UNIT #4: Deception Flashcards

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1
Q

Comparison Question Test

A

Type of polygraph test that includes irrelevant questions that are unrelated to the crime, relevant questions concerning the crime being investigated, and comparison questions concerning the person’s honesty and past history prior the event being investigated (aka control question test)

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2
Q

Concealed information test

A

Type of polygraph test designed to determine if the person knows details about a crime (formally known as guilty knowledge test)

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3
Q

Countermeasures

A

As applied to polygraph research, techniques used to try to conceal guilt

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4
Q

Defensiveness

A

Conscious denial or extreme minimization of physical or psychological symptoms

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5
Q

Event-related brain potentials

A

Brain activity measured by placing electrodes on the scalp and electrical patterns related to presentation of a stimulus

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6
Q

Factitious disorder

A

A disorder in which the person’s physical and psychological symptoms are intentionally produced and are adopted for no external rewards

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7
Q

Ground truth

A

As applied to polygraph research, the knowledge of whether the person is actually guilty or innocent

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8
Q

Known-groups design

A

As applied to malingering research, involves comparing genuine patients and malingers attempting to fake the disorder the patients have

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9
Q

Malingering

A

Intentionally faking psychological or physical symptoms for some type of external game

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10
Q

Muchausen syndrome by proxy

A

A rare Fictitious disorder in which a person intentionally produces an illness in his or her child

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11
Q

Polygraph

A

A device for recording an individual’s autonomic nervous system responses

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12
Q

Polygraph disclosure tests

A

Polygraph tests that are used to uncover information about an offender’s past behaviour

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13
Q

Simulation design

A

As applied to malingering research people are told to pretend to have specific symptoms or a disorder

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14
Q

Truth-bias

A

The tendency of people to judge more messages as truthful then deceptive

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15
Q

Describe how a polygraph works.

x4

A

(1) A device for recording an individual’s Autonomic nervous system responses. Polygraph is used to measure person’s physiological responses
to questions asked by examiner
(2) Measurement devices are attached
to the upper chest and abdomen to
measure breathing.
(3) Amount of sweat on skin is measured by attaching electrodes to fingertips.
(4) Heart rate is measured by a partially inflated blood pressure cuff attached to arm.

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16
Q

Describe the different applications of the polygraph

x4

A

(1) Used to help in criminal investigations As a means to resolve the case. If suspect fails person may be pressured to confess.
(2) Victims of crimes may be asked to take test
to help verify whether a crime has occurred.
(3) Used to assess and monitor sexual offenders on probation.
(4) Insurance companies May use to help verify
The claims of the insured.

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17
Q

Characteristics of malingered psychosis

x6

A
  1. Often willing to discuss their symptoms when asked, where as actual patients with schizophrenia are often reluctant to discuss their symptoms.
  2. Report rare or atypical symptoms.
  3. Tend to overreact
  4. Accuse clinicians of not believing them
  5. In an interview may be evasive when asked to provide details.
  6. Behave in an intimidating manner
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18
Q

Methods to detect malingered

psychosis

A
  1. Self-report questionnaire

2. Interview-based method

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19
Q

Explanatory models of malingering

x3

A

(1) Pathogenic
(2) Criminological
(3) Adaptational

20
Q

Pathogenic model of malingering

x3

A
  1. People motivated because of an underlying mental disorder.
  2. Attempt to gain control over his Pathology by creating bogus symptoms.
  3. Over time patients experience more severe mental disorders and true symptoms emerge.
21
Q

Criminological model of malingering

x2

A
  1. Focuses on badness

2. A bad person, in bad circumstances, who is performing badly.

22
Q

Adaptational model of malingering

x3

A
1. Malingering is likely to occur when:
(A) No other viable alternatives are
perceived
(B) There is a perceived adversarial context
(C) Personal stakes are very high
23
Q

Two different polygraph tests

A

1) Comparison Question Test

2) Concealed information Test

24
Q

Comparison Question Test

x3

A
  1. Relevant questions Concerning the
    Crime being Investigated
  2. Comparison questions Concerning person’s
    Honesty & past history Prior to event Being
    Investigated
  3. Includes irrelevant Questions unrelated To the crime
25
Q

Concealed information Test

x3

A
  1. Each question has one Correct option and 4 Options that are foils
    (Could be for the crime but Are incorrect)
  2. Series of questions In multiple choice Format
  3. Seeks to determine Whether suspect Knows details about A crime that only Person who committedThe crime would know
26
Q

results of deception detection accuracy among normal & professional groups

x4

A
  1. Rate for detecting deception for
    professionals such as police officers,
    judges, and psychologists Is not much more accurate than that of students and
    other citizens.
  2. People tend to Rely on behaviours That lack predictive Validity.
  3. Neither level of experience nor confidence In deception-detection ability is associated with accuracy rates
  4. Truth-bias: Tendency of people To judge more messages As truthful than deceptive
27
Q

Distinguishing between Factitious disorders:

A
  1. Deception is a central component of some psychological disorders. Disorders vary on 2 dimensions:
    A) Whether person intentionally or consciously produces the symptoms
    B) Whether motivation Is internal or external
28
Q

Distinguishing between Factitious disorders:

Malingering

x2

A
  1. Intentionally faking psychological
    or physical symptoms for some type of external gain
  2. Two Key components:
    A) Psychological or physical symptoms are clearly under voluntary control
    B) There are External motivations for the production of symptoms
29
Q

Distinguishing between Factitious disorders:

Factitious disorder

x4

A

(1) Person’s physical & psychological
symptoms are intentionally produced and are adopted for no external rewards.
2) Might be aware they are intentionally Producing
the symptoms, but may lack insight into the underlying psychological motivation.
3) Muchausen syndrome by proxy: A person intentionally produces an illness in his child
4) Goal is to get the attention and sympathy of others.

30
Q

Distinguishing between Factitious disorders:

Defensiveness

x3

A

1) Conscious denial or extreme minimization of physical or psychological symptoms
2) Seek to present themselves in a favourable light
3) Want to appear to be functioning

31
Q

How malingered psychosis can be discovered

x8

A

1) Understandable motive for
committing crime
2) Presence of a partner in crime
3) Current crime fits pattern a previous criminal
history
4) Suspicious hallucinations
5) Suspicious delusions
6) Marked discrepancies in interview versus non-interview behaviour
7) Sudden an emergence of psychotic symptoms to explain criminal act
8) Absence of any subtle signs of psychosis

32
Q

Distinguishing between Factitious disorders:

Malingering

x2

A
  1. Intentionally faking psychological
    or physical symptoms for some type of external gain
  2. Two Key components:
    A) Psychological or physical symptoms are clearly under voluntary control
    B) There are External motivations for the production of symptoms
33
Q

Distinguishing between Factitious disorders:

Factitious disorder

x4

A

(1) Person’s physical & psychological
symptoms are intentionally produced and are adopted for no external rewards.
2) Might be aware they are intentionally Producing
the symptoms, but may lack insight into the underlying psychological motivation.
3) Muchausen syndrome by proxy: A person intentionally produces an illness in his child
4) Goal is to get the attention and sympathy of others.

34
Q

Distinguishing between Factitious disorders:

Defensiveness

x3

A

1) Conscious denial or extreme minimization of physical or psychological symptoms
2) Seek to present themselves in a favourable light
3) Want to appear to be functioning

35
Q

How can malingering be studied?

Case studies

x2

A

1) Only way to examine rare syndromes such as MBP syndrome

2) Useful for generating wide variety of
hypotheses that can be tested by using
designs with more experimental rigour

36
Q

How can malingering be studied?

Simulation

A

People are told to pretend they have

specific symptoms or a disorder

37
Q

How can malingering be studied?

Known groups

x2

A

1) Involves comparing genuine patients and malingers attempting to fake the disorder the patients have
2) TWO STAGES:

a) Analysis of the similarities
and differences between
these criterion groups

b) The establishment of the
criterion groups (Genuine patients and malingers)
38
Q

Verbal & non-verbal behaviour cues that indicate deception

-Verbal

x4

A

1) Speech fillers (Ah, ummm)
2) Rate if Speech
3) Speech pauses

4) Speech errors
(Word or sentence repetition, 
Sentence change, sentence
 incompletion, or slips 
of the tongue)
39
Q

Verbal & non-verbal behaviour cues that indicate deception

  • Voice pitch
A

1) Liars tend to speak in higher-pitch voice

40
Q

Verbal & non-verbal behaviour cues that indicate deception

  • Non-verbal

x6

A

1) Smiling
2) Illustrators (Gestures to modify or supplement what is being said)

3) Self-manipulation (Eg. Rubbing one’s
hands)

4) blinking
5) fidgeting
6) Gaze aversion

41
Q

Alternative physiological measures to
determine deception

x3

A

1) Brain-based responses:

2) Event-related brain potentials
(ERP)

3) Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI)

42
Q

Alternative physiological measures to
determine deception

  • Event-related brain potentials
    (ERP)

x2

A

1) Brain activity measured by placing electrodes on the scalp and recording
electrical patterns related to presentation of a stimulus

2) Proposed as a measure resistant to manipulation

43
Q

Alternative physiological measures to
determine deception

  • Functional magnetic resonance
    imaging
    (fMRI)

x2

A

1) Measures cerebral blood flow in different areas of the brain

2) Used to determine which areas of the brain are
associated with deception in a variety of paradigms

44
Q

Empirical evidence regarding validity
of polygraph:

Field studies

x7

A

(1) Ability to accurately measure deception remains controversial
(2) Most studies use confessions to classify suspects as guilty or innocent
(3) Most guilty suspects are correctly classified
as guilty
(4) For innocent suspects the accuracy rates are lower
(5) Many of the innocent suspects were classified
as inconclusive
(6) Innocent suspects were falsely identified
as guilty
(7) Premise underlying the CQT does not apply to all suspects Because of a high False-positive rate indicating that innocent people respond more to relevant than comparison questions

45
Q

Empirical evidence regarding validity
of polygraph:

Laboratory studies

x5

A

(1) Ground Truth: As applied to polygraph research, the knowledge of whether the person is actually guilty or innocent.
(2) Mock-crime studies evaluating the CIT indicate it is very effective at identifying innocent participants Slightly less effective at identifying guilty participants
(3) Correct outcomes were better in studies that included motives to succeed, verbal response to alternatives, and 5 or more questions And in mock-laboratory studies.
(4) CIT Vulnerable To False-negative errors
(Falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent)
(5) CQT Vulnerable to False -positive errors
(Falsely classifying innocent suspects as guilty)

46
Q

Is it possible for someone to fool
the polygraph?

x4

A

(1) Countermeasures: Techniques used to try to conceal guilt
(2) Researchers showed 30 minutes of instruction on rationale underlying CQT was
sufficient for volunteers to learn how to escape detection in a mock-crime study.
(3) Participants instructed to use either physical countermeasures (Eg. biting tongue, pressing toes
To the floor) OR Mental countermeasures
(Counting backwards by 7 from a number greater than 200)
(4) Both counter-measures worked with 50% of guilty suspects beating polygraph test.

47
Q

Critique legal admissibility of polygraph in court

x2

A

(1) Not generally Accepted in the
scientific community

(2) Because there is so much mystique surrounding the polygraph jurors give polygraph evidence more weight than it deserves when determining the verdict.