Unit 4 Exam Flashcards
Stage of mitosis when chromatids are pulled apart and 46 individual chromosomes migrate to different poles.
anaphase
Stage of mitosis when nuclear envelopes reappears and spindle breaks down. The cell will have two distinct nuclei.
telophase
Stage of mitosis when chromatids line up at the equator and spindles attach to centromeres.
metaphase
Stage of interphase characterized by growth and replication of organelles.
G1 phase
Stage of mitosis when nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers form, and centrioles begin to migrate to poles.
prophase
The “cleaving” or dividing of the cell. Differs slightly in plant and animal cells.
cytokinesis
Cell cycle arrest. Cells that enter this phase do not go through the cell cycle.
G0 phase
Stage of interphase characterized by growth and preparation for entry into mitosis.
G2 phase
Stage of interphase characterized by replication of genetic material.
S phase
A set of chromosomes
karyotype
____ cells are “non” sex cells such as liver cells, brain cells, or blood cells.
somatic
_____ are sex cells (sperm and egg). Also known as germ cells.
gametes
All human somatic cells contain how many chromosomes?
46
All human somatic cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes?
23
For humans, the normal diploid number is…
46
Human gametes contain how many chromosomes.
23
How many sex chromosomes are in a normal human karyotype?
2
Normal human males have which two sex chromosomes?
XY
Normal human females have which two sex chromosomes?
XX
“Autosomes” are non-sex chromosomes. How many autosomes are in a normal, human karyotype?
44
having an extra chromosome
trisomy
missing a chromosome
monosomy
Mitosis is also known as “division of the
nucleus
Most of the life of the cell is spent during this phase.
interphase
what are the 3 main stages of a cells life
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
what happens in the G1 phase
cell grows, cell taken in lots of nutrients and energy, most organelles get copied
How many total chromosomes are present in a cell during G1 phase?
46
what happens in the S phase
DNA gets copies
How many chromosomes (chromatids) are present by the end of S phase?
92
what happens in the G2 phase
cell grows some more, cells “double checks” duplicated chromosomes for mistakes
How many chromosomes (chromatids) are present by the end of G2 phase?
92
mitosis is “___”
nuclear division
what are the 4 steps of mitosis
- prophase
- metaphase
3.anaphase
4.telophase
what happens during prophase
nuclear envelope will disappear, centrioles move to either pole of the cell, spindle fibers form
As as a cell enters the first phase of mitosis, how many chromosomes (chromatids) are present?
92
what happens during metaphase
chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, spindle fibers attach to centromere of each chromatid
what happens during anaphase
spindle fibers pull apart identical chromatids, spindle breaks down after this and are considered chromosomes
what happens during telophase
nuclear envelope will reform, 46 chromosomes per nucleus
what is cytokinesis
cell division
what does cytokinesis form in animal cells
a furrow
what does cytokinesis form in a plant cell
a cell plate
True or False All cells go through the cell cycle at the same rate.
false
Chemicals that act as traffic signals to help regulate the rate at which cells go through the cell cycle are known as
_____
regulatory proteins
Cells will divide until they come in contact with each other. This is known as
contact inhibition
briefly explain the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor.
Benign tumors grow slowly and do not spread but malignant tumors lose their cohesiveness and enter the blood (metastasis).
____occurs when cancerous cells have broken apart from a tumor and entered the bloodstream.
Metastasis
cells are
cohesive
what can cancer result in
- uncontrolled cell division
- loss of cell cohesion
what can cause cancer
genetics and carcinogens
Female gonads are called
ovaries
Male gonads are called
testes
At the end of the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis), ___________ are produced.
somatic cells
At the end of meiosis, ___________ are produced.
gametes
Meiosis is sometimes referred to as “reduction division.” What gets reduced during meiosis?
The number of chromosomes in each cell
In males, how many sperm cells are produced during meiosis?
4
In females, how many eggs (ova) are produced during meiosis?
1
