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Microbiology > Unit 3 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mutualism

A

symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved

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2
Q

parasitism

A

where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm

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3
Q

commensalism

A

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

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4
Q

microbial competition

A

Populations of microorganisms inhabiting a common environment compete for nutrients and other resources of the environment

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5
Q

contamination

A

Contamination is the presence of a constituent, impurity

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6
Q

infection

A

The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms.

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7
Q

disease

A

the existence of pathology and an infectious disease is a disease caused by a microorganism

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8
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause disease

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9
Q

etiology

A

the cause or causes of a disease

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10
Q

pathogenesis

A

the process by which an infection leads to disease

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11
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

An infection caused by an organism that does not normally cause disease. Opportunistic infections occur in people with weakened immune systems

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12
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Entrance

A

portal of entry: sneezing, coughing, urine, blood, bites, lesions. Entrance of pathogen does not mean disease

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13
Q

ID50

A

dictates if infection and disease will occur, 50: the dose of infection organism required to produce infection in 50% of subjects (infectious dose)

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14
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Adherence

A

bacteria use adhesions (virulence factor) sticks/attaches to something
Cranberry juice blocks adhesions (UTI).

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15
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Colonization

A

growth of bacteria on the surface. MOST bacteria invade TISSUE NOT CELLS.

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16
Q

phagocyte

A

eats bacterium

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17
Q

blocking phagocytosis

A

to remove pathogens and debris through ingestion

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18
Q

MOST BACTERIA

A

INVASION OF TISSUE DOES NOT EQUAL INVASION OF CELLS (intracellular pathogen)

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19
Q

Disease vs infection

A

Infection is entrance of pathogen and multiplcation
Disease is damage to host and symptoms, a result of infection

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20
Q

pathogenicity

A

the capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a host while virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by the microbe

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21
Q

Invasion of tissue by reals of exoenzymes

A

substances that help bacteria penetrate into tissues:
coagulase
kinases
hyaluronidase: hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, holds cels together (allows bacteria to go through basement membrane)
collagenase: hydrolyzes collages in connective tissue

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22
Q

invasion of cells

A

invasions rearrange the host cell cytoskeleton to cradle bacterium into cells

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23
Q

toxin production

A

enzymes - toxigenicity, many are enzymes exotoxins: soluble proteins secreted into host tissues, most lethal

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24
Q

cytotoxins

A

hemolysis - lyse a-hemolysin, beta-hemolysin

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25
Q

neurotoxins

A

act on nervous tissue, prevents retraction (botulism) or relaxation (tetanus)

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26
Q

enterotoxins

A

act on enteric tissue - cell membranes leak/rupture

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27
Q

endotoxin

A

Lipid A - LPS
gram - cell walls
weak compared to exotoxin
released wen organisms die
effects:
fever
inflammation
tissue destruction
respiratory distress
capillary damage
hypotension
shock
diarrhea (in intestines)

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28
Q

exit

A

pathogen is shed and possible enters another host

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29
Q

endotoxin - hemolysis

A

blood

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30
Q

exotoxins vs endotoxins

A

secreted proteins act locally
vs
membrane compounds cause inflammatory response

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31
Q

How do viruses cause disease

A
  1. entrance
  2. adherence: attach to appropriate receptor
  3. penetration: must get inside cell to survive
    Elicit cytopathic effects (CPE): lyse or kill cells, or transform
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32
Q

How to fungi cause disease

A

growth invading cells, release toxins, allergic reactions

spore enters body -> enzymes attack cells -> they die and fungi ingests them -> grow and invade adjacent cells

33
Q

How to protozoa cause disease

A

invasion of circulatory and lymphatic systems
attach to intestinal wall
nervous tissue
urinary system
accumulation of waste leading to hosts allergic reaction

34
Q

How to helminths cause disease

A

food born
cause damage by physical means: clogging blood, vessels, crossing tissue
extracellular and cause disease by releasing toxic waste leading to allergic reaction

35
Q

Innate immunity

A

born with

36
Q

Innate immunity: Physical manners

A

skin and mucous membranes, secretions, flushing (urethra, eyes, etc.)

37
Q

Innate immunity: Chemical factors

A

antimicrobials
sebum/sweat
lysozyme: in tears and saliva, breaks down peptidoglycan good agains gram +
bile
pH of skin
interferon
complement

38
Q

Innate immunity: Normal macrobiota

A

help to from fatty acids toxic to gram - organisms also make antibiotics that fight pathogens

39
Q

complement

A

Mac attack
liver enzymes
classic specific immune response

40
Q

interferons

A

triggers cell to make protective proteins agains viruses
inhibit spread

41
Q

pathogenesis

A

stops protein synthesis, stops viral transcription

42
Q

virus infects-> turns on _____->cell dies->____migrates to help immunity by going to other cells

A

interferon

43
Q

phagocytes

A

remove debris and pathogens

44
Q

inflammatory response

A

immune response
mast cell triggers increase blood flow, phagocytes, complement, clotting, temperature increased, specifically defenses activated

45
Q

Molecules important to nonspecific resistance

A

phagocytes: lysosomes, phagosomes
extracellular killing
cytokines: histamine (signal)
chemotaxis
inflammation

46
Q

cytolysis

A

Mac attack

47
Q

lysis

A

pops membrane

48
Q

platlets

A

clotting

49
Q

neutrophils

A

blood

50
Q

basophils

A

cytokines

51
Q

macrophages

A

all over

52
Q

Specific resistance of adaptive immunity

A

most is learned

53
Q

humoral immunity

A

b cells
bacterial infections activated
antibodies

54
Q

phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
a cell that completes this is called a phagocyte

55
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

non self cell

56
Q

antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

macrophages

57
Q

cell medicated immunity

A

helper t cells
cytotoxic t cells
memory t cells
suppressor T cells

58
Q

antibody anatomy

A

Fab: antigen binding sites (between prongs)
Fc: constant: B cell binding acting as receptor

59
Q

antibodies: IgG

A

protective antibody that stays in blood

60
Q

every cell has the ability to be a

A

macrophage

61
Q

antibodies: IgM

A

1st antibodies provided and used as markers on B cells

62
Q

IgA

A

found in secretions

63
Q

IgD

A

? marker on B cells

64
Q

IgE

A

allergic response

65
Q

NK (natural killer)

A

attack pathogen
aligns with bad cell
secretes perforin
Mac attack
attacks non-self cells

66
Q

Ab response 1

A

primary immune response, no antibodies, plasma cells release

67
Q

Ab response 2

A

secondary response, memory cells recognize and respond

68
Q

hypersensitivities: type 1

A

allergy, anaphylaxis, localized and systemic
body responses to antigen that normally would ne ignored

69
Q

hypersensitivities: type 2

A

cytotoxic: ex. Rh factor in blood (+ or -) attacking baby with different blood type

70
Q

hypersensitivities: type 3

A

localized reaction not systemic

71
Q

hypersensitivities: type 4

A

cell medicated or delayed hypersensitivity (contact dermatitis)

72
Q

autoimmune dissorders

A

cells of own body attack own cells
ex. lupus, ms, rheumatoid arthritis

73
Q

ways to gain immunity

A

natural acquired active
natural acquired passive
artificial acquired passive
artificial acquired active

74
Q

natural acquired passive immunity

A

fetus to mother antibodies

75
Q

natural acquired active immunity

A

exposure to chicken pox example

76
Q

artificial acquired active immunity

A

vaccines

77
Q

lymphocytes

A

A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses.

78
Q

antigen recognition

A

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Nonliving substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles (such as a splinter) can also be antigens. The immune system recognizes and destroys, or tries to destroy, substances that contain antigens.

79
Q

inflammation response

A

mast cell ->
1. blood flow increased
2. phagocytes activated
3. capillary permeability increased
4. complement activated
5. clotting reaction walls off region
6. regional temperature increased
7. specific defenses activated

Microbiology (8 decks)

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