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BIOL 242 - Anatomy 1 Lecture > Unit 3 Exam (Ch. 13, 14, 15) - Connect > Flashcards

Unit 3 Exam (Ch. 13, 14, 15) - Connect Flashcards

Ch 13, 14, 15

1
Q

Functions of the spinal cord include which of the following?

a. Conduction, locomotion, reflexes
b. Locomotion, cognition, transduction
c. Reflexes, conduction, cognition
d. Locomotion, transduction, cognition
e. Conduction, cognition, transduction

A

Conduction, locomotion, reflexes

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2
Q

The spinal cord achieves the function of locomotion through _________blank.

a. groups of neurons called central pattern generators
b. pools of spinal neurons that receive input from multiple sources
c. involuntary stereotyped responses to stimuli
d. sensory neurons in the brain that initiate walking and determine its speed, distance and direction
e. a flexor reflex

A

groups of neurons called central pattern generators

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3
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Provide the accurate description of the cervical enlargement, which is depicted in the figure.

Options:
1. It contains the neurons for upper limb innervation.
2. It is the tapering inferior end of the spinal cord.
3. It houses areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue.
4. It is a thin strand of pia mater

A

It contains the neurons for upper limb innervation.

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4
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Drag each label to the appropriate region of the spinal cord.

Options:
1. Cervical enlargement
2. Lumbar spinal nerves
3. Subarachnoid space
4. Thoracic spinal nerves
5. Terminal filum
6. Dural sheath
7. Sacral spinal nerves
8. Medullary cone
9. Cervical spinal nerves
10. Cauda equina
11. Lumbosacral enlargment

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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5
Q

Location of Terminal Filum:

a. Thoracic region
b. Cervical region
c. Sacral and Lumbar regions

A

Sacral and Lumbar regions

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6
Q

Location of Cervical Enlargement:

a. Thoracic region
b. Cervical region
c. Sacral and Lumbar regions

A

Cervical region

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7
Q

Location of Lumbosacral Enlargement:

a. Thoracic region
b. Cervical region
c. Sacral and Lumbar regions

A

Thoracic region

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8
Q

Location of Medullary Cone:

a. Thoracic region
b. Cervical region
c. Sacral and Lumbar regions

A

Location of Medullary Cone:

a. Thoracic region
b. Cervical region
c. Sacral and Lumbar regions

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9
Q

Location of Cauda Equina:

a. Thoracic region
b. Cervical region
c. Sacral and Lumbar regions

A

Sacral and Lumbar regions

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10
Q

The __________ region of the spinal cord gives rise to eight pairs of spinal nerves.

A

cervical

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11
Q

The __________ region of the spinal cord gives rise to twelve pairs of spinal nerves.

A

thoracic

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12
Q

The __________ region of the spinal cord gives rise to five pairs of spinal nerves.

A

lumbar

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13
Q

The __________ is the tapered end of the spinal cord.

A

conus medullaris

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14
Q

The __________ is an extension of pia mater.

A

filum terminale

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15
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the specified structure.

Options:
1. Denticulate Ligament
2. Conus Medullaris
3. Filum Terminale
4. Posterior Median Sulcus

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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16
Q

In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra?

a. Between L1 and L2
b. Between S5 and Co1
c. S2
d. C7
e. Between T7 and C1

A

Between L1 and L2

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17
Q

Where is a spinal tap usually taken?

a. Between L3 and L4
b. Between T12 and L1
c. Between C7 and T1
d. Between T11 and T12
e. Between L1 an L2

A

Between L3 and L4

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18
Q

What are meninges?

a. Fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system

b. Fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the peripheral nervous system

c. Fibrous connective tissue membranes covering spinal nerves

d. Fibrous connective tissue membranes lining the hollow spaces of the brain and spinal cord

e. Fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the autonomic nervous system

A

Fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system

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19
Q

Place the following layers of meninges and spaces in order from superficial to deep.

Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia Mater
Dura Mater
Subdural space

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Subdural Space
  3. Arachnoid Mater
  4. Subarachnoid Mater
  5. Pia Mater

(Remember: “sub-“ means “deep to”)

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20
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following anatomical features of the spinal cord.

Options:
1. Arachnoid Mater
2. Posterior Funiculus
3. Posterior Root Ganglion
4. Spinal Nerve
5. Posterior Root
6. Lateral Funiculus
7. Dura Mater
8. Anterior Funiculus
9. Pia Mater
10. Meninges
11. Posterior Horn

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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21
Q

Which of the following are made of gray matter?

a. Anterior, posterior, and lateral horns
b. Anterior, posterior, and lateral funiculi
c. Anterior, posterior, and lateral meninges
d. Anterior, posterior, and lateral commissures
e. Anterior, posterior, and lateral tracts

A

Anterior, posterior, and lateral horns

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22
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following anatomical features of the spinal cord.

Options:
1. Posterior Horn
2. Spinal Nerve
3. Posterior Root
4. Anterior Median Fissure
5. Lateral Horn
6. Posterior Root Ganglion
7. Posterior Median Sulcus
8. Central Canal

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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23
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Tectospinal Tract =

A

WHITE Matter

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24
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Gracile Fasciculus =

A

WHITE Matter

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25
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Dorsal Horn =

A

GRAY Matter

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26
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract =

A

WHITE Matter

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27
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract =

A

WHITE Matter

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28
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Ventral Horn =

A

GRAY Matter

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29
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Lateral Horn =

A

GRAY Matter

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30
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Posterior Funiculus =

A

WHITE Matter

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31
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Transmits electrical signals rapidly over long distances =

A

WHITE Matter

White matter contains myelinated axons, which facilitate the rapid transmission of electrical signals between different areas of the nervous system. In contrast, gray matter primarily contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, where processing and integration of signals occur.

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32
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Marked by low myelination =

A

GRAY Matter

Gray matter primarily consists of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, resulting in lower myelination compared to white matter, which is characterized by a higher concentration of myelinated axons.

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33
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Contains myelinated axons =

A

WHITE Matter

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34
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Integrates arriving electrical signals =

A

GRAY Matter

Gray matter contains the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons, where synaptic connections occur and signals are processed and integrated. White matter, on the other hand, primarily transmits signals between different regions of the nervous system.

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35
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Located on the periphery of the spinal cord =

A

WHITE Matter

In the spinal cord, white matter is located on the outer regions, surrounding the inner gray matter, which is organized into horns. White matter contains myelinated axons that form ascending and descending pathways.

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36
Q

Found in Gray Matter or White Matter?

Somas, synapses, and dendrites =

A

GRAY Matter

Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies (somas), synapses where neurons communicate, and dendrites that receive signals from other neurons. In contrast, white matter is primarily composed of myelinated axons that transmit signals.

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37
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly identify and label the structures associated with the anatomy of a spinal nerve and ganglion.

Options:
1. Posterior Rootlets
2. Interneurons
3. Posterior Root
4. Anterior Root
5. Epineurium
6. Endoneurium
7. Posterior Root Ganglion
8. Spinal Nerve

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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38
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly identify and label the structures associated with the anatomy of a spinal nerve and ganglion.

Options:
1. Posterior Rootlets
2. Somatosensory Neurons
3. Sensory Nerve Fibers
4. Posterior Root Ganglion
5. Motor Nerve Fibers
6. Blood Vessels
7. Interneurons

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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39
Q

What are the three pairs of funiculi in the spinal cord?

a. Posterior, lateral, anterior
b. Lateral, central, commissural
c. Anterior, posterior, commissural
d. Lateral, central, fascicular
e. Anterior, fascicular, lateral

A

Posterior, lateral, anterior

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40
Q

Which spinal nerve roots carry sensory nerve signals?

a. Posterior
b. Anterior
c. Lateral
d. Commisural
e. Association

A

Posterior

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41
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly identify and label the structures associated with the anatomy of a spinal nerve and ganglion.

Options:
1. Spinal Nerve
2. Subdural Space
3. Fat in Epidural Space
4. Arachnoid Mater
5. Dura Mater (Dural Sheath)
6. Posterior Root Ganglion
7. Vertebral Body
8. Spinous Process

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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42
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Rootlets found in the __________.

A

PNS

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43
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Posterior Horn found in the __________.

A

Spinal Cord or CNS

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44
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Ventral Ramus found in the __________.

A

PNS

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45
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Sacral Plexus found in the __________.

A

PNS

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46
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract found in the __________.

A

Spinal Cord or CNS

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47
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Gray Commisure found in the __________.

A

Spinal Cord or CNS

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48
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Posterior Root found in the __________.

A

PNS

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49
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Anterior Funiculus found in the __________.

A

Spinal Cord or CNS

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50
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Posterior Root Ganglion found in the __________.

A

PNS

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51
Q

Found in Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nervous System?

Posterior Funiculus found in the __________.

A

Spinal Cord or CNS

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52
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly identify and label the structures associated with some ascending pathways of the CNS.

Options:
1. Cuneate Fasciculus
2. Thalamus
3. Somesthetic Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)
4. First-Order Neuron
5. Third-Order Neuron
6. Medial Leminiscus (Midbrain)
7. Second-Order Neuron
8. Medial Leminiscus (Medulla)

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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53
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly identify and label the structures associated with some ascending pathways of the CNS.

Options:
1. Lower Motor Neurons
2. Internal Capsule
3. Anterior Corticospinal Tract
4. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
5. Medullary Pyramid
6. Upper Motor Neurons

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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54
Q

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain?

a. Sensory
b. Motor
c. Efferent
d. Association
e. Commissural

A

Sensory

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55
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Anterolateral System =

A

↑ ASCENDING Tract

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56
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Posterior Funiculus =

A

↑ ASCENDING Tract

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57
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Spinoreticular Tract =

A

↑ ASCENDING Tract

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58
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Gracile Funiculus =

A

↑ ASCENDING Tract

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59
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Tectospinal Tract =

A

↓ DESCENDING Tract

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60
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract =

A

↓ DESCENDING Tract

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61
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Lateral Corticospinal Tract =

A

↓ DESCENDING Tract

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62
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Medial Reticulospinal Tract =

A

↓ DESCENDING Tract

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63
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Spinothalamic Tract =

A

↑ ASCENDING Tract

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64
Q

Ascending Tract or Descending Tract?

Cuneate Fasciculus =

A

↑ ASCENDING Tract

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65
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Muscles and nerves exhibit similarities in structure and nomenclature. Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the neural structure that would correspond to the muscular image.

Options:
1. Nerve/Muscle Fascicle
2. Perichondrium
3. Endoneurium/Endomysium
4. Muscle Fiber
5. Epineurium/Epimysium
6. Perineurium/Perimysium
7. Periosteum
8. Nerve Fibers

A

ADD IMAGE HERE

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66
Q

What is the loose connective tissue surrounding an individual nerve fiber called?

a. Endoneurium
b. Epineurium
c. Perineurium
d. Perimysium
e. Endomysium

A

Endoneurium

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67
Q

A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue.

A

nerve

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68
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly identify and label the structures associated with the branches of the spinal nerve in relation to the spinal cord.

Options:
1. Sympathetic Region
2. Meningeal Branch
3. Anterior Ramus
4. Posterior Ramus
5. Anterior Root
6. Communicating Rami
7. Posterior Root
8. Posterior Root Ganglion
9. Spinal Nerve

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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69
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly identify and label the structures associated with the rami of the spinal nerves.

Options:
1. Anterior Ramus of Spinal Nerve
2. Communicating Rami
3. Spinal Nerve
4. Anterior Root
5. Posterior Ramus of Spinal Nerve
6. Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
7. Posterior Root
8. Posterior Root Ganglion

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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70
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Each of the labels below describes a sensory or motor innervation. Identify the spinal nerve plexuses pictured below and drag the innervations to the appropriate category according to which plexus is responsible.

  1. Shoulder Abduction
  2. Sensation From the Skin Of the Shoulder
  3. Motor Control Of Respiration
  4. Flexion Of the Elbow
  5. Sensation From the External Ear
  6. Sensation From the Head and Neck
  7. Plantar Flexion
  8. Knee Extension
  9. Sensation From the Sacroiliac Joint
  10. Sensation From Lower Abdomen
A

Sacral plexus = L4 to L5 and S1 to S4

CERVICAL Plexus (C1-C5):
3. Motor Control Of Respiration
5. Sensation From the External Ear
6. Sensation From the Head and Neck

BRACHIAL Plexus (C5-T1):
1. Shoulder Abduction
2. Sensation From the Skin Of the Shoulder
4. Flexion Of the Elbow

LUMBAR Plexus (L1-L4):
7. Plantar Flexion
9. Sensation From the Sacroiliac Joint

SACRAL Plexus (L4-L5 & S1-S4):
8. Knee Extension
10. Sensation From Lower Abdomen

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71
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: orrectly identify and label the spinal nerves and their plexuses.

Options:
1. Lumbar Plexus
2. Cervical Plexus
3. Intercostal Plexus
4. Thoracic Spinal Nerves
5. Coccygeal Plexus
6. Sacral Plexus
7. Medullary Cone
8. Brachial Plexus

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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72
Q

Correctly match the nerve plexus with the spinal nerves that comprise it.

Cervical plexus =
Brachial plexus =
Lumbar plexus =
Sacral plexus =

Match each of the options above to the items below:
a. C5 to T1
b. C1 to C5
c. L1 to L4
d. L4 to L5 and S1 to S4

A

Cervical plexus = C1 to C5
Brachial plexus = C5 to T1
Lumbar plexus = L1 to L4
Sacral plexus = L4 to L5 and S1 to S4

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73
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding dermatomes?

a. Each dermatome provides sensory input from a broad area of the skin (e.g. the entire upper limb) to a specific spinal nerve.
b. Dermatomes overlap at their edges by as much as 50%.
c. Dermatomes are not used to assess spinal nerve damage.
d. Dermatomes are very precise representations of the cutaneous regions that are innervated by each spinal nerve.
e. Dermatomes are only found in the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord.

A

Dermatomes overlap at their edges by as much as 50%.

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74
Q

What is a reflex?

a. A stereotyped, involuntary response to a stimulus
b. A series of nerve signals resulting in voluntary skeletal muscle contraction
c. A sensation of pain or pressure
d. A rapid mechanism for maintaining a constant body temperature
e. A reaction to an external stimulus that threatens homeostasis

A

A stereotyped, involuntary response to a stimulus

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75
Q

Which portion of a reflex arc is located entirely within the central nervous system?

a. Sensory neuron
b. Motor neuron
c. Somatic receptor
d. Interneuron
e. Effector

A

Interneuron

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76
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Accurately label the components of a reflex arc on this example.

Options:
1. Reciprocal Innervation
2. Sensory Neuron
3. Integrating Center
4. Efferent Nerve Fiber
5. Effector
6. Receptor

A

ANSWER IN IMAGE

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77
Q

True or False:
The cerebrum exhibits folds called gyri separated by grooves called sulci.

A

TRUE

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78
Q

True or False:
The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain.

A

FALSE

The CEREBRUM is the largest!!
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for coordination and regulation of muscular activity.

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79
Q

Put the components of the brainstem in order from the most rostral (anterior of brain) to the most caudal (posterior of brain).

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Diencephalon

A

MOST ROSTRAL
1. Diencephalon (not technically part of the brainstem but located above it)
2. Midbrain
3. Pons
4. Medulla Oblongata
MOST CAUDAL

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80
Q

The neuroectoderm appears along the length of the embryo and thickens to form the __________.

A

neural plate

81
Q

The neural plate sinks and its edges thicken, forming a _________ with a raised neural fold along each side.

A

neural groove

82
Q

The neural folds then fuse along the midline beginning in the _________ region and progress toward the nose and tail.

A

cervical

83
Q

A hollow channel called the _________ forms, which eventually will grow lateral processes that later form motor nerve fibers.

A

neural tube

84
Q

The lumen of the neural tube becomes a fluid-filled space that later develops into the _________ of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain.

A

central canal

85
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following meninges of the brain.

Options:
Arachnoid Mater
Arachnoid Villus
Dura Mater
Pia Mater
Meningeal Layer
Falx Cerebri
Subdural Space
Periosteal Layer
Subarachnoid Space

A
86
Q

The meninges is a three-layered, membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord. Does __________ pertain to the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, or the pia mater?

a. Gelatin-like and transparent

b. Forms of structure that partially separates the left and right halves of the cerebellum

c. The most superficial layer

d. Adheres to the surface of the brain

e. The middle layer

f. Contains superior sagittal sinus

g. Forms the tentorium cerebelli

h. Blood vessels of the cortical gyri are immediately superficial

i. Folds form the wall between the cerebral hemispheres

f. The deepest layer

A

DURA MATER:
1. Forms of structure that partially separates the left and right halves of the cerebellum
2. The most superficial layer
3. Contains superior sagittal sinus
4. Forms the tentorium cerebelli
5. Folds form the wall between the cerebral hemispheres

ARACHNOID MATER:
1. Gelatin-like and transparent
2. The middle layer

PIA MATER:
1. Adheres to the surface of the brain
2. Blood vessels of the cortical gyri are immediately superficial
3. The deepest layer

87
Q

Place the following structures in order from superficial to deep:

Arachnoid mater

Deep cortical (compact) bone

Neocortex

Integumentary system

CSF in the subarachnoid space

Superficial cortical (compact) bone

Periosteal layer of dura mater

Pia mater

Trabecular (spongy) bone

Meningeal layer of dura mater

A

SUPERFICIAL
1. Integumentary System
2. Superficial cortical (compact) bone
3. Trabecular (spongy) bone
4. Deep cortical (compact) bone
5. Periosteal layer of dura mater
6. Meningeal layer of dura mater
7. Arachnoid mater
8. CSF in the subarachnoid space
9. Pia mater
10. Neocortex
DEEP

88
Q

Which of the following is not a function of CSF?

a. To regulate the chemical environment of the nervous tissue
b. To rinse metabolic wastes from the nervous tissue
c. To provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue
d. To protect the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted
e. To allow the brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight

A

To provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue

89
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Click and drag each label on the left to its correct position on the right.

Options:
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Central Canal
Superior Sagittal SInus
Lateral Ventricle
Subarachnoid Space

A
90
Q

The cerebral aqueduct passes CSF down the core of the midbrain and into which of the following?

a. Lateral ventricles
b. Interventricular foramen
c. Third ventricle
d. Fourth ventricle

A

Fourth ventricle

91
Q

CSF is secreted into each __________ ventricle by a choroid plexus and flows into the third ventricle.

A

lateral

92
Q

CSF then flows down the cerebral __________ into the fourth ventricle.

A

aqueduct

93
Q

The __________ in the fourth ventricle adds more CSF.

A

choroid plexus

94
Q

CSF fills the __________ space and bathes external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.

A

subarachnoid

95
Q

At the arachnoid villi, CSF is reabsorbed into the venous blood of the __________ sinuses.

A

dural venous

96
Q

Read each description below and determine whether it pertains to the Blood-Brain Barrier, the Blood-CSF Barrier, or Both:

a. Astrocytes contribute to the cell junctions

b. Consists of tight junctions

c. Guards the blood capillaries throughout the brain

d. Utilizes perivascular feet

e. Utilizes the tight junctions between cells of the choroid plexus capillaries

f. Forms the only tight junctions between ependymal cells

g. Utilizes the endothelial cells of the capillaries

A

BLOOD-BRAIN Barrier:
1. Astrocytes contribute to the cell junctions
2. Guards the blood capillaries throughout the brain
3. Utilizes perivascular feet
4. Utilizes the endothelial cells of the capillaries

BLOOD-CSF BARRIER:
1. Utilizes the tight junctions between cells of the choroid plexus capillaries
2. Forms the only tight junctions between ependymal cells

BOTH: (Blood-Brain Barrier AND Blood-CSF Barrier)
1. Consists of tight junctions
2. Permeable to water, glucose, and oxygen

97
Q

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a true statement about the brain barrier system?

a. The brain barrier system is necessary because brain tissue is irreplaceable and therefore must be well protected.

b. Both brain barriers utilize tight junctions to keep harmful substance from getting to the tissue fluid of the brain.

c. Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics can all cross the brain barrier system.

d. The brain barrier system is susceptible to trauma and damage.

e. The blood-CSF barrier blocks CSF from leaking into the bloodstream.

A

The brain barrier system is necessary because BRAIN TISSUE is IRREPLACEABLE and therefore must be well protected.

BOTH brain barriers utilize TIGHT JUNCTIONS to keep harmful substance from getting to the tissue fluid of the brain.

Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics can all cross the brain barrier system.

The brain barrier system is SUSCEPTIBLE to TRAUMA and DAMAGE.

98
Q

Where are the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers found?

a. Medulla oblongata
b. Pons
c. Midbrain
d. Spinal cord
e. Diencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata

99
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following figure representing the reticular formation.

Options:
1. Reticular Formation
2. Descending motor fibers to spinal cord
3. Ascending general sensory fibers
4. Radiations to cerebral cortex
5. Auditory Input
6. Thalamus
7. Visual Input

A
100
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following anatomical features of the cerebellum and nearby structures.

Options:
1. Pons
2. Inferior Colliculus
3. Gray Matter
4. Mammillary Body
5. Superior Colliculus
6. Medulla Oblongata
7. White Matter
8. Midbrain
9. Fourth Ventricle

A
101
Q

Read each description below and determine whether it pertains to the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, or Epithalamus:

a. Senses dehydration and makes you feel thirsty

b. Synthesizes a hormone that enhances child birth

c. Contains the pineal gland

d. Releases sensory nerve signals to the cerebrum

e. Connected to the pituitary gland

f. Establishes the sleep-wake cycle

g. Relays motor nerve signals that control muscle tone and coordination

h. Connected by an intermediate mass

A

Thalamus:
1. Releases sensory nerve signals to the cerebrum
2. Relays motor nerve signals that control muscle tone and coordination
3. Connected by an intermediate mass

Hypothalamus:
1. Senses dehydration and makes you feel thirsty
2. Synthesizes a hormone that enhances child birth (hormone = oxytocin)
3. Connected to the pituitary gland
4. Establishes the sleep-wake cycle

Epithalamus:
1. Contains the pineal gland

102
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following anatomical features of the surface of the brain.

Options:
1. Occipital Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Frontal Lobe
4. Longitudinal Fissure
5. Central Sulcus
6. Cerebral Hemispheres

A
103
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following anatomical features of the surface of the brain.

Options:
1. Brainstem
2. Gyri
3. Lateral Sulcus
4. Cerebrum
5. Central Sulcus
6. Cerebellum
7. Temporal Lobe
8. Spinal Cord

A
104
Q

Which lobe is deep to the lateral sulcus and can only be seen by removing some of the overlying cerebrum?

a. Frontal lobe
b. Occipital lobe
c. Parietal lobe
d. Temporal lobe
e. Insula

A

Insula

105
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Click and drag each label on the left to its correct position on the right.

Options:
1. Parietal Lobe
2. Frontal Lobe
3. Insula
4. Temporal Lobe
5. Postcentral Gyrus
6. Lateral Sulcus
7. Precentral Gyrus
8. Central Sulcus
9. Occipital Lobe

A
106
Q

The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by __________.

a. many sulci
b. many gyri
c. the brainstem
d. the longitudinal fissure
e. the corpus callosum

A

the longitudinal fissure

107
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Structures in the midbrain control homeostasis and relay sensory signals to specific regions of the cerebral cortex.

A

False

While the midbrain plays a role in relaying sensory signals and is involved in motor control and reflexes, it is the HYPOTHALAMUS (part of the diencephalon) that primarily regulates homeostasis, such as temperature, hunger, and thirst. The midbrain itself is not the main center for homeostasis.

108
Q

Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure?

a. Limbic system
b. Pons
c. Pituitary gland
d. Medulla oblongata
e. Cerebellum

A

Cerebellum

109
Q

Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in which region of the brain?

a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Epithalamus
d. Cerebellum
e. Reticular formation

A

Thalamus

110
Q

Sex drive, body temperature, and food and water intake are regulated by which part of the brain?

a. Limbic system
b. Thalamus
c. Pineal gland
d. Hypothalamus
e. Pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

111
Q

The gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called the __________ and deeper masses called __________ surrounded by white matter.

a. nuclei; tracts
b. cortex; nuclei
c. cortex; medulla
d. medulla; midbrain
e. medulla; nerves

A

cortex; nuclei

112
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Click and drag the appropriate label on the left to its correct position on the right.

Options:
1. Projection Tracts
2. Lateral Ventricle
3. Fornix
4. Commissural Tracts
5. Basal Nuclei
6. Corpus Callosum
7. Cingulate Gyrus
8. Association Tracts
9. Thalamus
10. Longitudinal Fissure

A
113
Q

Does the following refer to the Association Tract, Commissural Tract, or Projection Tract:

a. Communication between the left primary somatosensory area and left somatosensory association area

b. Communication between lower and higher brain regions

c. Communication between adjacent gyri

d. Corticospinal tract

e. Communication between the thalamus and the cortex

f. Anterior commissure

g. Corpus callosum

h. Communication within hemispheres

i. Communication between hemispheres

A

ASSOCIATION TRACT:
1. Communication between the left primary somatosensory area and left somatosensory association area
2. Communication between adjacent gyri
3. Communication within hemispheres

COMMISSURAL TRACT:
1. Anterior commissure
2. Corpus callosum
3. Communication between hemispheres

PROJECTION TRACT:
1. Communication between lower and higher brain regions
2. Corticospinal tract
3. Communication between the thalamus and the cortex

114
Q

If the cerebrum was no longer able to communicate with the midbrain, what type of tract would you suspect has been damaged?

a. Projection
b. Association
c. Commissural
d. Ascending
e. Spinal

A

Projection

115
Q

Which of the following is the prominent C-shaped fiber tract that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

a. Longitudinal Fissure
b. Corpus Callosum
c. Diencephalon
d. Lateral Ventricle

A

Corpus Callosum

116
Q

Indicate whether each term represents a Structure VS. a Cavity, Space, or Division:

a. Median Aperture
b. Fissure
c. Lateral Ventricle
d. Cerebrum
e. Gyrus
f. Dural Sinus
g. Interventricular Foramen
h. Cerebellum
i. Cerebral Aqueduct
j. Insula

A

STRUCTURES:
- Cerebrum
- Gyrus
- Cerebellum
- Insula

CAVITIES:
- Median Aperture
- Lateral Ventricle
- Interventricular Foramen
- Cerebral Aqueduct

SPACES:
- Fissure
- Dural Sinus

DIVISIONS:
none in this list :)

117
Q

Which of the following structures consists mainly of white matter?

a. Corpus Callosum
b. Cerebral Cortex
c. Thalamus
d. Caudate Nucleus
e. Broca Area

A

Corpus Callosum

118
Q

In which structure is the arbor vitae found?

a. Left Cerebral Hemisphere
b. Tegmentum in the Midbrain
c. Cerebellum
d. Reticular Formation
e. Diencephalon

A

Cerebellum

119
Q

Indicate which structures and functions relate to white matter or gray matter:

a. Cerebellar Peduncles
b. Hypothalamus
c. Association Fibers
d. Fornix
e. Thalamic Nuclei
f. Arbor Vitae
g. Corticospinal Tracts
h. Cerebral Cortex
i. Corpus Striatum
j. Corpus Callosum
k. Functions include integration of electrical input and generation of action potentials
l. Functions include transmission of electrical impulses from one point to another

A

Relates To WHITE MATTER:
- Cerebellar Peduncles
- Association Fibers
- Fornix
- Arbor Vitae
- Corticospinal Tracts
- Corpus Callosum
- Functions include transmission of electrical impulses from one point to another

Relates To GRAY MATTER:
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamic Nuclei
- Cerebral Cortex
- Corpus Striatum
- Functions include integration of electrical input and generation of action potentials

120
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: The masses of cerebral gray matter shown in this diagram play an important role in which of the following?

a. Motor Control
b. Emotional Control
c. Vision
d. Memory
e. Understanding Language

A

Motor Control

121
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following functional regions of the cerebral cortex.

Options:
1. Olfactory Association Area
2. Primary Motor Cortex
3. Primary Somesthetic Cortex
4. Somesthetic Association Area
5. Prefrontal Cortex
6. Motor Association Area
7. Broca Area

A
122
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Consider a situation where a stroke or mechanical trauma has occurred resulting in damage to one of the areas of the brain indicated in the image. Drag each label into the proper location in order to identify the area that would most likely have been affected.

Options:
1. Respiratory and cardiovascular disturbances

  1. Loss of the sense of smell
  2. Inability to hear
  3. Altered judgment, reasoning, and emotions
  4. Altered coordination of gross muscular movements and balance
  5. General lack of sensation in the hand
  6. Dysfunction in generating movements of the upper arm and shoulder
  7. Motor dysfunction of the facial musculature
  8. Loss of taste
  9. Visual disturbances not associated with the eye
A
  1. Respiratory and cardiovascular disturbances <– damage to BRAINSTEM
  2. Loss of the sense of smell <– damage to FRONTAL LOBE, especially Olfactory Lobe/Olfactory Association Area
  3. Inability to hear <– damage to TEMPORAL LOBE
  4. Altered judgment, reasoning, and emotions <– damage to FRONTAL LOBE
  5. Altered coordination of gross muscular movements and balance <– damage to CEREBELLUM
  6. General lack of sensation in the hand <– damage to POSTcentral GYRUS/Primary Somatosensory Cortex
  7. Dysfunction in generating movements of the upper arm and shoulder <– damage to PREcentral GYRUS/Primary Motor Cortex
  8. Motor dysfunction of the facial musculature <– damage to PREcentral GYRUS/Primary Motor Cortex
  9. Loss of taste <– damage to PARIETAL LOBE & INSULA
  10. Visual disturbances not associated with the eye <– damage to OCCIPITAL LOBE
123
Q

Olfaction and hearing are processed in the __________.

A

temporal lobes

124
Q

The __________ provides critical function in motivation, logical reasoning, expression of emotion, and social attitudes.

A

frontal lobe

125
Q

Housing the visual centers, the __________ receive input from the optic radiation.

A

occipital lobe

126
Q

The frontal lobes also include the primary __________, which controls voluntary motor functions.

A

motor cortex

127
Q

The __________ exhibit receipt and association of general body sensations.

A

parietal lobes

128
Q

The deepest of the cerebral lobes, the __________, is also the smallest and least understood.

A

insula

129
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following functional regions of the cerebral cortex.

Options:
1. Auditory Association Area
2. Wernicke Area
3. Visual Association Area
4. Primary Gustatory Cortex
5. Primary Visual Cortex
6. Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Wernicke Area = posterior speech area - only in LEFT hemisphere

130
Q

Spatial perception and the recognition of familiar objects require activity in which of the following cortical regions?

a. Visual association areas
b. Primary olfactory cortex
c. Orbitofrontal cortex
d. Auditory association areas

A

Visual association areas

131
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following are examples of general (somatosensory or somatic) senses?

a. Touch
b. Heat
c. Pain
d. Vision
e. Smell
f. Equilibrium

A

Somatosensory or Somatic Senses:
Touch, Heat, Pain

Special Senses:
Vision, Smell, Equilibrium

132
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The vision association area resides primarily in the temporal lobe.

A

False

Correction: The vision association area resides primarily in the OCCIPITAL lobe.

133
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The Wernicke area recognizes spoken and written language.

A

True

Wernicke Area = Language COMPREHENSION
Broca’s Area = Language PRODUCTION

134
Q

The __________ is responsible for awareness of general sensation (e.g., touch), and the __________ is responsible for making cognitive sense of it.

a. primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association area

b. precentral gyrus; postcentral gyrus

c. primary gustatory cortex; insula

d. auditory association area; primary auditory cortex

e. prefrontal cortex; premotor area

A

primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association area

135
Q

After a stroke, a patient complains about a lack of sensitivity in their right hand. The stroke most likely affected which part of their brain?

a. Precentral gyrus in the right frontal lobe

b. Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe

c. Precentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe

d. Postcentral gyrus in the right temporal lobe

e. Postcentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe

A

POSTcentral gyrus in the LEFT PARIETAL lobe

136
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following statements is true regarding cerebral lateralization?

a. Left-handed people usually exhibit a wider frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe on the left compared to the same lobes on the right.

b. One hemisphere is usually dominant over the other.

c. Sequential and analytical reasoning is usually a specialty of the right hemisphere.

d. Imagination, insight, and artistic skill are usually specialties of the right hemisphere.

e. Lateralization develops with age and is not already developed at birth.

A

Cerebral Lateralization = the idea that the two hemispheres of the brain are functionally specialized, with each hemisphere being more dominant in processing certain types of information.

According to this, the following is true:
1. Left-handed people usually exhibit a wider frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe on the left compared to the same lobes on the right.
3. Imagination, insight, and artistic skill are usually specialties of the right hemisphere.
4. Lateralization develops with age and is not already developed at birth.

FALSE:
1. One hemisphere is usually dominant over the other.
2. Sequential and analytical reasoning is usually a specialty of the right hemisphere.

137
Q

Determine whether the given function is usually controlled by the right or left cerebral hemisphere in someone who is RIGHT-HANDED:

  1. Memory of Shapes
  2. Verbal Memory
  3. Sensation of the Left Hand
  4. Ipsilateral sensation of the right side of the body
  5. Artistry and creativity
  6. Mathematical Reasoning
  7. Speech and language comprehension
  8. Contralateral sensation of the left side of the body
  9. Motor control of right hand
A
  1. Memory of Shapes = RIGHT Hemisphere
  2. Verbal Memory = LEFT Hemisphere
  3. Sensation of the LEFT Hand = RIGHT Hemisphere
  4. IPSILATERAL sensation of the RIGHT side of the body = RIGHT Hemisphere

(Ipsilateral sensation of left side of body = left hemisphere)

  1. Artistry and creativity = RIGHT Hemisphere
  2. Mathematical Reasoning = LEFT Hemisphere
  3. Speech and language comprehension = LEFT Hemisphere
  4. CONTRALATERAL sensation of the LEFT side of the body = RIGHT Hemisphere

(Contralateral sensation of right side of body = left hemisphere)

  1. Motor control of RIGHT hand = LEFT Hemisphere
138
Q

Destruction of the amygdala would mostly affect which of the following?

a. Memory

b. Awareness of objects

c. Recognition and identification of objects

d. Expression of emotional feelings

e. Cognition

A

Expression of emotional feelings

Function of Amygdala = processing emotions

139
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus are involved in such feelings as love, anger, fear, pleasure, and pain.

A

True

140
Q

Where are the hippocampus and amygdala found?

a. Medulla oblongata
b. Basal nuclei
c. Limbic system
d. Midbrain
e. Cerebral cortex

A

Limbic system

141
Q

Short-term memory is associated with the __________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the __________.

a. cerebral cortex; hippocampus

b. hippocampus; cerebral cortex

c. cerebral cortex; amygdala

d. amygdala; hippocampus

e. hippocampus; midbrain

A

Short-Term Memory = Hippocampus

Long-Term Memory = Cerebral Cortex

142
Q

There are __________ different types of brain waves. The absence of brain waves is a medical criterion to determine __________.

A

four; brain death

143
Q

__________ waves dominate when a person is awake with eyes closed and mind wandering.

A

alpha

144
Q

__________ waves, found in the frontal and parietal regions, are accentuated during mental activity.

A

beta

145
Q

__________ waves can be dominant in awake adults with emotional stress.

A

theta

146
Q

__________ waves are normally found in awake infants.

A

delta

147
Q

Exhausted from studying all night, you briefly close your eyes and your mind starts to wander. Which brain waves would be most predominant in an EEG?

a. Alpha
b. Beta
c. Delta
d. Theta
e. Sigma

A

Alpha

148
Q

The person begins to feel drowsy and may experience a __________ sensation.

A

drifting

149
Q

High spikes in the EEG called __________ occur. These are related to neuron interactions between the thalamus and cerebral cortex.

A

sleep spindles

150
Q

Theta and delta waves appear, and the body’s __________ begin to fall.

A

vital signs

151
Q

Entering __________ sleep, the muscles are very relaxed, and the vital signs are at their lowest.

A

slow wave

152
Q

REM occurs, which is when the __________ oscillate back and forth while the sleeper is hard to awaken.

A

eyes

153
Q

Place the cranial nerves in numeric order beginning with number I.

Glossopharyngeal

Vestibulocochlear

Accessory

Optic

Vagus

Facial

Abducens

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Oculomotor

Hypoglossal

Olfactory

A

Acronym: Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly!

Oh = CN I (1) = Olfactory

Once = CN II (2) = Optic

One = CN III (3) = Oculomotor

Takes = CN IV (4) = Trochlear

The = CN V (5) = Trigeminal

Anatomy = CN VI (6) = Abducens

Final = CN VII (7) = Facial

Very = CN VIII (8) = Vestibulocochlear

Good = CN IX (9) = Glossopharyngeal

Vacations = CN X (10) = Vagus

Are = CN XI (11) = Accessory

Heavenly = CN XII (12) = Hypoglossal

154
Q

Match the cranial nerve function to the name of the cranial nerve it corresponds to.

Cranial Nerve Options:
a. Olfactory (CN I)
b. Optic (CN II)
c. Oculomotor (CN III)
d. Torchlear (CN IV)
e. Trigeminal (CN V)
f. Abducens (CN VI)

Functions:
1. Chewing
2. Smell
3. Visual Activity
4. Pupil Constriction
5. Infero-lateral movement of the eye
6. Lateral movement of the eye

A

Olfactory (CN I) = Smell

Optic (CN II) = Visual Activity

Oculomotor (CN III) = Pupil Constriction

Torchlear (CN IV) = Infero-lateral movement of the eye

Trigeminal (CN V) = Chewing

Abducens (CN VI) = Lateral movement of the eye

155
Q

Match the cranial nerve function to the name of the cranial nerve it corresponds to.

Cranial Nerve Options:
a. Facial (CN VII)
b. Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
c. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
d. Vagus (CN X)
e. Accessory (CN XII)
f. Hypoglossal (CN XIII)

Functions:
1. Inhibits cardiac muscle
2. Motor for muscles of facial expression
3. Pain sensation on the tongue
4. Hearing
5. Elevation of the scapulae
6. Tongue movement

A

Facial (CN VII) = Motor for muscles of facial expression

Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) = Hearing

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) = Pain sensation on the tongue

Vagus (CN X) = Inhibits cardiac muscle

Accessory (CN XII) = Elevation of the scapulae (bone of shoulder blades)

Hypoglossal (CN XIII) = Tongue movement

156
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Determine the identity of the highlighted cranial nerve, which transmits taste impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Options:
Trigeminal
Hypoglossal
Facial
Vagus
Glossopharyngeal

A
157
Q

When body temperature increases, thermoreceptors are stimulated and send nerve signals to the CNS. The CNS sends motor signals to sweat glands, which attempt to reduce body temperature. This is an example of a ___________ reflex.

a. stretch
b. visceral
c. withdrawal
d. somatic
e. tendon organ

A

visceral

158
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Click and drag each label to accurately identify the components of the visceral baroreflex.

Options:
1. The effector responds appropriately.

  1. The integrating center analyzes the sensory analyzes the sensory input to determine an appropriate response.
  2. High blood pressure stimulates the receptors.
  3. The efferent nerve fibers carry the signal to the effector.
  4. The afferent nerve fibers carry the signal to the CNS.
A
159
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a component of the visceral reflex?

a. Receptor
b. Afferent neurons
c. Enzymes
d. Integrating center
e. Efferent neurons

A

Receptor,
Afferent neurons,
Integrating center,
Efferent neurons.

160
Q

Which division of the ANS is referred to as the “rest-and-digest” division?

a. Sympathetic
b. Parasympathetic
c. Somatic
d. Afferent
e. Enteric

A

Parasympathetic

161
Q

Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?

a. Autonomic
b. Somatic
c. Peripheral
d. Central
e. Automatic

A

Autonomic

162
Q

The neural pathway of an autonomic motor signal:

  1. In autonomic motor pathways, the nerve signal must travel along __________ neurons to reach a target cell.
  2. The first neuron emerges from the CNS and synapses with a second neuron in a __________ outside the CNS.
  3. The second neuron’s axons extend to the __________ from the ganglion.
  4. The first neurons are called __________ and are myelinated.
  5. The second neurons are called__________ and are unmyelinated.

Options:
ganglion
target cell
third neuron
three
two
preganglionic
post ganglionic

A
  1. two
  2. ganglion
  3. target cell
  4. preganglionic
  5. postganglionic
163
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Click and drag the labels to identify the landmarks of the sympathetic nervous system.

Options:
1. Spinal Nerve
2. Sympathetic Trunk
3. Collateral Ganglion
4. White Ramus
5. Splanchnic Nerve
6. Gray Ramus
7. Soma of Postganglionic Neuron
8. Communicating Rami
9. Sympathetic Ganglion

A
164
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Correctly label the following structures in the sympathetic nervous system.

Options:
1. Sympathetic Chain Ganglia
2. Carotid Plexus
3. Cardiac & Pulmonary Plexuses
4. Cervical Plexus
5. Celiac Ganglion
6. Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
7. Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
8. Brachial Plexus

A
165
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Click and drag the labels to identify the neural pathways of the sympathetic chain ganglia.

Options:
1. Postganglionic Sympathetic Fiber
2. Cell Body of Postganglionic Neuron
3. Sympathetic Trunk
4. Cell Body of Preganglionic Neuron
5. Collatoral Ganglion
6. Preganglionic Sympathetic Fiber
7. Sympathetic Ganglion
8. Splanchnic Nerve
9. Sympathetic Nerve

A
166
Q

The neural pathways of sympathetic chain ganglia:

  1. Synaptic preganglionic fibers can follow __________ different routes after entering the sympathetic chain.
  2. Some will end in the ganglion that they __________ and synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron.
  3. Some will __________ the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels.
  4. These fibers link the paravertebral ganglia into a__________ and serve at the cervical, sacral, and coccygeal levels.
  5. The last route has fibers passing through the chain without synapsing and continuing as __________ nerves.

Options:
ascend or descend
chain
entered
five
ramus
ring
splanchnic
three

A
  1. three
  2. entered
  3. ascend or descend
  4. chain
  5. splanchnic
167
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following structure(s) is/are associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

a. The adrenal cortex
b. The adrenal medulla
c. The thoracolumbar spinal cord
d. The pineal gland
e. The vagus nerveThe vagus nerve

A

The adrenal medulla & the thoracolumbar spinal cord = SNS

168
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic axons located in the spinal cord?

a. Posterior gray horn
b. Lateral gray horn
c. Anterior gray horn
d. Anterior funiculus
e. Posterior funiculus

A

Lateral gray horn

169
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding the adrenal glands’ relationship with the autonomic nervous system?

a. The adrenal cortex is an extension of the parasympathetic nervous system.

b. The adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

c. The adrenal glands are strictly nerve tissue.

d. The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

e. Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system synapse on cells in the adrenal medulla.

A

The adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
&
Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system synapse on cells in the adrenal medulla.

170
Q

Regarding the adrenal gland, which of the following pairings is correct?

a. Cortex: the inner part
b. Cortex: the middle part
c. Medulla: the outer part
d. Medulla: the inner part
e. Cortex: inner and outer part

A

Medulla: the inner part

Adrenal Gland has 2 distinct parts:
1. CORTEX = outer part; responsible for producing steroid hormones, such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
2. MEDULLA = inner part; responsible for producing catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.

171
Q

Also known as the __________ division, the sympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via the spinal nerves from T1-L2.

A

thoracolumbar

172
Q

Action potentials travel along the preganglionic axons and enter the __________.

A

sympathetic chain ganglion

173
Q

Axons exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia take one of three routes: the spinal nerve route, the sympathetic nerve route, or the __________ nerve route.

A

splanchnic

174
Q

Arriving at target cells, __________ axons release acetylcholine or norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.

A

postganglionic

175
Q

The effect of norepinephrine binding to __________ receptors stimulates cardiac muscle cells.

A

adrenergic

176
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

a. It arises from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.

b. It has long postganglionic axons.

c. It has long preganglionic axons.

d. Its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column.

e. It has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect.

A

It has long preganglionic axons.

177
Q

LOOK AT IMAGE: Which of the following is illustrated here?
(An illustration depicts the innervation of the parotid gland.)

a. Cervicosacral (parasympathetic) outflow

b. Craniothoracic (sympathetic) outflow

c. Craniosacral (parasympathetic) outflow

d. Cervicolumbar (parasympathetic) outflow

e. Thoracolumbar (sympathetic) outflow

A

Craniosacral (parasympathetic) outflow

  1. CRANIOSACRAL = refers to the origin of the parasympathetic fibers, which emerge from the CRANIAL nerves (III, VII, IX, and X) and SACRAL spinal nerves (S2-S4)
  2. The parotid gland is innervated by the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system. (PNS)
178
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS begin?

a. Brainstem
b. Cervical spinal cord
c. Thoracic spinal cord
d. Sacral spinal cord
e. Lumbar spinal cord

A

Brainstem & Sacral spinal cord

179
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

a. Its effects are local.

b. The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs.

c. It arises from the craniosacral regions of the CNS.

d. It has short preganglionic axons.

e. It has short postganglionic axons.

A

It has short preganglionic axons.

  • The PNS division actually has LONG PREganglionic axons and SHORT POSTganglionic axons that extend from the CNS to the terminal ganglia.
180
Q

In the __________ division of the ANS, the preganglionic axons are short, while in the __________ division, the preganglionic axons are relatively long.

a. sympathetic; parasympathetic

b. sympathetic; enteric

c. parasympathetic; sympathetic

d. enteric; parasympathetic

e. enteric; sympathetic

A

sympathetic; parasympathetic

181
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is/are functions of the enteric plexus?

a. It regulates the movement of contents through the esophagus.

b. It regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes.

c. It innervates smooth muscles of the intestines.

d. It innervates the sweat glands of the abdominal wall.

e. It decreases urine production.It decreases urine production.

A

It regulates the movement of contents through the esophagus.
&
It regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes.
&
It innervates smooth muscles of the intestines.

182
Q

Classify the receptor descriptions or names below based on which neurotransmitter each is associated with - Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine:

  1. beta-Adrenergic
  2. Nicotinic
  3. Only receptor found in parasympathetic synapses
  4. Muscarinic
  5. Utilizes calcium ions as a second messenger
  6. Associated with tobacco
  7. alpha-Adrenergic
  8. Associated with mushroom poison
A

Associated with ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) neurotransmitter:
1. Nicotinic
2. Associated with tobacco
3. Muscarinic
4. Associated with mushroom poison
5. Only receptor found in parasympathetic synapses

Associated with NOREPINEPHRINE (NE) neurotransmitter:
1. alpha-Adrenergic
2. beta-Adrenergic
3. Utilizes calcium ions as a second messenger

183
Q

Match each description to the division of the autonomic nervous system that it describes - Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic:

  1. Decreases the frequency of impulses initiated by the sinoatrial node of the heart.
  2. Releases norepinephrine to the heart.
  3. Increases the amount of air entering the alveoli of the lungs.
  4. Results in decreased urine production.
  5. Stimulates the smooth muscles of the digestive tract.
  6. Associated with reduced energy expenditure.
  7. Active during physical stress
  8. Maintains blood pressure
A

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS):
1. Releases norepinephrine to the heart.
2. Increases the amount of air entering the alveoli of the lungs.
3. Results in decreased urine production.
4. Active during physical stress
5. Maintains blood pressure

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS):
1. Decreases the frequency of impulses initiated by the sinoatrial node of the heart.
2. Stimulates the smooth muscles of the digestive tract.
3. Associated with reduced energy expenditure.

184
Q

Dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has __________ division(s) of the ANS.

A

both

185
Q

If the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it’s called __________ innervation.

A

antagonistic

186
Q

If the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it’s called __________ innervation.

A

cooperative

187
Q

Since the parasympathetic division causes the heart rate to __________ and the sympathetic division causes the heart rate to __________, this is an example of antagonistic innervation.

A

decrease; increase

188
Q

Read each description below regarding the dual innervation of the ANS. Then, determine whether it is an example of antagonistic or cooperative innervation:

  1. The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate.
  2. The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion.
  3. During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.
  4. The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils.
A

Antagonistic Innervation:
1. The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate.
2. The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils.

Cooperative Innervation:
1. The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion.
2. During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.

189
Q

The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called __________.

a. “fight-or-flight” activity
b. visceral motor activity
c. autonomic reflex arc activity
d. visceral tone
e. autonomic tone

A

autonomic tone

190
Q
  1. The sympathetic fibers to a blood vessel have a __________ sympathetic tone.
  2. This tone keeps the vessels in a state of partial __________, called vasomotor tone.
  3. An __________ in firing rate constricts a vessel by increasing smooth muscle contraction.
  4. A drop in firing __________ a vessel by allowing the muscle to relax.
  5. Thus, the sympathetic division alone exerts __________ effects on the vessel.

Options:
baseline
common
constriction
decrease
dilates
increase
opposite
relaxation

A
  1. baseline
  2. constriction
  3. increase
  4. dilates
  5. opposite
191
Q

The __________ division of the ANS increases alertness. The __________ division has a calming effect on the body.

a. parasympathetic; sympathetic

b. somatic; parasympathetic

c. sympathetic; parasympathetic

d. sympathetic; somatic

e. somatic; sympathetic

A

sympathetic; parasympathetic

192
Q

Which type of receptor binds to ACh?

a. Adrenergic
b. Cholinergic
c. GABA-ergic
d. Glutamatergic
e. Voltage-gated

A

Cholinergic

193
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is/are true statements regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS?

a. All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic.

b. All postganglionic neurons of the ANS are adrenergic.

c. All postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites.

d. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells.

e. Some parasympathetic neurons use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.

A

All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic.
&
All postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites.
&
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells.

194
Q

The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is __________. The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is __________.

a. always excitatory; always excitatory

b. excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory

c. excitatory or inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory

d. always inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory

e. always inhibitory; always excitatory

A

excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory

195
Q

Sympathetic effects tend to last __________ than parasympathetic effects. One reason is that __________.

a. shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down

b. longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down

c. about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters

d. shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

e. longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down

196
Q

Identify which division of the autonomic nervous system (PNS or SNS) is dominant during the following activities:

  1. Excitement
  2. Fight-or-Flight
  3. Digestion
  4. Defecation
  5. Diuresis
  6. Stress
  7. Running
A

Parasympathetic (PNS):
- Digestion
- Defection
- Diuresis (increased/excessive production of urine)

Sympathetic (SNS):
- Excitement
- Fight-or-Flight
- Stress
- Running

197
Q

Identify which motor division of the autonomic nervous system is described:

  1. Fight-or-Flight
  2. Urinary bladder wall contraction
  3. Increased heart rate
  4. Increased pulmonary airflow
  5. Rest and Digest
  6. Activation of digestive organs
  7. Reduced urinary output
  8. Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
  9. Storage of energy
  10. Decreased pulmonary airflow
A

Sympathetic (SNS):
1. Fight-or-Flight
2. Increased heart rate
3. Increased pulmonary airflow (pulmonary = lungs)
4. Reduced urinary output
5. Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle

Parasympathetic (PNS):
1. Urinary bladder wall contraction
2. Rest and Digest
3. Activation of digestive organs
4. Storage of energy
5. Decreased pulmonary airflow

198
Q

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following levels of the central nervous system plays a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system?

a. Cerebral cortex
b. Hypothalamus
c. Spinal cord
d. Brainstem
e. Basal nuclei

A

Cerebral cortex,
Hypothalamus,
Spinal cord,
Brainstem.

BIOL 242 - Anatomy 1 Lecture (7 decks)

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