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APES > Unit 1: Living World - Ecosystems > Flashcards

Unit 1: Living World - Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

biotic

A

living(plants, animals)

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2
Q

abiotic

A

non-living(air, rocks, soil)

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3
Q

parasitic relationship

A

one organism (the parasite) will live inside of another organism (the host), and it relies on that organism to survive

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4
Q

who benefits and who is harmed in a parasitic relationship

A

Parasite benefits - Host harmed

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5
Q

what’s an example of a parasite

A

pathogen - type of parasite that causes diseases

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6
Q

predator-prey relationship

A

one animal will kill and consume another

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7
Q

who benefits and who is harmed in a predator-prey relationship

A

Predator benefits - Prey harmed

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8
Q

symbiotic relationship

A

both organisms are helped or not affected

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9
Q

mutualistic relationship

A

BOTH organisms BENEFIT

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10
Q

example of mutualism

A

bees pollinating flowers

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11
Q

commensalism

A

ONE organism BENEFITS

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12
Q

example of commensalism

A

bird nesting in a tree

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13
Q

competition

A

when organisms each share a limiting resource

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14
Q

what happens when two species each compete for the same limiting resource

A

they can NOT coexist

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15
Q

what allows two species who compete for the same limiting resource TO COEXIST

A

resource partitioning - when they divide up the resource based on their behavior or morphology

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16
Q

ecosystem engineer

A

special types of keystone species that create or maintain habitats for other species

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17
Q

keystone species

A

A species that plays a far more important role in its community than its relative abundance might suggest

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18
Q

terrestrial biome

A

Geographical regions that each have a particular combinations of average annual temperature and precipitation and contain distinctive plant growth forms that are adapted to that climate

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19
Q

Aquatic biome

A

Particular combinations of salinity, depth, and water flow

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20
Q

what are the two most important factors that determine biome distinction on land

A
  1. temperature
  2. precipitation
    (Latitude and Altitude)
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21
Q

What are the two types aquatic biomes

A

Marine(salt) and Freshwater

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22
Q

What are the most productive aquatic biomes

A

(wetlands):marshes and swamps, estuaries and coral reefs

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23
Q

where is nitrogen and phosphorus greater in marine ecosystems

A

along the coastline due to runoff into rivers then to estuaries

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24
Q

in what type of water is secondary productivity high

A

cold water(because there is an increase of dissolved oxygen)

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25
Q

Which carbon sink holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time?

A

vegetation

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26
Q

what makes the phosphorous cycle different from the others

A

there is no atmosphere component in the phosphorous cycle

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27
Q

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems?

A

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

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28
Q

what percent of the net primary productivity is available for the next level

A

10% of calories

29
Q

what are the levels of the trophic pyramid

A

primary producer –> primary consumer –> secondary consumer –> tertiary consumer

30
Q

Littoral zone

A

The shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants grow

31
Q

Limnetic zone

A

a zone of open water in lakes and ponds

32
Q

Phytoplankton

A

floating algae

33
Q

Profundal zone

A

a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic Zone in very deep Lakes

34
Q

Benthic zone

A

the Muddy Bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean

35
Q

Oligotrophic

A

describes a lake with a low level of productivity

36
Q

Mesotrophic

A

describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity

37
Q

Eutrophic

A

describes a lake with a high level of productivity

38
Q

Freshwater wetlands

A

an aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation

39
Q

Salt marsh

A

a marsh containing non Woody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates

40
Q

Mangrove swamp

A

a swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coast, and contains salt tolerant trees with roots submerged in water

41
Q

Intertidal zone

A

the narrow band of Coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide

42
Q

Coral reef

A

the most diverse marine biome on Earth, found in warm, shallow Waters beyond the shoreline

43
Q

Photic zone

A

the upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis

44
Q

Aphotic zone

A

the deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis

45
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

a process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide

46
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

A process by which some organisms can convert nitrogen gas molecules directly into ammonia

47
Q

Nitrification

A

The conversion of ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate

48
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues

49
Q

Mineralization

A

The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic compounds

50
Q

Ammonification

A

The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium

51
Q

Denitrification

A

The conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and eventually, nitrogen gas which is emitted into the atmosphere

52
Q

Leaching

A

The transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater

53
Q

hypoxic

A

low in oxygen

54
Q

Transpiration

A

The release of water from leaves during photosynthesis

55
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration

56
Q

Runoff

A

Water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers

57
Q

Macronutrient

A

One of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts; nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur

58
Q

Limiting nutrient

A

A nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients

59
Q

Detritivore

A

an organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles

60
Q

Decomposers

A

fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem

61
Q

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

62
Q

Net primary productivity (NPP)

A

the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire

63
Q

Biomass

A

the total mass of all living matter in a specific area

64
Q

Standing crop

A

the amount of biomass is present in an ecosystem at a particular time

65
Q

Human impact on the carbon cycle

A
  1. extracting fossil fuels faster than the rate that carbon is back into the ground through sedimentation —-> putting way more carbon in the atmosphere than we are supposed to —-> climate change
  2. DEFORESTATION – no plants to take carbon out of the air
66
Q

Human impact on the nitrogen cycle

A

FERTILIZER - putting more nitrogen into the cycle than plants are used to(nitrogen=limiting nutrient so plants were held back but now they can dominate others)

67
Q

similarities and differences between nitrogen and phosphorous cycle

A

differences: phosphorous only cycles between land and water, doesn’t change forms

both are limiting macronutrients

68
Q

Human impact on the phosphorous cycle

A

FERTILIZER - putting more phosphorous into the cycle – runoff into ocean makes algae blooms – blocks sunlight – existing plants die and eat all the oxygen– aquatic dead zones

APES (5 decks)

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