Unit 2: Living World - Biodiversity Flashcards
types of ecosystem services
provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting
provisional services
tangible things we get from eco(energy, food)
regulating services
benefits we get from eco processes(erosion control, climate regulation)
cultural services
nonmaterial benefits from eco(aesthetic, heritage, recreational, educational)
supporting services
services needed for other eco processes to happen(photosynthesis, nutrient recycling) – BASE, W/O IT, THE OTHER SERVICES COULDN’T HAPPEN
what are ecosystem services
what ecosystems provide us and gives reason to maintain biodiversity
ecological tolerance
range of tolerance biotic factors can live in regards to levels/amounts of abiotic factors(temp, ph, light)
ranges within range of tolerance
optimum: where species thrive
zone of physiological stress: can survive but not many
zone of intolerance: not survivable for that population
types of diversity
species, ecosystem, genetic
ecosystem diversity
diff types of ecosystems/biomes(ocean, coastline, forest, mountain range) — provides diff habitats so species can fufil their jobs
species diversity
diff species in that ecosystem – the HIGHER the number the HIGHER the richness
what is a benefit from having high species diversity/richness
can quickly recover from eco disturbances
genetic diversity
genetic diversity within species, KEY for survival(variations in response to disease and range of tolerance)
species richness
number of diff type of species
species evenness
relative abundance of that type of species
What are two factors to consider what determining the biodiversity in an ecosystem?
species richness and eveness
what is biggest threat to biodiversity
loss of habitat
who is most at risk when there’s loss of habitat
specialist species(have v narrow range of tolerance) and large animals(need big area to hunt)
other threats to biodiversity
- invasive species
- pollution
- pop growth
- climate change
- overharvesting
what is long term and short term adaptation called
long: evolution
short: changes in behavior
who is able to better withstand changes in enviorment
generalist(have wider range of tolerance, wider diet)
what types of changes are easier to adapt to
gradual(when it’s sudden, like clearing land, specialist need to move or die)
island biogeography
biodiversity of island type areas(doesn’t have to be acc island - central park)
what are u looking at in island biogeography
time it takes to immigrate to island and time it takes to go extinct there(point where they meet is equilibrium)
what affects equilibrium in island biogeography
- size of island
- distance from mainland
what makes the biodiversity higher on island biogeography
when the island is BIGGER and CLOSER to the mainland(bigger target and easier to reach)
what will resources on the island dictate
whether specialists OR generalists species will thrive(specialists are vulnerable if invasive species arrive to the island)
what is the equilibrium in island biogeography
the state at which things on the island are stable(no shift in ppl coming or leaving)
succession
predictable pattern that plant life will come back to an area after a disturbance
primary succession stages(volcanic eruption or glacial retreat)
- lichen(pioneer species)
- lichen weather the rock(chem/phys)
- lichen die and add organic matter to rock=soil
- small herbs and shrubs - fast growing, like light, need minimal nutrients/soil(early colonizers)
- shrubs die and add nutrients to soil
- big shrubs(fast growing, need deeper soil and lot of light)
- fast growing pine trees(like light, more nutrients/soil)
- pine creates SHADE, block out and kill shrubs
- hardwood trees grow(THEY LIKE SHADE)
- hardwood create SHADE(kill pines)
——when hardwood trees are there, climax community made/community is older
difference between primary and secondary succession
primary starts all the way back at BARE ROCK
secondary SOIL STILL REMIAN
what do pioneer species need to be successful
light
Which organism is a likely pioneer species in secondary succession?
grasses
how do larger plants affect smaller plants in succession
they outcompete smaller plants for resources(blocks light), causing a reduction in their populations.
ecosystem disruptions
natura or human caused(can be major or minor)
effects: habitat changes, animals may respond by migration(back and forth, seasonal)
timing of disruption categories
random(no pattern)
periodic(brought by changes in the season, predictable/patterns)
episodic(take a long time ex: sea level rise)
can we tell what type of succession the disturbance was when it’s at climax
NO. both primary and secondary end in hard wood. u could mayb guess when it’s early
What does HIPPCO mean and what does it stand for
6 greatest human impacts: Habitat Destruction(worst), Invasive Species, Pollution, Population Growth, Climate Change, Overfishing/harvesting
pollination is what type of service
regulating service
difference between regulating and supporting service
regulating: organism doing what they normally do(decay) and we benefit from it
supporting: foundational, has to happen for other things to happen(ex: photosynthesis, all the cycles), not something we could necessarily do, without it we wouldn’t even have plants to pollinate
goal of pioneer species?
rebuild soil
