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APES > Unit 2: Living World - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Unit 2: Living World - Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

types of ecosystem services

A

provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting

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2
Q

provisional services

A

tangible things we get from eco(energy, food)

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3
Q

regulating services

A

benefits we get from eco processes(erosion control, climate regulation)

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4
Q

cultural services

A

nonmaterial benefits from eco(aesthetic, heritage, recreational, educational)

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5
Q

supporting services

A

services needed for other eco processes to happen(photosynthesis, nutrient recycling) – BASE, W/O IT, THE OTHER SERVICES COULDN’T HAPPEN

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6
Q

what are ecosystem services

A

what ecosystems provide us and gives reason to maintain biodiversity

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7
Q

ecological tolerance

A

range of tolerance biotic factors can live in regards to levels/amounts of abiotic factors(temp, ph, light)

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8
Q

ranges within range of tolerance

A

optimum: where species thrive

zone of physiological stress: can survive but not many

zone of intolerance: not survivable for that population

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9
Q

types of diversity

A

species, ecosystem, genetic

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10
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

diff types of ecosystems/biomes(ocean, coastline, forest, mountain range) — provides diff habitats so species can fufil their jobs

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11
Q

species diversity

A

diff species in that ecosystem – the HIGHER the number the HIGHER the richness

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12
Q

what is a benefit from having high species diversity/richness

A

can quickly recover from eco disturbances

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13
Q

genetic diversity

A

genetic diversity within species, KEY for survival(variations in response to disease and range of tolerance)

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14
Q

species richness

A

number of diff type of species

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15
Q

species evenness

A

relative abundance of that type of species

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16
Q

What are two factors to consider what determining the biodiversity in an ecosystem?

A

species richness and eveness

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17
Q

what is biggest threat to biodiversity

A

loss of habitat

18
Q

who is most at risk when there’s loss of habitat

A

specialist species(have v narrow range of tolerance) and large animals(need big area to hunt)

19
Q

other threats to biodiversity

A
  • invasive species
  • pollution
  • pop growth
  • climate change
  • overharvesting
20
Q

what is long term and short term adaptation called

A

long: evolution
short: changes in behavior

21
Q

who is able to better withstand changes in enviorment

A

generalist(have wider range of tolerance, wider diet)

22
Q

what types of changes are easier to adapt to

A

gradual(when it’s sudden, like clearing land, specialist need to move or die)

23
Q

island biogeography

A

biodiversity of island type areas(doesn’t have to be acc island - central park)

24
Q

what are u looking at in island biogeography

A

time it takes to immigrate to island and time it takes to go extinct there(point where they meet is equilibrium)

25
Q

what affects equilibrium in island biogeography

A
  • size of island

- distance from mainland

26
Q

what makes the biodiversity higher on island biogeography

A

when the island is BIGGER and CLOSER to the mainland(bigger target and easier to reach)

27
Q

what will resources on the island dictate

A

whether specialists OR generalists species will thrive(specialists are vulnerable if invasive species arrive to the island)

28
Q

what is the equilibrium in island biogeography

A

the state at which things on the island are stable(no shift in ppl coming or leaving)

29
Q

succession

A

predictable pattern that plant life will come back to an area after a disturbance

30
Q

primary succession stages(volcanic eruption or glacial retreat)

A
  1. lichen(pioneer species)
  2. lichen weather the rock(chem/phys)
  3. lichen die and add organic matter to rock=soil
  4. small herbs and shrubs - fast growing, like light, need minimal nutrients/soil(early colonizers)
  5. shrubs die and add nutrients to soil
  6. big shrubs(fast growing, need deeper soil and lot of light)
  7. fast growing pine trees(like light, more nutrients/soil)
  8. pine creates SHADE, block out and kill shrubs
  9. hardwood trees grow(THEY LIKE SHADE)
  10. hardwood create SHADE(kill pines)
    ——when hardwood trees are there, climax community made/community is older
31
Q

difference between primary and secondary succession

A

primary starts all the way back at BARE ROCK

secondary SOIL STILL REMIAN

32
Q

what do pioneer species need to be successful

A

light

33
Q

Which organism is a likely pioneer species in secondary succession?

A

grasses

34
Q

how do larger plants affect smaller plants in succession

A

they outcompete smaller plants for resources(blocks light), causing a reduction in their populations.

35
Q

ecosystem disruptions

A

natura or human caused(can be major or minor)

effects: habitat changes, animals may respond by migration(back and forth, seasonal)

36
Q

timing of disruption categories

A

random(no pattern)

periodic(brought by changes in the season, predictable/patterns)

episodic(take a long time ex: sea level rise)

37
Q

can we tell what type of succession the disturbance was when it’s at climax

A

NO. both primary and secondary end in hard wood. u could mayb guess when it’s early

38
Q

What does HIPPCO mean and what does it stand for

A 
6 greatest human impacts: 
Habitat Destruction(worst), Invasive Species, Pollution, Population Growth, Climate Change, Overfishing/harvesting
39
Q

pollination is what type of service

A

regulating service

40
Q

difference between regulating and supporting service

A

regulating: organism doing what they normally do(decay) and we benefit from it
supporting: foundational, has to happen for other things to happen(ex: photosynthesis, all the cycles), not something we could necessarily do, without it we wouldn’t even have plants to pollinate

41
Q

goal of pioneer species?

A

rebuild soil

APES (5 decks)

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