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Biology > Unit 4 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 4 Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stage of mitosis when chromatids are pulled apart and 46 individual chromosomes migrate to different poles.

A

anaphase

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2
Q

Stage of mitosis when nuclear envelopes reappears and spindle breaks down. The cell will have two distinct nuclei.

A

telophase

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3
Q

Stage of mitosis when chromatids line up at the equator and spindles attach to centromeres.

A

metaphase

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4
Q

Stage of interphase characterized by growth and replication of organelles.

A

G1 phase

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5
Q

Stage of mitosis when nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers form, and centrioles begin to migrate to poles.

A

prophase

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6
Q

The “cleaving” or dividing of the cell. Differs slightly in plant and animal cells.

A

cytokinesis

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7
Q

Cell cycle arrest. Cells that enter this phase do not go through the cell cycle.

A

G0 phase

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8
Q

Stage of interphase characterized by growth and preparation for entry into mitosis.

A

G2 phase

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9
Q

Stage of interphase characterized by replication of genetic material.

A

S phase

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10
Q

A set of chromosomes

A

karyotype

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11
Q

____ cells are “non” sex cells such as liver cells, brain cells, or blood cells.

A

somatic

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12
Q

_____ are sex cells (sperm and egg). Also known as germ cells.

A

gametes

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13
Q

All human somatic cells contain how many chromosomes?

A

46

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14
Q

All human somatic cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23

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15
Q

For humans, the normal diploid number is…

A

46

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16
Q

Human gametes contain how many chromosomes.

A

23

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17
Q

How many sex chromosomes are in a normal human karyotype?

A

2

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18
Q

Normal human males have which two sex chromosomes?

A

XY

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19
Q

Normal human females have which two sex chromosomes?

A

XX

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20
Q

“Autosomes” are non-sex chromosomes. How many autosomes are in a normal, human karyotype?

A

44

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21
Q

having an extra chromosome

A

trisomy

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22
Q

missing a chromosome

A

monosomy

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23
Q

Mitosis is also known as “division of the

A

nucleus

24
Q

Most of the life of the cell is spent during this phase.

A

interphase

25
Q

what are the 3 main stages of a cells life

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

26
Q

what happens in the G1 phase

A

cell grows, cell taken in lots of nutrients and energy, most organelles get copied

27
Q

How many total chromosomes are present in a cell during G1 phase?

A

46

28
Q

what happens in the S phase

A

DNA gets copies

29
Q

How many chromosomes (chromatids) are present by the end of S phase?

A

92

30
Q

what happens in the G2 phase

A

cell grows some more, cells “double checks” duplicated chromosomes for mistakes

31
Q

How many chromosomes (chromatids) are present by the end of G2 phase?

A

92

32
Q

mitosis is “___”

A

nuclear division

33
Q

what are the 4 steps of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
    3.anaphase
    4.telophase
34
Q

what happens during prophase

A

nuclear envelope will disappear, centrioles move to either pole of the cell, spindle fibers form

35
Q

As as a cell enters the first phase of mitosis, how many chromosomes (chromatids) are present?

A

92

36
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, spindle fibers attach to centromere of each chromatid

37
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

spindle fibers pull apart identical chromatids, spindle breaks down after this and are considered chromosomes

38
Q

what happens during telophase

A

nuclear envelope will reform, 46 chromosomes per nucleus

39
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

cell division

40
Q

what does cytokinesis form in animal cells

A

a furrow

41
Q

what does cytokinesis form in a plant cell

A

a cell plate

42
Q

True or False All cells go through the cell cycle at the same rate.

A

false

43
Q

Chemicals that act as traffic signals to help regulate the rate at which cells go through the cell cycle are known as
_____

A

regulatory proteins

44
Q

Cells will divide until they come in contact with each other. This is known as

A

contact inhibition

45
Q

briefly explain the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor.

A

Benign tumors grow slowly and do not spread but malignant tumors lose their cohesiveness and enter the blood (metastasis).

46
Q

____occurs when cancerous cells have broken apart from a tumor and entered the bloodstream.

A

Metastasis

47
Q

cells are

A

cohesive

48
Q

what can cancer result in

A
  1. uncontrolled cell division
  2. loss of cell cohesion
49
Q

what can cause cancer

A

genetics and carcinogens

50
Q

Female gonads are called

A

ovaries

51
Q

Male gonads are called

A

testes

52
Q

At the end of the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis), ___________ are produced.

A

somatic cells

53
Q

At the end of meiosis, ___________ are produced.

A

gametes

54
Q

Meiosis is sometimes referred to as “reduction division.” What gets reduced during meiosis?

A

The number of chromosomes in each cell

55
Q

In males, how many sperm cells are produced during meiosis?

A

4

56
Q

In females, how many eggs (ova) are produced during meiosis?

A

1

Biology (7 decks)

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