Unit 3 Quiz #2 Flashcards
organic compounds are
a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently bonded to atoms of other elements.
carbon has _ valence electrons
4
______ are organic compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Hydrocarbons
An individual subunit of an organic molecule is called a______
monomer
How would you classify a hydrocarbon?
if the compound only contains hydrogen and carbon
When monomers are linked together, they form_____
polymers
The process of linking monomers together to form polymers is called _____
polymerization
what are the 4 types of organic macro-molecules that are found in living things
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates are molecules composed of _____
carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen
_______ are the most common types of carbohydrates
sugars and starches
Carbohydrates are an important source of energy. When carbohydrates are broken down, they are converted to a usable form of cellular energy known as _____
ATP
The monomer of carbohydrates is called a _____ or simple sugar
monosaccharide
_______ is a monosaccharide made of plant cells during photosynthesis.
glucose
_____ is a monosaccharide commonly found in dairy products such as milk or yogurt.
galactose
_____ is a monosaccharide found in fruits like apples or bananas.
fructose
T or F: Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same chemical formulas.
T
T or F: Many monosaccharides consist of 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
T
T or F: Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all monomers that can be used to create polymers.
T
T or F: Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same chemical structure.
F
_____ are carbohydrates that consist of two monosaccharides linked together.
disaccharides
What two simple sugars (monosaccharides) are used found in table sugar (sucrose)?
glucose and fructose
______ are polymers of monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharide made and stored by plants such as corn and potatoes.
starch
Polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.
cellulose
Polysaccharide made and stored by animals.
Glycogen
T or F: Glycogen is stored in the liver and released when blood sugar levels are low.
T
T or F: Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are polymers made from glucose.
T
T or F: Cellulose has a “branched” chemical structure.
F
T or F: Complex sugars (polysaccharides) release energy slowly.
T
T or F: Carbohydrates are an important component of the human diet because they supply energy.
T
T or F: Simple sugars can release energy quickly if digested.
T
______ are non-polar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
lipids
What are some functions of lipids?
long term energy storage, major structural component of cell membranes, helps to insulate nerve cells, helps to regulate appetite, helps to protect vital organs, helps to regulate body temp, helps to regulate hormone production, and helps to fight infection
T or F:Lipids contain more energy than carbohydrates.
T
The monomer of lipids is called a ___
fatty acid
What are the two main components of a fatty acid?
a hydrocarbon chain and carboxylic acid
____ are a molecule in which three fatty acids are bonded to a glycerol molecule.
Triglycerides
Why is cholesterol important to the human body?
It makes cellular structures and it generated steroid hormones.
Cholesterol is a lipid that has a _______ structure.
ring
______ cholesterol is “good” cholesterol. It can be removed from the body easily.
HDL
____ is “bad” cholesterol. It cannot be removed from the body easily.
LDL
If cholesterol is not removed from the body, it can build up as ____ on the walls of arteries.
plaque
Describe several differences between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
-saturated fats lack double bonds while unsaturated fats contains double bonds
- saturated fats are solid at room temp while unsaturated fats are liquids at room temp
- saturated fats mainly come from animal sources while unsaturated fats come from plant sources
- saturated fats can increase “bad” cholesterol levels while unsaturated fats can lower you “bad” cholesterol
Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called____
amino acids
How many amino acids are there?
20
Of the 20 amino acids, eight of them are “essential.” What does this mean?
This means those 8 must come from the food you eat.
Amino acids can be made up of what elements?
carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen,and hydrogen
What are the three components to every amino acid?
Carboxyl Group (-COOH), “R” group, Amino Group (-NH2)
Amino acids can join together by forming covalent bonds with each other. These particular bonds are known as
peptide bonds
What compound is produced as a by-product of peptide bond formation?
water
A _____ is a long chain of amino acids linked together.
polypeptide
T or F: Polypeptides can vary by their length.
T
T or F Polypeptide chains can only form one shape.
F
T or F: Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids.
T
T or F: Polypeptides can vary by their sequence of amino acids.
T
what causes some red blood cells to be abnormally shaped (sickle shaped)?
If the amino acids are sequenced in the incorrect way, red blood cells will have a different shape that affects their function.
Some proteins act as _____ components of organisms. For example, keratin is a protein that helps make up your hair and fingernails.
structural
Some proteins act as ______ which are catalysts that help speed up chemical reactions in the body.
enzymes
_____ make up your DNA (genetic instructions).
Nucleic acids
The monomers that makes up nucleic acids are called ____
nucleotides
What are the three components of a nucleotide.
phosphate group, sugar unit, and nitrogen base
what are some functions of proteins
structural component of organisms, helps transport substances into and out of cells, acts as enzymes
Is there a relationship between nucleic acids and proteins?
yes
