Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources Flashcards
layers of the earth
crust (solid)
lithosphere (all solid - all crust and upper most solid mantle)
asthenosphere (semi liquid mantle, has convection currents)
mantle (solid and liquid)
core (solid and liquid)
CLAMC
which layer do we know most about
crust, super thin
support for plate tectonics
- shape of continents (Pangea puzzle pieces)
- similar rock formations across continents
- similar fossils across continents
- age of oceanic rocks
- magnetic pattern in rocks
mid ocean ridge
divergent boundary where MAGMA can come out and make relatively new rocks —— further away u get from the ridge, the rocks get older (supporting that they move)
types of movement
- divergent (spreading, ex: mid ocean ridge)
- convergent (subduction, over riding)
- transform (sliding, ex: san andres fault)
what happens when an oceanic plate hits a continental
oceanic will go UNDE CONTINENTAL bc oceanic is dense— SUBDUCTION
what is the product of overriding (convergent boundaries on LAND)
mountains
most uncommon movement
transform
which types of movement makes earthquakes, which ones are the strongest
ALL 3 make quakes, CONVERGENT STRONGEST ONES
which type of boundary makes new crust
divergent
what is a good climate regulater
oceans
what absorbs heat rlly well
oceans
what drives ocean currents
density differences (cold and salty water is dense. warm water is less dense/surface)
global conveyor belt
the single giant current of the worlds ocean that TRANSFERS HEAT
watershed
area of land that drains to a common body of water
what impacts watershed
slope- impacts direction of water
soil type- whether water is absorbs or run offs
vegetation- anchoring soil and preventing erosion/runoff
what layer does weather/global warming/greenhouse/ air pollution occur
troposphere
where is ozone layer found
at the top of stratosphere
why is ozone important
protects us from UVs
where do northern lights occur
thermosphere
climate
long-term average temperature and precipitation
what impacts weather
- sun angle
- geologic features (mountains-clouds and rain on one side w deserts on the other, oceans)
- cities (urban pavement absorbs heat)
what side does rain occur on mountain
wayward (wind going up and forming clouds)
where do convection currents occur
asthenosphere, that’s what moves the crust plates around
divergent
ocean to ocean: mid ocean ridge, plates moving away from eachother in asthenosphere, magma comes up and forms new rock, little hump
continental away continental: land spreads and makes valley, hole, volcanoes made–could spread so far that a new plate is made
convergent boundary
ocean to ocean: makes island volcanic arc cuz happens in the middle of the ocean, OLDER GOES UNDER YOUNGER
to land : ocean plates are dense so subduction happens (ocean goes under continental into the asthenosphere)
land to land: neither plate is denser than the other so they override and make mountains
soil layers
Oliver -hummus Ate. -topsoil Emily. -eluviation Behind. -subsoil Chunky -regolith Rocks. -bedrock
where does soil start
from the rock at r horizon, parent soil
first stage of soil formation
weathering, breaking your rock at c horizon
after weathered material, lichen and moss can help break down and die and add organic components
third step of soil
organic material, humus, o horizon
4th step of soil
a horizon organics and minerals from plant material
5th step of soil
B horizon, collection zone (accumulation)
water percolates through soil and builds of minerals and clay
6th sometimes step of soil
E horizon, leaching water and pulls out nutrients to give to b horizon— path through and doesn’t have nutrients
soil types smallest to biggest
clay. (can’t)
silt (sit)
sand (still)
loam(combo of all types) (long)
sand
largest particle. Good infiltration, poor water holding and poor nutrient holding
silt
medium particle. Medium infiltration, water and nutrient holding 
clay
smallest particle. Slow infiltration
good water and nutrients holding
loam
Best for farming blend of pros and cons
Soil properties
texture, porosity(water and nutrients holding), permeability, chemical make up(fertility)
primary reason for climate
uneven heating of surface bc of earth axis
what effects dryness and wetness in climates
atmospheric convection currents
what impacts climate
uneven heating of surface, Coriolis effect, atmospheric convection currents, ocean currents
convection
heat rises
global air circulation
lot of heat at the equator, making air less dense which makes it rise, goes into the trophosphere where it cools, when it cools it sinks
cold air from poles fights hot air from equator, as a result rainfall is highest at rising air(middle and 60 degree north and out)
why is warm air more moist
warm air heats up bodies of water, making the water molecules rise and add moisture to it
cold air is dry bc there is less water the air can hold before it condenses and falls into earth
what ocean does el niño happen
PACIFIC specific pacific
EL NIÑO
WARM EVERYWHERE, trade winds stop so warm water isn’t j pushed to asia it spreads
la niña
trade winds ARE SUPER STRONG so warm water is pushed to asia. bc warm water leaves america and goes to asia there is open space for cold water to fill(upwelling)
upwelling
cold water goes up, la niña means EXTRA UPWELLING EXTRA COLD WATER ON THE PACIFIC COAST
what causes el niño and la niña to happen
we don’t know NO PATTERN
what is weather like during el niño
extra wet bc it’s extra warm in america and the air will rise and make rain
what is particular about transforming boundaries
nothing is created or destroyed
which boundary makes trenhes
convergent, ocean trenches are raised areas cuz subduction
