. Frontal lobe
e. Temporal lobe

A

Temporal lobe

87
Q

What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?

a. Touch
b. Olfaction
c. Gustation
d. Vision
e. Equilibrium

A

Olfaction

BIOL 242 - Anatomy 1 Lecture (7 decks)

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