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Microbiology > Unit 4 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 4 Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Ehrlich do?

A

German scientist using arsenic for chemotherapy

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2
Q

What did Fleming do?

A

founder of penicillin (chemo - fungus)

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3
Q

chemotherapeutic agents

A

drugs used to treat diseases

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4
Q

antimicrobial agents

A

antibacterial/antibiotic

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5
Q

broad spectrum drug + example

A

used to treat many infections -oflaxacin

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6
Q

narrow spectrum drug + example

A

specific to treat illness - clindamycin

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7
Q

bacteriostatic

A

lowers the levels of bacteria (keeps levels static)

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8
Q

bactericidal

A

kills off bacterial completely

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9
Q

antibiotics need to be

A
  1. nontoxic to the host
  2. able to reach the site of infection
  3. hypoallergenic
  4. effective always, no resistance
  5. not readily metabolized by host
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10
Q

(mode of antibacterial agents) inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

penicillin - stops cell walls by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

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11
Q

(mode of antibacterial agents) disruption of cell membrane function

A

(anti fungal) - polymyxin, bacitracin, neomycin - inhibits ergosterol (like cholesterol in humans) synthesis, causes Mac attack

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12
Q

inhibition of protein synthesis

A

streptomycin - inhibit protein synthesis by replacing tRNA

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13
Q

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

A

quinolones - structurally similar to nucleotides, takes place of nucleotide + stops synthesis

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14
Q

interference with metabolic reactions

A

sulfonamides - competitive inhibition, sulfa drugs - bacteria make folic acid naturally, these drugs blocks the synthesis of folic acid

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15
Q

opportunistic infections lead to

A

superinfections

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16
Q

superinfection

A

an infection occurring on top of or after an earlier infection, especially after broad spectrum antibiotics

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17
Q

E-test

A

determine the minimum inhibition concentration or MIC

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18
Q

Kirby-bauer disk diffusion is used for

A

determining the antibiotic to use

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19
Q

antibiotics that work together

A

synergy

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20
Q

antibiotics that interfere with one another

A

antagonism

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21
Q

side effects of antimicrobials

A

liver/kidney damage, hearing impairment, interactions, allergic responses

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22
Q

long term use of penicillin allows

A

colonization of gut with resistant gram - and fungi such as Candida

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23
Q

antibiotics ____ mutations

A

do not induce

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24
Q

R plasmids can be used to

A

transfer antibiotic resistance

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25
Q

HA

A

hospital acquired

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26
Q

CA

A

community acquired

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27
Q

CA and HA are

A

nosocomial infections

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28
Q

R plasmids

A

antibiotics do not indict the formation of these plasmids bit Ising antibiotics selects for strains that carry these plasmids

29
Q

(mechanisms of resistance) alteration of target

A

change the target so the antimicrobial cannot bind

30
Q

(mechanisms of resistance) alteration of proteins

A

in cell membranes so permeability is altered and does not allow antimicrobial agents

31
Q

(mechanisms of resistance) development of enzymes

A

can destroy antimicrobial agent

32
Q

(mechanisms of resistance) rapid efflux

A

pumping the drug out of the cell before it has effect

33
Q

how to throat resistance

A
  1. maintain antibiotic for long enough
  2. use 2 antibiotics to counter resistance
  3. restrict the use of antibiotics
34
Q

idiopathic

A

a disease that arises spontaneously with no known cause

35
Q

endemic

A

a debase regularly occurring within an area/community

36
Q

epidemic

A

a widespread occurs of an infection disease in a community at a particular time

37
Q

pandemic

A

a widespread occurs of an infectious disease over a whole country/world at a particular time

38
Q

latent

A

usual symptoms are not yet manifested

39
Q

sequelae

A

a contain which is the consequence of a previous disease

40
Q

subclinical infection

A

associated with no detectable symptoms but vase by microorganisms capable of producing disease

41
Q

Reservoir

A

of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies

42
Q

iatrogenic

A

caused by medical procedures

43
Q

direct transmission

A

bitten, rabies, rat bite, syphilis

44
Q

indirect transmission

A

vehicle: fomite, air, water, food
vector: bugs

45
Q

prodromal

A

between the apparent of initial symptoms and the full development

46
Q

period of convalescence

A

recovery

47
Q

phases of disease

A

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence

48
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria pneumonia
cloudiness on x-rays, alveoli fill with fluid

49
Q

Coccidioides immitis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

fungi valley fever
ongoing cough and rashes
airborne
non-communicable

50
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
TB chronic - respiratory system
multidrugs to treat
V.F. tubercle
communicable airborne

51
Q

Campylobacter jejuni is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
food poisoning
zoo tonic - non communicable
food borne from normal flora in uncooked poultry

52
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria gram +
food poisoning aka staphylococcus intoxication
nausea, vomiting, retching, cramping
#1 cause of food poisoning
non communicable food borne
v.f. enterotoxin

53
Q

Salmonella typhimurium is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
salmonella
outside of Mellons
non communicable
food borne
ID 50=15 to 20 cells
v.f. vesicle

54
Q

Heliobacter pylori is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
H pylori
ulcers and bloody stool
non communicable
increase risk of cancer

55
Q

Giardia lamblia is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

Protozoa
giardia
clownface
communicable
food and water borne
most common intestinal parasite

56
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
MRSA, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo
integumentary system
affects most parts of the body
MRSA -> 50-70% nosocomial infections

57
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria gram -
integumentary system
v.f. endotoxins
2nd most common nosocomial infection
food and water borne through fomites
normal flora in humans
colonize on medical equipment

58
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes group a, is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
pharyngitis strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, N.F.
heat and tonsils heat
communicable
airborne
exit and entry portal the same

59
Q

Streptococcus agalacticae Group B is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
group B strep, bacterimia
pneumonia, mengititis
swab before brith in pregnancy
STD
1% of infections in newborns, 50-70% mortal

59
Q

Treponema pallidum is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
syphilis
genital urinary stratum STI STD
has primary 2, 3, 4 infections
Tertiary infection is systematic and leads to death
the great imitator
congenital can lead to curved limbs and flat face
Affects ALL ORGAN SYSTEMS

60
Q

chlamydia trachomatis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
chlamydia, conjunctivitis
genital
STI
v.f. elementary bodies
leading cause of reproductive issues in women

61
Q

Candida albicans is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

fungus
yeast infection, athletes foot, oral thrush
red rash
genital STI

62
Q

Neisseria gonorrhea is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria g-
gonorrhea
genital
blindness in babies, odd odor and discharge from men, itchiness

63
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

protozoa
genital
STI
bubbly vaginal discharge
30-50% women in western world are infected
infected and diagnostic stage

64
Q

Yersinia pestis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
nervous
bubonic plague, pneumonic plague
hemorrhaging and 100% mortal pneumonic
spread through vector like rat flea
endemic

65
Q

clostridium tetani is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
tetanus
nervous
cramping
non communicable
fomite

66
Q

clostridium botulinum is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?

A

bacteria
botulism
nervous
relaxed
food borne
adult is intoxicated
infant is infected
1g bootie can kill 1 million people

67
Q

naegleria fowleri

A

Protozoa
nervous
brain eating bacteria
water borne

Microbiology (8 decks)

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