Unit 1 Exam (Ch. 1, 3, 5, 6) - Connect Flashcards
ANATOMY OR PHYSIOLOGY?
1) Heart cells are capable of contracting on their pwn due to a property called autorhythmicity
2) Study of function
3) The brachial artery gives rise to the ulnar and radial arteries
4) Cellular energy requires the body’s production of ATP
5) The long-term acid-base balance of the body is controlled by the kidneys
6) The brain is composed of two hemispheres
7) Glucose (a form of simple carbohydrate) is the necessary fuel for the brain
8) Mitochondria are cellular organelles more numerous in active cells
9) Each kidney contains approximately 6-10 pyramids.
10) The human heart is composed of four chambers
11) Skeletal muscles contract via a process called the sliding filament theory
12) Study of form
ANATOMY:
3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12
PHYSIOLOGY:
1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 11
ANATOMY OR PHYSIOLOGY?
1) During exercise, an increase in sympathetic activity increases cardiac output
2) The internal carotid artery is lateral to the trachea
3) The small intestine has three portions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
4) Several layers of squamous cells comprise the epidermis of the skin
5) Tendons are the structures that attach muscles to bones
6) Kidneys secrete H⁺ to raise a person’s pH
7) Increased levels of prolactin promote milk formation in the mammary glands
8) The bronchi and alveoli are part of the lower respiratory tract
9) The brainstem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla
10) The uterus has three layers
11) Insulin and glucagon help maintain normal blood sugar levels
12) Sweat production increases to cool the body during exercise
ANATOMY:
2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10
PHYSIOLOGY:
1, 6, 7, 11, 12
The smallest particles with unique chemical properties, called __________, are composed of neutrons and protons in a centralized nucleus with electrons in surrounding concentric clouds.
atoms
Two or more atoms make up a(n) __________ and are exemplified by groups of macromolecules known as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
molecule
Together, molecules form much larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles. These are collectively referred to as __________.
organelles
The smallest unit of life is the __________, which is comprised of multiple organelles and macromolecules.
cell
Collections of like cells performing a similar function are called __________. They are divided into four major categories: connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscular.
tissues
Multiple, different tissue types working together are called __________.
organs
The digestive organs are an example of a(n) __________ in that they are multiple, different organs working together to carry out a similar function.
organ system
A complete, single __________ represents the largest division of hierarchical organization.
organism
List the following form simplest to most complex:
mitochondrion
stomach
connective tissue
protein
adipocyte (fat cell)
protein
mitochondrion
adipocyte (fat cell)
connective tissue
stomach
An _________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas _________ are microscopic structures in a cell.
organ; organelles
LOOK AT IMAGE
What level of structural hierarchy is represented by the letter E?
cell
LOOK AT IMAGE
What level of structural hierarchy is represented by the letter H?
organ system
LOOK AT IMAGE
The integumentary system is an example of which level of structural hierarchy?
H
What are the simplest body structures considered alive?
cells
TRUE OR FALSE: Every member of the same species has the exact same anatomical structure.
FALSE
explanation:
Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding variations of human physiology?
1) Variation in a person’s physiology is abnormal.
2) The physiological function of organ systems can be different due to age.
3) Men and women vary in their physiology.
4) Failure to recognize variations in physiology can lead to medical mistakes.
5) All human beings of the same age have the same physiological processes.
2) The physiological function of organ systems can be different due to age.
3) Men and women vary in their physiology.
4) Failure to recognize variations in physiology can lead to medical mistakes.
The fact that most of us have 24 ribs, but some people have 23, 26, or more, is an example of what type of variation among organisms?
cellular
holistic
physiological
anatomical
reductionist
anatomical
A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. What is this is an example of?
cellular adaption
holistic medicine
physiological variation
anatomical variation
structural differentiation
physiological variation
Which of the following statements accurately describes homeostasis?
1) The body has the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
2) The loss of homeostatic control can cause illness but cannot cause death.
3) Internal conditions are absolutely constant and must not fluctuate within a range.
4) The internal state of the body is best described as a static equilibrium, in which there is a certain set point that must be strictly maintained at all times.
5) All of these choices are correct.
The body has the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?
1) Platelets in the blood adhere to a recent cut in the skin and release chemicals, which cause additional platelets to adhere to the wound.
2) Decreasing blood pressure indirectly causes widespread vasoconstriction, resulting in a rise in blood pressure.
3) Decreasing levels of blood calcium cause parathyroid hormone to be released, resulting in the increase of blood calcium levels.
4) This feedback is an increasing, amplifying, or magnifying process.
5) This feedback produces a rapid “climactic event.”
6) Stretching the cervix indirectly causes the uterus to contract with more force, causing greater stretch of the cervix.
7) This feedback negates or reverses a trend.
8) Good grades in school produces compliments and family pressure to continue this success, resulting in greater levels of academic success.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK:
1, 4, 5, 6, 8
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK:
2, 3, 7
What is a molecule, cell, or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?
effector
LOOK AT IMAGE
Label the following parts of the diagram depicting negative feedback being used to maintain homeostasis.
word bank:
vasoconstriction
sweating
shivering
vasodilation
Answer in Image
LOOK AT IMAGE
Place the descriptions into the proper order to represent positive feedback to regain homeostasis.
options:
1) The head of the fetus pushes against the cervix
2) The brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin.
3) Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the fetus toward the cervix.
4) Nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain.
What are the three common components of a feedback loop?
Receptor, integrating (control) center, and effector
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.
negative feedback
Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?
negative feedback
positive feedback
homeostasis
equilibrium
irritability
positive feedback
Which of the following statements is not a tenet of modern cell theory?
- An organism’s structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells.
- All cells come only from preexisting cells.
- All cells occupy space.
- All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
- The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
All cells occupy space.
LOOK AT IMAGE
Click and drag each label to the appropriate dock to accurately identify the parts of the plasma membrane.
options:
1) ICF
2) ECF
3) Phospholipid bilayer
4) Glycolipid
5) Glycoprotein
6) Channel
7) Proteins of cytoskeleton
8) Carbohydrate chains
9) Peripheral protein
Answer in Image
LOOK AT IMAGE
Click and drag each label to the appropriate dock to accurately identify the parts of the plasma membrane.
options:
1) Peripheral protein
2) Cholesterol
3) Carbohydrate chains
4) Glycoprotein
5) Channel
6) Proteins of cytoskeleton
7) ICF
8) ECF
9) Phospholipid bilayer
10) Transmembrane protein
Answer in Image
What is the fluid located between cells called?
extracellular fluid (i.e. interstitial fluid with the plasma makes up the ECF!)
The majority of the plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer of _________ with associated proteins.
phospholipids
LOOK AT IMAGE
Label the types of plasma membrane lipids.
options:
1) Glycolipid
2) Fatty acid tails
3) Phospholipid
4) Polar head
5) Cholesterol
Answer in Image
Which of the following statements is true about the glycocalyx?
1) All animal cells have a glycocalyx.
2) Even between identical twins, the glycocalyx is chemically unique.
3) The glycocalyx helps one cell adhere to another.
4) The glycocalyx is comprised mostly of proteins.
5) The glycocalyx is found along the internal surface of the plasma membrane.
6) The glycocalyx allows our body to identify cells as our own.
1) All animal cells have a glycocalyx.
3) The glycocalyx helps one cell adhere to another.
6) The glycocalyx allows our body to identify cells as our own.
Movement of fluids through a selectively permeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure is referred to as __________.
filtration
Fluids and small solutes are forced between cells of the vascular endothelium due to __________.
hydrostatic (blood) pressure
Simple diffusion describes the net movement of particles from an area of __________ concentration to an area of __________ concentration.
high; low
Breaking a stink bomb in a classroom demonstrates __________ as the students at the front of the class will be the first to smell the odor, although eventually all students throughout the class will smell the gas equally.
simple diffusion
Solutes that cannot pass through the membrane unaided utilize __________, in which the solute attaches to a binding site on a carrier and is released on the other side of the membrane without the need for energy expenditure.
facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of __________.
a. molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
b. molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration
c. water molecules across a membrane
d. gas molecules across a membrane
e. gas or water molecules across a membrane
molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when __________.
a. molecules of sugar stop moving
b. water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed
c. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution
d. there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules
e. two tablespoons of coffee are added
the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution
Which of the following does not affect the rate of diffusion?
a. Temperature
b. Size of molecules
c. Steepness of the concentration gradient
d. The amount of available ATP
e. Membrane permeability
The amount of available ATP
INCREASES or DECREASES RATE OF DIFFUSION?
1) Increased membrane surface area
2) Decreased molecular weight
3) Increased membrane permeability
4) Decreases cell height, creating a flatter cell
5) Approaching diffusional equilibrium
6) Increased synthesis of channel proteins
7) Villi and microvilli in the intestinal epithelium
8) Increased temperature
9) Decreased concentration gradient
10) Destruction of alveoli in the lungs due to emphysema
INCREASES RATE OF DIFFUSION:
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8
DECREASES RATE OF DIFFUSION:
5, 9, 10
Osmosis is best defined as the movement of __________.
a. molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
b. molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration
c. water molecules across a membrane from an area of low water to an area of higher concentration
d. water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration
e. water molecules inside a container
water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration
Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
a. small polar molecules
b. small nonpolar molecules
c. large polar molecules
d. large nonpolar molecules
e. large neutral molecules
small nonpolar molecules
Up to a point, __________ (decreasing/increasing) solute concentration increases transport rate.
At some point, all carriers are __________ (empty/occupied) and solute cannot be moved any faster.
At this point, the addition of more solute __________ (does not/does) increase the amount of solute being transported.
This point is referred to as the __________ maximum.
increasing
occupied
does not
transport
Sugars can be transported into cells against their concentration gradient because of __________.
a. osmosis
b. simple diffusion
c. facilitated diffusion
d. antiport with sodium ions
e. symport with sodium ions
symport with sodium ions
Which of the following is an example of antiport?
a. Simultaneous movement of an amino acid and protons into the cell
b. Simultaneous movement of an amino acid and protons out of the cell
c. Coupling of the inward movement of water with the outward movement of protons
d. Coupling of the inward movement of sodium ions with the outward movement of calcium ions
e. Coupling of the inward movement of water with the inward movement of proteins
Coupling of the inward movement of sodium ions with the outward movement of calcium ions
TRUE OR FALSE: The sodium–potassium pump maintains a high sodium ion concentration in the cell.
FALSE
explanation: The sodium–potassium (Na+–K+) pump is a good example of primary active transport. It is also known as Na+–K+ ATPase because it is an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP. The Na+–K+ pump binds three Na+ simultaneously on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, releases these to the ECF, binds two K+ simultaneously from the ECF, and releases these into the cell. Each cycle of the pump consumes one ATP and exchanges three Na+ for two K+. This keeps the K+ concentration higher and the Na+ concentration lower within the cell than they are in the ECF. These ions continually leak through the membrane, and the Na+–K+ pump compensates like bailing out a leaky boat.
TRUE OR FALSE: Both symport and antiport require transport proteins.
TRUE
explanation: There are three kinds of carriers: uniports, symports, and antiports. A uniport carries only one type of solute. For example, most cells pump out calcium by means of a uniport, maintaining a low intracellular concentration so calcium salts don’t crystallize in the cytoplasm. Some carriers move two or more solutes through a membrane simultaneously in the same direction; this process is called cotransport and the carrier protein that performs it is called a symport. For example, absorptive cells of the small intestine and kidneys have a symport that takes up sodium and glucose simultaneously. Other carriers move two or more solutes in opposite directions; this process is called countertransport and the carrier protein is called an antiport. For example, nearly all cells have an antiport called the sodium–potassium pump that continually removes Na+ from the cell and brings in K+.
What does facilitated diffusion require?
a. enzymes
b. carrier proteins
c. lipid carriers
d. carbohydrate carriers
e. lipid or carbohydrate carriers
carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion occurs __________.
a. into the cell only
b. out of the cell only
c. in either direction depending on the temperature
d. in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule
e. in either direction depending on the size of the molecule
in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule
TRUE OR FALSE: Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell.
FALSE
explanation:
TRUE OR FALSE: Facilitated diffusion requires a specific transporter for a specific molecule.
TRUE
explanation:
TRUE OR FALSE: Na⁺-K⁺ pumps bind ATP in the ECF.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Na⁺-K⁺ pumps move sodium down its concentration gradient.
FALSE
explanation: Na⁺-K⁺ pumps move sodium AGAINST its concentration gradient.
TRUE OR FALSE: Na⁺-K⁺ pumps move 3 molecules of sodium to the ICF per cycle.
FALSE
explanation: Na⁺-K⁺ moves three sodium ions out of the cell to the ECF per cycle.
TRUE OR FALSE: Glucose is passively absorbed through Na⁺-K⁺ pumps during secondary active transport.
FALSE
explanation: Glucose is ACTIVELY transported during secondary active transport.
TRUE OR FALSE: Na⁺-K⁺ pumps consume about half of your daily expenditure.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Na⁺-K⁺ pumps are active forms of transport.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: After death, Na⁺-K⁺ pumps can continue to function indefinitely.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Use of the term “pump” refers to moving solutes down their respective concentration gradients.
FALSE
explanation: The term “pump” generally refers to moving substances AGAINST their concentration gradient.
TRUE OR FALSE: Na⁺-K⁺ pumps are enzymes that hydrolyze ATP into ADP and Pi.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Na⁺-K⁺ pumps have six binding sites for reactants (3 Na⁺, 2 K⁺, and 1 ATP).
TRUE
Which of the following moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?
a. passive transport
b. vesicular transport
c. simple diffusion
d. facilitated diffusion
e. osmosis
vesicular transport
Exocytosis is a process by which cells __________.
a. release substances from the cell through pores in the cell membrane
b. release substances from the cell via vesicles
c. release substances from the cell via carrier proteins
d. bring in substances from the outside via vesicles
e. bring in substances from the outside via pores in the cell membrane
release substances from the cell via vesicles
Certain white blood cells engulf microorganisms and bring them in to digest them. This process is best described as __________.
a. pinocytosis
b. osmosis
c. receptor-mediated exocytosis
d. phagocytosis
e. diffusion
phagocytosis
although types of endocytosis are pinocytosis (a), phagocytosis (d), and receptor-mediated ENDOcytosis, ONLY phagocytosis takes stuff in to digest it!
If the material the cell takes in is liquid, the process is termed pinocytosis.
TRUE
Insulin is taken up, via endocytosis, by the endothelial cells that line blood capillaries. Then, it’s transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called __________.
a. pinocytosis
b. receptor-mediated phagocytosis
c. passive transport
d. facilitated transport
e. transcytosis
transcytosis
The sodium-potassium (Na⁺-K⁺) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ (down/up) their concentration gradients in a process called __________ (active transport/ facilitated transport/ cotransport).
up; active transport
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?
a. Both involve transport of a solute up its concentration gradient.
b. Both involve transport of a solute down its concentration gradient.
c. Both involve the use of energy provided by ATP.
d. Neither require ATP to function.
e. Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport.
Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport.
Which of the following is not a method by which particles can leave a cell?
a. active transport
b. exocytosis
c. simple diffusion
d. an antiport system
e. pinocytosis
pinocytosis
PASSIVE OR ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
1) sodium-potassium pumps
2) osmosis
3) movement down a concentration gradient
4) filtration
5) vesicular transport
6) movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
7) pinocytosis
8) receptor-mediated endocytosis
9) movement up a concentration gradient
10) diffusion
PASSIVE TRANSPORT:
2, 3, 4, 6, 10
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
1, 5, 7, 8, 9
The resting membrane potential is created as a result of a greater net flow of positive charges from the ______ (ICF/ECF) to the ______ (ICF/ECF).
ICF; ECF
Though potassium ions and sodium ions both leak through the membrane at rest, there is a greater flow of __________ (potassium/sodium) ions out of the cell.
potassium
The diffusion of sodium and potassium across the membrane is driven at all times by the _________.
electrochemical gradient
In order to maintain the electrochemical gradients for sodium and potassium, ATPase pumps move these ions _________ (down/ against) their respective gradients.
against
What are the four primary types of tissue?
a. Muscular, mesenchymal, ectodermal, nervous
b. Connective, endodermal, muscular, nervous
c. Ectodermal, endodermal, mesenchymal, mesodermal
d. Bone, epithelial, nervous, muscle
e. Epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous
Epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous
Which of the following statements is FALSE about epithelial tissue?
a. Epithelial tissue is composed of cells and a thick vascular matrix.
b. Epithelial tissue functions in absorption.
c. Epithelial cells can be cube or column shaped.
d. Epithelial cells do not secrete a ground substance.
e. Epithelial cells are typically arranged in layers.
Epithelial tissue is composed of cells and a thick vascular matrix.
Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue? Check ALL that apply.
a. Protection
b. Transport
c. Absorption
d. Sensation
e. Structure Building
Protection, Absorption, and Sensation
How would you describe an epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells in which all cells rest directly on the basement membrane and all cells reach the apical surface?
a. Simple
b. Stratified
c. Single
d. Pseudostratified
e. None of these is correct
Simple
SIMPLE or STRATIFIED?
Found on the superficial surface of the skin
STRATIFIED
(to protect against external environments.)
SIMPLE or STRATIFIED?
Is sometimes keratinized
STRATIFIED
(Stratified epithelial cells, like those in the skin, can become keratinized to provide extra protection.)
SIMPLE or STRATIFIED?
Found in sweat gland ducts
STRATIFIED
SIMPLE or STRATIFIED?
Resist abrasion
STRATIFIED
(multiple layers of cells provide protection against wear and tear.)
SIMPLE or STRATIFIED?
Some cells rest on top of other cell
STRATIFIED
SIMPLE or STRATIFIED?
Lines the lumens of the renal tubules of the kidneys
SIMPLE
(allowing for filtration and absorption.)
SIMPLE or STRATIFIED?
Allows for rapid diffusion of substance
SIMPLE
(a single layer facilitates easier diffusion.)
SIMPLE or STRATIFIED?
Every cell touches the basement membrane
SIMPLE
Epithelial tissue can be classified according to:
cell shape and number of layers.
One layer of cells is called __________, and more than one layer is called stratified.
simple
Thin, flat, scaly cells are __________.
squamous
Cuboidal cells are either rounded or __________ in shape.
square
Columnar cells are taller than they are _________.
wide
Pseudostratified cells look like more than one layer because of the arrangements of the cells’ __________.
nuclei
An epithelium with a single layer of tall cells would be classified as which type of epithelium?
a. Stratified columnar epithelium
b. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
c. Stratified squamous epithelium
d. Simple squamous epithelium
e. Simple columnar epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
options:
1) cilia
2) goblet cell
3) stratified columnar epithelium
4) basement membrane
5) brush border (microvilli)
6) simple columnar epithelium
7) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Answer in Image
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Contains epithelial tissue
TRUE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Well-suited for resisting frictional forces
FALSE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Secretes/absorbs substances to/from the lumens formed by the tissue
TRUE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Is highly vascular
FALSE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Contains a large amount of extracellular matrix
FALSE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Provides fast-acting lines of communication between body structures
FALSE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Contains stratified epithelium
FALSE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Exposed to the environment or internal body surface
TRUE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Comprises the inner surfaces of the blood vessels
FALSE
LOOK AT IMAGE: Identify the tissue type shown in the image. Then determine whether the statement is true or false regarding the tissue:
TRUE OR FALSE: Located in the kidney tubules
TRUE
LOOK AT IMAGE
Identify each tissue type pictured. Then click and drag each label to the tissue type it describes.
options:
1) Lines the lumen of the vagina
2) Lines the alveoli of the lungs
3) Lines the lumen of the trachea
4) Lines the small tubules of the kidneys
Answer in Image
1) Lines the lumen of the vagina = Stratified Squamous Epithelium
2) Lines the alveoli of the lungs = Simple Squamous Epithelium
3) Lines the lumen of the trachea = Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
4) Lines the small tubules of the kidneys = Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
LOOK AT IMAGE
Identify each tissue type pictured. Then click and drag each label to the tissue type it describes.
options:
1) Lines the internal surface of the urinary bladder
2) Lines the duct of sweat glands
3) Lines the lumen of the small intestine
4) Covers the surface of the skin
Answer in Image
1) Lines the internal surface of the urinary bladder = Urothelium (also called Transitional Epithelium)
2) Lines the duct of sweat glands = Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
3) Lines the lumen of the small intestine = Simple Columnar Epithelium
4) Covers the surface of the skin = Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Which of the following statements regarding epithelial structure and function is/are true?
Check ALL that apply.
a. Simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid diffusion.
b. The keratin present on simple cuboidal epithelium protects from water loss.
c. The microvilli on simple columnar epithelium helps to maximize absorption.
d. The keratin on the esophageal stratified squamous epithelium helps to moisten the lumenal surface for swallowing.
e. Urothelium of the urinary bladder can change shape to accommodate bladder wall stretching.
Simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid diffusion.
The microvilli on simple columnar epithelium helps to maximize absorption.
Urothelium of the urinary bladder can change shape to accommodate bladder wall stretching.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Intercellular junctions important in sealing the space between the cells and filling the “gaps” are called gap junctions.
FALSE
Intercellular junctions important in sealing the space between the cells are called tight junctions. Gap junctions are special small pores that “bridge the gap” between cells and connect their cytoplasm.
Epithelial cells of the _________ are held together by _________ junctions, which prevent lumenal contents from leaking between cells.
small intestine; tight
Cells of the _________ can contract without chemical synapses because of _________ junctions.
myocardium; gap
Because of _________, adjacent cells can resist being pulled apart.
desmosomes
Epithelial cells can resist being pulled away from their _________ because of _________.
basement membrane; hemidesmosomes
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
Comprised of connexons.
GAP JUNCTION
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
Makes sure intestinal substances pass through the epithelial cells, not between them.
TIGHT JUNCTION
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
Comprised of adhesion proteins
TIGHT JUNCTION
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
Allow the passage of ions from one cell to another
GAP JUNCTION
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
Prevents cell from being pulled apart
DESMOSOME
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
The hemi- version prevents cells from being pulled from basement membrane
DESMOSOME (hemidesmosome)
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
Contributes to the cytoskeleton
DESMOSOME
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
Forms a water-resistant seal between cells
TIGHT JUNCTION
Which cellular junction category does the following belong in?
DESMOSOME or GAP JUNCTION or TIGHT JUNCTION:
Allows electrical stimulation from cell to cell
GAP JUNCTION
ENDOCRINE or EXOCRINE:
Thyroid gland
ENDOCRINE
ENDOCRINE or EXOCRINE:
Secretes hormones
ENDOCRINE
ENDOCRINE or EXOCRINE:
Contains septa, dividing the gland into lobes
EXOCRINE
ENDOCRINE or EXOCRINE:
Goblet cells
EXOCRINE
ENDOCRINE or EXOCRINE:
Releases products into a duct or onto a surface
EXOCRINE
ENDOCRINE or EXOCRINE:
Sweat glands
EXOCRINE
ENDOCRINE or EXOCRINE:
Releases products into the bloodstream
ENDOCRINE
ENDOCRINE or EXOCRINE:
Secretes enzymes
EXOCRINE
Which of the following is/are functions of connective tissue?
Check ALL that apply.
a. Supporting the internal frame of the body
b. Energy storage
c. Hormone transport
d. Protecting the vital organs
e. Forming the structural framework of the liver
Supporting the internal frame of the body, energy storage, hormone support, protecting the vital organs, and forming the structural framework of the liver.
Which of the following are cells found in connective tissue?
Check ALL that apply.
a. Leukocyte
b. Muscle fiber
c. Red blood cell
d. Neuron
e. Chondrocyte
Leukocytes, RBCs, and chondrocytes.
Cartilage is best described as which of the following?
a. A relatively stiff connective tissue with a rubbery matrix
b. A liquid connective tissue that transports substances
c. A dense fibrous connective tissue with very few cells
d. A loose connective tissue that anchors structures to each other
e. A hard connective tissue with a mineralized matrix
A relatively stiff connective tissue with a rubbery matrix
LOOK AT IMAGE:
HYALINE CARTILAGE or ELASTIC CARTILAGE or FIBROCARTILAGE:
Provides a low-friction surface for ease of joint movement
HYALINE CARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
HYALINE CARTILAGE or ELASTIC CARTILAGE or FIBROCARTILAGE:
Holds open passages so we can breathe
HYALINE CARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
HYALINE CARTILAGE or ELASTIC CARTILAGE or FIBROCARTILAGE:
Attaches the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)
HYALINE CARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
HYALINE CARTILAGE or ELASTIC CARTILAGE or FIBROCARTILAGE:
Helps collect sound waves
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
One of the key places we have elastic cartilage is the external part of our ear. It can bend and snap back to its original shape. This is also a structure that funnels sound waves into the inner structure of our ear.
LOOK AT IMAGE:
HYALINE CARTILAGE or ELASTIC CARTILAGE or FIBROCARTILAGE:
Allows structures to stretch and return to their original shape
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
HYALINE CARTILAGE or ELASTIC CARTILAGE or FIBROCARTILAGE:
Found in the intervertebral discs
FIBROCARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
HYALINE CARTILAGE or ELASTIC CARTILAGE or FIBROCARTILAGE:
Resist compressive forces
FIBROCARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
What cartilage does the image represent?
HYALINE CARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
What cartilage does the image represent?
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
What cartilage does the image represent?
FIBROCARTILAGE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
BONE or Dense REGULAR Connective Tissue or Dense IRREGULAR Connective Tissue:
Provides a protective enclosure or viscera
BONE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
BONE or Dense REGULAR Connective Tissue or Dense IRREGULAR Connective Tissue:
Site of calcium and phosphorous storage
BONE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
BONE or Dense REGULAR Connective Tissue or Dense IRREGULAR Connective Tissue:
Concentric lamellae
BONE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
BONE or Dense REGULAR Connective Tissue or Dense IRREGULAR Connective Tissue:
Resists tensile forces from one direction
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
BONE or Dense REGULAR Connective Tissue or Dense IRREGULAR Connective Tissue:
Resists tensile forces from several directions
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
BONE or Dense REGULAR Connective Tissue or Dense IRREGULAR Connective Tissue:
Found in the deeper layer of the skin
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
BONE or Dense REGULAR Connective Tissue or Dense IRREGULAR Connective Tissue:
Main tissue found in the tendons that help muscles attach to bones
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Identify the image.
BONE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Identify the image.
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOK AT IMAGE:
Identify the image.
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
options:
1) Chondrocyte
2) Blood vessel
3) Adipocyte nucleus
4) Lipid in adipocyte
5) Fibroblast nucleus
6) Areolar connective tissue
7) Adipose tissue
Answer in Image
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Reticular fibers
2) Collagenous fibers
3) Ground substance
4) Elastic fibers
5) Adipose tissue
6) Reticular connective tissue
7) Fibroblasts
8) Areolar connective tissue
Answer in Image
Tissue Type: Connective
Specific Name: Areolar Tissue
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Fibrocartilage fibers
2) Osteon
3) Compact bone
4) Lumen
5) Fibroblasts
6) Concentric lamellae
7) Central canal
8) Chondrocytes
9) Lacunae
10) Canaliculi
Answer in Image
Tissue Type: Connective
Specific Name: Compact Bone
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Collagen fibers
2) Elastic fibers
3) Fibrocartilage
4) Elastic Cartilage
5) Chondrocytes
6) Fibroblasts
Answer in Image
Tissue Type: Connective
Specific Name: Fibrocartilage
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Reticular fibers
2) Osteocytes
3) Fibrocartilage
4) Chondrocytes
5) Elastic cartilage
6) Perichondrium
7) Lacunae
8) Elastic fibers
Answer in Image
Tissue Type: Connective
Specific Name: Elastic Cartilage
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Chondroblast nuclei
2) Fibroblast nuclei
3) Dense irregular connective tissue
4) Dense regular connective tissue
5) Elastic fibers
6) Ground Substance
7) Bundles of collagen fibers
8) Elastic fibers
Answer in Image
Tissue Type: Connective
Specific Name: Elastic Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Dense irregular connective tissue
2) Fibroblast nuclei
3) Chondroblast nuclei
4) Ground Substance
5) Collagen fibers
6) Dense regular connective tissue
7) Reticular fibers
Answer in Image
Tissue Type: Connective
Specific Name: Elastic Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
LOOK AT IMAGE
Fill in the flow chart on connective tissue to show the proper hierarchy of the tissue category.
options:
1) Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
2) Blood
3) Bone (solid matrix)
4) Cartilage (semisolid matrix)
5) Compact, Spongy
6) Connective tissue proper
7) Dense
8) Fluid connective tissue
9) Regular, Irregular, Elastic
10) Supporting connective tissue
A) Connective tissue proper
B) Supporting connective tissue
C) Fluid connective tissue
D) Dense
E) Cartilage (semisolid matrix)
F) Bone (solid matrix)
G) Blood
H) Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
I) Regular, Irregular, Elastic
J) Compact, Spongy
Which tissues can be described as excitable because they are able to respond to outside stimuli by changing their membrane potential?
a. Epithelial and muscular
b. Epithelial and connective
c. Connective and muscular
d. Nervous and connective
e. Nervous and muscular
Nervous and muscular
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue is characterized by a high proportion of ground substance and fibers.
FALSE
Nervous tissue is primarily composed of neurons and glial cells, with minimal ground substance and fibers compared to other tissues like connective tissue, which is characterized by a large amount of ground substance and fibers.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue receives and transmits electrical signals.
TRUE
Nervous tissue, composed primarily of neurons, is specifically designed to receive and transmit electrical signals throughout the body.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue is protected by neuroglia.
TRUE
Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, are cells within the nervous system that primarily function to support and protect neurons, effectively protecting the nervous tissue.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue forms the lining of the digestive tract.
FALSE
While the digestive tract does contain a network of nerves called the “enteric nervous system,” the lining of the digestive tract is primarily composed of epithelial tissue, not nervous tissue.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue is held together by gap junctions.
FALSE
Gap junctions are specialized cell-to-cell connections that directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, and they play a significant role in holding nervous tissue together by facilitating rapid communication between neurons and glial cells within the nervous system.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue is electrically excitable.
FALSE
The MAJORITY of neuronal connections are formed through specialized junctions called synapses, which primarily rely on chemical signaling to transmit information between cells, rather than the direct electrical coupling facilitated by gap junctions.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue is stimulated by changes in membrane potential.
TRUE
Nervous tissue, particularly neurons, are stimulated by changes in their membrane potential, which is the voltage difference across the cell membrane. When a stimulus is received, it causes a change in ion permeability, leading to a shift in membrane potential and triggering an electrical signal known as an action potential.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue produces heat and moves body segments.
FALSE
While nervous tissue sends signals that trigger muscle contractions which produce movement, it itself does not directly generate heat or move body segments; that primary function belongs to muscle tissue.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nervous tissue is contractile.
FALSE
While nervous tissue can initiate muscle contractions by sending signals, it itself does not contract; that function is primarily attributed to muscle tissue, which is the only tissue classified as “contractile”. Nervous tissue is primarily responsible for communication and signal transmission through the body.
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Nucleus of Neuroglial cell
2) Dendrite
3) Cell body
4) Axon
5) Neuron
6) Fibroblast
7) Myofibril
Answer in Image
Tissue Type: Nervous
The excitable cells of the nervous system are called __________.
neurons
The __________ are the most numerous cells of nervous tissue.
neuroglia
Neuroglia function to __________ and assist neurons.
protect
The body of a neuron is called the __________.
cell body
A __________ receives signals from other cells.
dendrite
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle contains massive cells (up to 30 cm long)
FALSE
Cardiac muscle cells are relatively small, typically measuring around 100 micrometers in length, not centimeters.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle lines the digestive tract
FALSE
Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart, while the digestive tract is lined with smooth muscle
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle contains little to no blood supply
FALSE
Cardiac muscle has a rich blood supply provided by the coronary arteries.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle is uninucleate
TRUE
Cardiac muscle cells typically contain only one nucleus, making them uninucleated.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle produces heat and moves body segments
FALSE
Cardiac muscle produces heat, but it does not move body segments!
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle has cylindrically shaped cells
FALSE
Cardiac muscle cells are not cylindrical because they have a branched structure, meaning they extend out in multiple directions, forming a network-like pattern, unlike the straight, cylindrical shape of skeletal muscle cells.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle contains intercalated discs
TRUE
Intercalated discs are unique structures found only in cardiac muscle, connecting individual cardiac muscle cells and allowing them to contract in a synchronized manner.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle is characterized by a high proportion of extracellular matrix
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle has centrally located nuclei
TRUE
Cardiac muscle cells, also called cardiomyocytes, typically contain a single, centrally located nucleus.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cardiac muscle is involuntary controlled
TRUE
Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, contracts rhythmically without conscious control, meaning it is considered involuntary.
__________ muscle is mostly found in VISCERA, such as the digestive tract.
Smooth
__________ muscle is the only of the three muscle types which is MULTI-NUCLEATED.
Skeletal
__________ muscle helps propel contents through a tubular organ.
Smooth
__________ muscle is the only of the three muscle types which is VOLUNTARY.
Skeletal
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Fibroblasts
2) Collagenous fibers
3) Dense regular connective tissue
4) Muscle cells
5) Smooth muscle
6) Nuclei
7) Skeletal muscle
Answer In Image
Tissue Type: Muscular
Specific Name: Smooth Muscle
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Intercalated discs
2) Smooth muscle
3) Striations
4) Cardiac muscle
5) Skeletal muscle
Answer In Image
Tissue Type: Muscular
Specific Name: Cardiac Muscle
LOOK AT IMAGE
Correctly identify this tissue type and then label the features of the tissue.
ANSWER THIS: What tissue type is this?
options:
1) Smooth muscle
2) Intercalated discs
3) Muscle fiber
4) Gap junctions
5) Cardiac muscle
6) Skeletal muscle
7) Nuclei
8) Striations
Answer In Image
Tissue Type: Muscular
Specific Name: Skeletal Muscle
Which of these membranes is dry compared to the others?
a. cutaneous
b. synovial
c. serous
d. mucous
e. mesothelial
cutaneous
The largest membrane of the body, the __________, provides a protective barrier from environmental factors such as chemicals, water, microbes, and mechanical trauma.
a. cutaneous membrane
b. endothelium
c. mucous membrane
d. serous fluid
e. synovial membrane
cutaneous membrane
Consisting of an epithelium, a lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae, a __________ lines passageways of the body, such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
a. cutaneous membrane
b. endothelium
c. mucous membrane
d. serous fluid
e. serous membrane
f. synovial membrane
serous membrane
Consisting of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue, a __________ lines the inside of some body cavities and produces a thin, watery secretion that lubricates internal areas for movement.
a. cutaneous membrane
b. endothelium
c. mucous membrane
d. serous fluid
e. synovial membrane
(not sereous fluid)
A __________ serves as a wrapping around largely mobile joints and secretes synovial fluid that serves to lubricate joint movement.
a. cutaneous membrane
b. endothelium
c. mucous membrane
d. serous fluid
e. synovial membrane
synovial membrane
The study of tissues is called __________.
histology
Following an injury that breaks the surface of the skin, blood vessels dilate as a result of __________ release from mast cells and other damaged cells.
histamine
Increased __________ to the injury site brings additional antibodies, clotting proteins, and blood cells.
blood
The blood forms a clot and upon drying, a scab forms a barrier between the body and the environment, while _________ work to clear the underlying debris from the wound site.
phagocytes
Blood vessels begin to regrow into the wound while fibroblasts begin the process of replacing the blood clot with __________.
collagen
Proliferation of cells at the perimeter begins the expansion toward the center of the wound until they rise up under the __________ and produce an eventual sloughing event.
scab
The ___________ phase then occurs as fibrosis and regeneration of tissues may continue for a prolonged period of time.
remodeling
Tissue found in the ___________ that contains ___________ cells is called nervous tissue.
brain; excitable
Layers of closely packed cells that are found covering or lining body surfaces, as in the __________ of the skin, are called __________ tissue.
epidermis; epithelial
__________ tissue consists of excitable cells that are specialized for __________ and found in the heart.
muscular; contraction
__________ tissue usually has more matrix than cells. Some forms of this are bone, adipose, and blood.
connective
Urothelium:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Areolar:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Pseudostratified:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Hyaline Cartilage:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Cardiac:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
muscle
Simple Squamous:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Neurons:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
nervous
Smooth:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
muscle
Stratified Columnar:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Compact Bone:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Composed of squamous-, cuboidal, or columnar-shaped cells:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Provides immune protection:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Includes excitable cells with numerous cellular extensions connecting adjacent cells to one another:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
nervous
Cells are sometimes well-adapted for secretory and/or absorptive functions:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Excitable cells that are cylindrical, branching, or spindle shaped:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
muscular
__________ muscle cells are CYLINDRICAL.
skeletal
__________ muscle cells are BRANCHING.
cardiac
__________ muscle cells are SPINDLE-SHAPED.
smooth
Most varied of the tissue types:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Always maintains a basement membrane and an apical (free) surface:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Provides support and mechanical protection:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Serves as a transitional tissue between two different tissue types:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Functions to provide fast forms of communication:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
nervous
Always avascular; cell receive nutrients from deeper tissue layers:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Comprises glandular tissues:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Provides movement of the body segments as well as movements through the body:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
muscular
Lines surfaces and cavities:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
epithelial
Contains high levels of extracellular matrix:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Most abundant form of tissue:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
connective
Heavily vascularized, which denotes high rates of energy consumption:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, or Nervous Tissue?
muscular
Would flexibility of the intervertebral discs INCREASE or DECREASE if the fibrocartilage was replaced with the elastic cartilage?
increase
Would the rate of infection INCREASE or DECREASE if the epidermis was composed of pseudostratified epithelium?
increase
Would protection of the brain INCREASE or DECREASE if the skull was made of hyaline cartilage?
decrease
Would diffusion rates of oxygen INCREASE or DECREASE if the alveolar lining of the lungs is made of stratified epithelium?
decrease
Simple squamous epithelium is very thin and provides a minimal barrier, which facilitates efficient gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries. Stratified epithelium, on the other hand, consists of multiple layers of cells, making it thicker and less efficient for diffusion. This would hinder the effective exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Would involuntary control of digestive motility INCREASE or DECREASE if the intestines contain skeletal muscle?
decrease
Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and is not suited for the continuous, involuntary contractions required for digestion.
Would tissue damage INCREASE or DECREASE if the epidermis of the skin was composed of non keratinized tissue?
increase
Non-keratinized tissue is less resistant to abrasion, dehydration, and environmental damage compared to keratinized tissue. The keratinized layer of the epidermis provides a tough, protective barrier that helps prevent damage from physical stress and pathogens.
Would elasticity of the ears INCREASE or DECREASE of the elastic cartilage was replaced with bone?
decrease
Would the vascularity of ligaments INCREASE or DECREASE if they were made of bone?
increase
Bone tissue is highly vascularized to support its metabolic needs and maintain bone health. Blood vessels in bone provide essential nutrients and oxygen and remove waste products.
Ligaments are currently composed of dense connective tissue, which has relatively fewer blood vessels. If ligaments were made of bone, they would inherit the high vascularity typical of bone tissue.
LOOK AT IMAGE
Click and drag the images below into the proper position to explain the sequence of events associated with a superficial injury of the skin.
Answer In Image
Skin contains keratin and desmosomes that confer a mechanical strength to the epidermis which __________ such as punctures and abrasions.
resists mechanical traumas
As a result of impermeable cellular junctions and water-proofing lipids, the epidermis functions in __________.
creating a barrier to some fluids
The skin assists endocrine function by playing a role in __________ which is needed for calcium homeostasis.
vitamin-D synthesis
Because it houses many nerve endings and sensory organs, the skin is responsible for much of our ___________.
sensation
Through vasodilation in times of excessive heat, and vasoconstriction during times of cold, the blood flow to the dermis aids the body through __________.
thermoregulation
Skeletal muscle attachments to facial structures produce a wide variety of expressions and __________ with other individuals.
produce nonverbal communication
LOOK AT IMAGE
Label the layers of the skin.
1) Stratum lucidum
2) Stratum corneum
3) Stratum spinosum
4) Stratum granulosum
5) Stratum basale
6) Dermis
Answer In Image
Acronym to remember:
Come Let’s Go Swimming Bob Dylan
LOOK AT IMAGE
Label the cell types found in the skin.
1) Tactile cell
2) Dendritic cell
3) Melanocyte
4) Stem cell
5) Living keratinocytes
6) Exfoliating keratinocytes
7) Dead keratinocytes
Answer In Image
Keratinocytes or Melanocytes:
Produced by undifferentiated stem cells in the stratum basale
Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes or Melanocytes:
Increased production rates of pigment in darker skinned individuals
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes or Melanocytes:
Produce proteins and lipids associated with water-proofing of the skin
Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes or Melanocytes:
Produce eumelanin and phenomelanin
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes or Melanocytes:
Produce the pigment that shields nuclei from UV light
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes or Melanocytes:
The most common cell type in the epidermis
Keratinocytes
Tactile cells or Dendritic cells:
Phagocytes that ingest pathogens of the epidermis
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are the phagocytes that ingest pathogens in the epidermis. They play a crucial role in the immune response by capturing and presenting antigens to other immune cells.
Tactile cells or Dendritic cells:
Cells associated with nervous-system function
Tactile cells
(Merkel cells)
Tactile cells, also known as Merkel cells, are associated with nervous-system function. They are involved in the sensation of touch and are found in the epidermis, particularly in areas with high tactile sensitivity.
Tactile cells or Dendritic cells:
Cells of the lymphatic system
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are cells of the lymphatic system. They play a key role in the immune response by capturing and presenting antigens to T cells, helping to initiate an immune response.
Tactile cells or Dendritic cells:
Receptors for touch
Tactile cells
(Merkel cells)
Tactile cells (Merkel cells) are receptors for touch. They are specialized for detecting tactile stimuli and are found in the epidermis, particularly in areas with high tactile sensitivity, such as fingertips.
Organize the following layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum granulosum
c. Stratum corneum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum spinosum
Stratum corneum (Come)
Stratum lucidum (Let’s)
Stratum granulosum (Go)
Stratum spinosum (Swimming)
Stratum basale (Bob)
Optional: Dermis (Dylan)
Acronym to remember:
Come Let’s Go Swimming Bob Dylan
Match each event in the life of a keratinocyte with the epidermal layer in which that event occurs.
Stratum spinosum =
Stratum corneum =
Stratum granulosum =
Stratum basale =
a. Stem cells divide, and new keratinocytes are produced.
b. Mitosis ceases. Keratinocytes are pushed upward as new cells are added below them.
c. Keratin filaments are bound together to form waterproof bundles. Keratinocytes die.
d. Dead keratinocytes exfoliate from the skin surface.
Stratum spinosum = Mitosis ceases. Keratinocytes are pushed upward as new cells are added below them.
Stratum corneum = Dead keratinocytes exfoliate from the skin surface.
Stratum granulosum = Keratin filaments are bound together to form waterproof bundles. Keratinocytes die.
Stratum basale = Stem cells divide, and new keratinocytes are produced.
The epidermis is composed of five cell types. Match each type to its description.
Tactile cells =
Stem cells =
Dendritic cells =
Keratinocytes =
Melanocytes =
a. Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes.
b. Epidermal cells that produce keratin.
c. Cells that produce the dark pigments that act as a UV shield.
d. Sensory receptors for touch.
e. Immune cells that guard against pathogens that penetrate into the skin.
Tactile cells = Sensory receptors for touch.
Stem cells = Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes.
Dendritic cells = Immune cells that guard against pathogens that penetrate into the skin.
Keratinocytes = Epidermal cells that produce keratin.
Melanocytes = Cells that produce the dark pigments that act as a UV shield.
The __________ is made up of multiple layers of dead keratinocytes that regularly exfoliate.
stratum corneum
The next layer is the __________, which is present only on the soles of the feet, hands, fingers, and toes.
stratum lucidum
The __________ is named for the presence of dark staining keratohyalin granules which bind the cytoskeletal keratin filaments together.
stratum granulosum
Towards the apical surface, in the __________, the keratinocytes cease cell division, while at the deeper regions, they can still undergo mitosis.
stratum spinosum
Comprised of viable, cuboidal and columnar cells, the __________ contains the keratinocyte stem cells that replenish the exfoliated cells at the surface.
stratum basale
Why are the cells in the stratum corneum dead?
a. All cells in your body die after about a month, which is how long it takes for a cell to reach the stratum corneum.
b. Accumulating keratin filaments dry out the cytoplasm and kill the cell.
c. Epidermal cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis.
d. Once they reach the skin surface, exposure to environmental stresses, like drying and UV light, kills the cells.
Epidermal cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis.
Dermal papillae are numerous in palmar and plantar skin but few in number in the skin of the face and abdomen. What do you think is the functional significance of this difference?
a. Dermal papillae help strengthen the connection between the dermis and epidermis and help prevent friction-related damage in high-use areas.
b. The hypodermis of the face and abdomen contain thicker fat layers, which push up through the collagen fibers under the skin and make the dermis appear smoother.
c. The palmar and plantar regions are covered with thick skin, and the face and abdomen are covered with thin skin. Only thick skin has a papillary layer.
d. These areas need a more robust epidermal water barrier since they are more likely to get wet.
e. Since dermal papillae contain blood vessels, they will be more prevalent in regions of skin that have higher metabolic demand.
Dermal papillae help strengthen the connection between the dermis and epidermis and help prevent friction-related damage in high-use areas.
LOOK AT IMAGE
Examine the picture showing the two layers of the dermis, then chose the correct words to complete this sentence. The papillary layer of the dermis is made up of __________, and the reticular layer of the dermis is made up of __________.
a. areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue
b. dense regular connective tissue; areolar tissue
c. areolar tissue; reticular connective tissue
d. dense irregular connective tissue; adipose tissue
e. epithelial tissue; adipose tissue
areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue
LOOK AT IMAGE
Use this picture to compare the tissue structure in the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis. Which of the following best describes your observations?
a. The reticular layer is thicker and more fibrous. The papillary layer is a thinner zone of more loosely organized tissue containing many “wandering” white blood cells.
b. The papillary layer is a thick layer of tightly packed dead skin cells, while the reticular layer is much thinner and more fragile.
c. The papillary layer is dominated by large, empty-looking cells, while the reticular layer is made of a loose network of fibers infiltrated with white blood cells.
d. Both layers contain packed, parallel fibers, but the papillary dermis is thicker and much denser.
e. Both layers consist of a loose arrangement of thin, branching fibers in abundant ground substance.
The reticular layer is thicker and more fibrous. The papillary layer is a thinner zone of more loosely organized tissue containing many “wandering” white blood cells.
LOOK AT IMAGE
How does the structure of the reticular dermis relate to its functional properties?
a. Bundles of densely packed collagen fibers help the skin withstand stretching in many different directions.
b. The loose network of branching reticular fibers provides a scaffolding to help store large numbers of white blood cells.
c. Multiple layers of large, round adipocytes store fat.
d. The loosely organized tissue allows the diffusion of nutrients and the movement of white blood cells between the dermis and the avascular epidermis.
e. The clear, glassy matrix provides cushioning and support.
Bundles of densely packed collagen fibers help the skin withstand stretching in many different directions.
The reddish color of the skin of the lips is primarily due to the presence of which pigment?
a. Hemoglobin
b. Myoglobin
c. Melanin
d. Carotene
e. Keratin
Hemoglobin
Which of the following are factors in determining whether individuals have darker or lighter skin?
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY
a. Darker skin contains more melanocytes.
b. In darker skin, the melanocytes produce more melanin.
c. In darker skin, the melanin granules are more tightly clumped.
d. In darker skin, the melanin breaks down more slowly.
In darker skin:
- the melanocytes produce more melanin
- the melanin breaks down more slowly
LOOK AT IMAGE
Label the parts of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
1) Dermis
2) Epidermis
3) Sweat gland
4) Pressure receptor
5) Sweat pores
6) Cutaneous blood vessel
7) Hypodermis
8) Hairs
Answer In Image
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Principally comprised of dense irregular connective tissue
dermis
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Functions in energy storage and insulation
hypodermis
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Includes 4-5 strata
epidermis
(4 strata/layers in thin skin, and 5 strata/layers in thick skin)
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Creates a water barrier with the environment
epidermis
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Includes hair follicles, glands, and blood vessels
dermis
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Abundant in adipose tissue
hypodermis
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Not actually part of the skin
hypodermis
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Avascular
epidermis
Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis:
Contains the papillary and reticular layers
dermis
Fingerprints are caused by __________.
friction ridges
When you make a fist, your finger joints move at __________ in the skin on the anterior surface of the hand.
flexion creases
__________ are flat, melanized patches that vary with heredity and sun exposure.
freckles
__________ are elevated patches of melanized skin.
moles
A reddish birthmark made of benign tumors of capillaries is called a(n) __________.
hemangioma
Place the following layers of a hair in order from superficial to deep.
a. Medulla
b. Cortex
c. Cuticle
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
LOOK AT IMAGE
Label the parts of the hair and hair follicle.
1) Apocrine sweat gland
2) Arrector muscle
3) Hair root
4) Hair bulb
5) Hair receptor
6) Sebaceous gland
7) Blood capillaries in dermal papilla
8) Hair shaft
Answer In Image
Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________.
a. collagen and elastic filaments
b. keratin and melanin
c. carotene and hemoglobin
d. carotene and collagen
e. eumelanin and pheomelanin
eumelanin and pheomelanin
A hair cycle consists of three developmental stages in which order?
a. Anagen, telogen, and catagen
b. Anagen, catagen, and telogen
c. Catagen, anagen, and telogen
d. Catagen, telogen, and anagen
e. Telogen, anagen, and catagen
Anagen, catagen, and telogen
The Nail:
The __________ contains mitotic cells
nail matrix
The Nail:
The __________ is deep to the eponychium.
nail root
The Nail:
The __________ contains layers of compacted, highly keratinized epithelial cells.
nail body
The Nail:
The __________ is the part of the nail that can overhang the tip of the finger.
free edge
LOOK AT IMAGE
Label the structures of a nail.
1) Lanule
2) Nail groove
3) Nail fold
4) Nail root
5) Free edge
6) Nail matrix
7) Nail body
8) Eponychium
Answer In Image
Four of the five statements below are common misconceptions about hair and fingernails. Which one is TRUE?
a. Each scalp hair can grow for several years before falling out.
b. Hair and nails continue to grow after a person dies.
c. Cutting hair makes it grow faster and thicker.
d. Emotional stress can make hair turn white overnight.
e. Eating foods like gelatin that contain a lot of collagen will make nails harder.
Each scalp hair can grow for several years before falling out.
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Secrete products via apoptosis
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Secrete directly onto the skin surface
sweat glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Apocrine
sweat glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Oil producing
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Secrete products via exocytosis
sweat glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Secrete products mostly onto hair follicles
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Secretions are 99% water and slightly acidic pH
sweat glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Sweat secreting
sweat glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Holocrine
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Sweat Glands:
Eccrine (Merocrine)
sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Abundant on hands, feet, and forehead =
eccrine sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Thermoregulation =
eccrine sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Use myoepithelial cells in secretion =
both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Secrete sweat by exocytosis =
both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Secrete hormones =
apocrine sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Not active until puberty =
apocrine sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Utilize ducts to release sweat =
both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Found over entire body =
eccrine sweat glands
(apocrine are found in specific areas)
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Scent is meant to attract a potential mate =
apocrine sweat glands
Sweat Glands: Apocrine, Eccrine, or both?
Found in pubic and axillary regions =
apocrine sweat glands
LOOK AT IMAGE
Sebaceous glands (shown here) secrete a product called sebum. What is sebum?
a. A thick, fatty-acid rich sweat that contributes to body odor
b. An oily substance that helps moisturize the skin and hair
c. A waxy substance that helps kill bacteria in the ear canal.
d. A thin, watery sweat that helps cool the body through evaporation
e. A fat and protein rich fluid that is secreted as nourishment for babies
An oily substance that helps moisturize the skin and hair
Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands?
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY
a. Sebaceous glands are a form of sudoriferous gland.
b. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum.
c. Sebaceous glands are modified mammary glands.
d. Sebaceous glands are found at the base of eyelash hairs.
e. Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.
Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum.
Sebaceous glands are found at the base of eyelash hairs.
Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.
Sebaceous Glands or Ceruminous Glands:
Usually open up into a hair follicle
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Ceruminous Glands:
Waterproof the ear canal
ceruminous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Ceruminous Glands:
Coat the scalp hair with oil
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Ceruminous Glands:
Coat guard hairs to improve their performance
ceruminous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Ceruminous Glands:
Simple, coiled, tubular glands
ceruminous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Ceruminous Glands:
Secrete sebum
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Ceruminous Glands:
Secrete earwax
ceruminous glands
Sebaceous Glands or Ceruminous Glands:
Blockage and infection can cause pimples
sebaceous glands
LOOK AT IMAGE
Label the parts of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
1) Hair follicle
2) Arrector muscle
3) Dermal papilla
4) Blood capillaries
5) Sebaceous gland
6) Tactile corpuscle
7) Sensory nerve fiber
8) Hair bulb
Answer In Image
The __________ system’s major contribution is that it acts as a barrier between the environment and the body.
integumentary
The initial step in the synthesis of the hormone known as calcitriol demonstrates the interaction of multiple organ systems, as in this example, where the __________ system requires proper functioning of the integumentary system.
endocrine
Facial expressions require the integration of the __________ system in order to pull on skin attachments and create movements.
muscular
An example of __________ system interactions with the skin is the large number of sensory receptors that function to provide communication between the environment and body.
nervous
By serving as a blood reservoir, the skin can support the function of the __________ system by diverting blood to or from internal organs as necessary.
circulatory
