Chapter 1 (Unit 1)

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of structure (form)
-> tells us: what do these things do? Why do we need them? etc

Question 2

Disease

Answer 2

Positive feedback can lead to disease if it goes out of control.
Physiological systems work to maintain balance, and failure to maintain balance results in disease.

Question 3

Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 3

Continual adaption –> the body’s ability to maintain balance while moving or changing positions

Question 4

Extrinsic Regulation

Answer 4

when an outside system, such as the nervous or endocrine system, controls organs -> can override intrinsic regulation (when organs maintain homeostasis on their own)

Question 5

Gross Anatomy

Answer 5

branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye.

Question 6

Feedback Loop

Answer 6

a biological process that occurs when a system’s output influences the system’s input, or stimulus
[receptor -> afferent signal -> integration (control) center -> efferent signal -> effector]

Question 7

Histology

Answer 7

the study of tissues

Question 8

Homeostasis/Homeostatic Regulation

Answer 8

a state of equilibrium -> when opposing forces are in balance

Question 9

Receptor

Answer 9

detects change (first step in feedback loop)

Question 10

Afferent Message/Signal

Answer 10

sends message after change is detected by receptor (second step in feedback loop)

Question 11

Integration (Control) Center

Answer 11

receives afferent message and figures out what to do to combat change (third step in feedback loop), then sends efferent signal

Question 12

Efferent SIgnal

Answer 12

sent by integration (control) center to effector (fourth step in feedback loop)

Question 13

Effector/Effector Response

Answer 13

causes response -> actually does something about it! (fifth step in feedback loop)

Question 14

What is the hierarchy of body structures?
(and examples of each)

Answer 14

1. ATOMS (H⁺, O²⁻)
2. MOLECULES (H₂O)
3. ORGANELLES (Mitochondria, nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, etc)
4. CELLS
5. TISSUES (epithelial - skin, connective - blood and bone, skeletal - muscle, nervous - brain and spinal cord)
6. ORGANS (kidney, heart, stomach, pancreas, etc)
7. ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, digestive, nervous, cardiovascular systems, etc)
8. ORGANISM

Question 15

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 15

the study of the body’s smallest structures, such as cells, tissues, and molecules, using a microscope.

Question 16

Negative Feedback

Answer 16

the body senses a change and “negates”/reverses it.
- allows for dynamic equilibrium within a limited range around a set point.

Question 17

Physiology

Answer 17

study of function
-> tells us: what do these things do? Why do we need them? etc

Question 18

Positive Feedback

Question 19

Principle of Complementarity

Question 20

Set Point

Question 21

Define anatomy and physiology and relate them to each other.

Question 22

List the levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest.

Question 23

Explain the importance of anatomical and physiological variation among humans.

Question 24

Define homeostasis and explain why this concept is central to physiology.

Question 25

Define negative feedback, give an example of it, and explain its importance to
homeostasis.

Question 26

Define positive feedback and give examples of its beneficial and harmful effects.