UNIT #10 - Intimate partner violence

Question 1

Criminal harassment

Answer 1

Crime that involves repeatedly following, communicating with, watching, or threatening a person directly or indirectly

Question 2

Delusional stalker

x4

Answer 2

(1) A stalker who suffers from delusions and wrongly believes he has a relationship with the victim
(2) Is a rare type
(3) Sometimes target a celebrity, media figure, or politician
(4) Is often diagnosed with delusional disorders,
schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder

Question 3

Domestic violence

Answer 3

Any violence occurring between family members

Question 4

Dysphoric/borderline batterer

x7

Answer 4

(1) A male spousal batterer who exhibits some violence outside the family, is depressed, has borderline personality traits, and has problems with jealousy
(2) Engages in moderate to severe violence
(3) Exhibits some extra-familial violence and
criminal behaviour
(4) Of all types of batterers, displays the most depression and borderline personality traits,
and has problems with jealousy.
(5) Has moderate problems with impulsivity and alcohol and drug use
(6) Has an attachment style that would best be described as preoccupied
(7) Makes up 25% of batterers

Question 5

Ex-intimate stalker

x4

Answer 5

(1) A stalker who engages in stalking after an intimate relationship breaks up.
(2) Most common type
(3) An individual who is disgruntled or estranged, and unable to let go of his partner
(4) Has a history of domestic violence in intimate
relationships

Question 6

Family-only batterer

x7

Answer 6

(1) A male spousal batterer who is typically not violent outside the home, does not show much psychopathology, and does not possess negative attitudes supportive of violence
(2) Of all batterers Engages in the least amount of violence
(3) Typically neither is violent outside the home
nor engages in other criminal behaviours
(4) Does not report negative attitudes supportive of violence and has moderate impulse-control
problems
(5) Does not show much Psychopathology,and if a
personality disorder is present, it most likely be
passive-dependent personality
(6) Typically displays no disturbance in attachment to his partner
(7) Is the most common type-with 50% of batterers being this type

Question 7

Generally violent/antisocial batterer

x5

Answer 7

(1) A male spousal batterer who is violent outside the home, engages in other criminal acts, has drug and alcohol problems, has impulse-control problems, and possesses violence-supportive Beliefs
(2) Engages in moderate to severe violence
(3) Of all types of batterers, Engages in the most violent outside of the home and in criminal behaviour
(4) Shows a dismissive attachment style
(5) Makes up 25% of batterers

Question 8

Grudge stalkers

x3

Answer 8

(1) A stalker who knows and is angry at the victim for perceived injustice.
(2) Is a rare type
(3) Knows the victim but has not had an intimate
relationship with the victim

Question 9

Instigators

Answer 9

In social learning theory, these are events in the environment that act as a stimulus for acquired behaviours

Question 10

Intimate partner violence

Answer 10

Any violence occurring between intimate partners who are living together or separated

Question 11

Love-obsessional stalker

x2

Answer 11

(1) A stalker who has intense emotional feelings for the victim but who has never had an intimate relationship with the victim
(2) Does not have symptoms of depression or psychosis

Question 12

Mandatory charging policies

Answer 12

Policies that give police the authority to lay charges against a suspect where there is reasonable and probable grounds to believe a domestic assault has occurred

Question 13

Nested ecological model

x5

Answer 13

(1) Model that focusses on the relationship among the multiple levels that influence intimate violence
(macrosystem, Exosystem, microsystem, and ontogenic level)
(2) Macrosystem:
- This little considers the broad set of societal and cultural believes in attitudes
(3) Exosystem:
- This level considers the social structures that connect the individual to the wider society
(E.G. Social supports, employment, friends) that
Can influence the likelihood of intimate violence.
- For example, job stress or unemployment can increase the likelihood of violence
- For example, family or friends who provide emotional support or corrective feedback can decrease the likelihood of violence
(4) Microsystem:
- This little focusses on the immediate environment in which abuse occurs
- For example, the couple’s pattern of communication or level of conflict, or each spouse’s method of coping with conflict
(5) Ontogenic level:
- This level focusses on the psychological and biological Features of the individual
- For example, the individuals abuse history, exposure to violent models, and ability to manage emotions

Question 14

Observational learning

x3

Answer 14

(1) Learning behaviours by watching others perform these behaviours
(2) One way people acquire new behaviours
(3) Three major sources:
- Televised violence
- Subculture of the person lives in
- Family of origin:
- Studies of family background of male batterers have found much more likely to have witnessed
parental violence then non-violent men

Question 15

Patriarchy

Answer 15

Broad set of cultural beliefs and values that support the male dominance of women

Question 16

Regulators

Answer 16

In social learning theory, these are consequences of behaviours

Question 17

Spousal violence

Answer 17

Any violence occurring between intimate partners who are living together or separated

Question 18

Anger rapist

x5

Answer 18

(1) A rapist, as defined by Groth, who uses more force than necessary to obtain compliance from the victim and who engages in a variety of sexual acts two to degrade the victim
(2) High levels of Anger directed Solely at
Towards women
(3) Not being Motivated Primarily by sexual
Gratification
(4) Most of these rapes Are precipitated by Conflict or perceived Humiliation by some
Significant woman Such as wife or mother, Or boss
(5) Approximately 50% fit this type

Question 19

Aversion therapy

Answer 19

The pairing of an aversive stimuli with a deviant fantasy for the purpose of reducing the attractiveness of these deviant fantasies

Question 20

Child molester

Answer 20

Someone who is actually sexually molested a child

Question 21

Cognitive distortions

Answer 21

Deviant cognitions, values, or beliefs that are used to justify or minimize deviant behaviours

Question 22

Exhibitionist

Answer 22

Someone who obtains sexual gratification by exposing genitals to strangers

Question 23

Extra-familial child molester

Answer 23

Someone who sexually abuses children not related to him

Question 24

Fixated child molester

x10

Answer 24

(1) A child molester, as defined by Groth, who has a long-standing, exclusive sexual orientation preference for children and they have little or no
sexual contact with adults
(2) Sexual interest in children begins in adolescence and is persistent
(3) Male children are their primary targets
(4) Precipitating stress is not evident
(5) Their offences are planned
(6) They are emotionally immature
(7) Poor social skills
(8) Usually single
(9) Usually have no history of alcohol or drug abuse
(10) Often feel no remorse or distress over their behaviour

Question 25

Incest offender

Answer 25

Someone who sexually abuses his own biological children or children for whom he assumes a parental role, such as step-father or live-in boyfriend
(A.k.a. Intra -familial child molesters)

Question 26

Paedophile

Answer 26

Person whose primary Sexual orientation is toward children

Question 27

Penile phallometry

Answer 27

A measurement device placed around the penis to measure changes in sexual arousal

Question 28

Power rapist

x4

Answer 28

(1) A rapist, as defined by Groth, who seeks to establish dominance and control over the victim
(2) Variation in the Amount of force Used, depending On the degree of Submission shown
By the victim
(3) Not being Motivated Primarily by sexual
Gratification
(4) Frequent rape Fantasies

Question 29

Rape trauma syndrome

Answer 29

A group of symptoms or behaviours that are frequent after-effects of having been raped

Question 30

Rapist

Answer 30

Person who sexually assault victims over 16 years of age

Question 31

Regressed child molester

x9

Answer 31

(1) A child molester, as defined by Groth, whose primary sexual orientation is for adults, but whose sexual interest reverts to children after a stressful event or due to feelings of inadequacy
(2) Primary sexual orientation is toward adults
(3) Sexual interest in children begins in adulthood
and is episodic
(4) Female children are their primary targets
(5) Precipitating stress and feelings of inadequacy are usually present
(6) Their offences are more impulsive
(7) Many of their offences are related to alcohol use
(8) More likely to Report feeling remorse for their behaviour
(9) They are often married and are having marital problems

Question 32

Relapse prevention

Answer 32

A method of treatment designed to prevent the occurrence of an undesired behaviour

Question 33

Sadistic rapist

x4

Answer 33

(1) A rapist, as defined by Groth, who obtains sexual gratification by hurting the victim
(2) High levels of Victim injury. Sometimes include
Torture or death.
(3) Frequent violent Sexual fantasies
(4) 5% fit this type

Question 34

Voyeur

Answer 34

Someone who obtains sexual gratification by observing unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are either naked, in the process of undressing , or engaging in sexual activity

Question 35

Myths and genuine reasons why women remain in abusive relationships

x6

Answer 35

(1) Domestic violence is not a common problem.
- Because of private nature and shame and embarrassment it inhibits many victims
from talking about the issue.
- Impossible to determine exactly how many people are subject to violence
- In Canada, one in eight women are abused by their partners.
- Likely know someone who is been assaulted by his or her partner or who is currently in an abusive relationship
- Highest rates of domestic violence are experienced by women between 15 and 25
(2) Only heterosexual women get battered. Men are not victims, and women never batter.
- Men can be and are victims of domestic violence
- Woman can be and are batterers
- Even when two people are of the same gender, in a same-sex relationship, abuse can and does occur
(3) When a woman leaves a violent relationship,
she is safe.
- Most dangerous time is after separation
- Of all spousal homicides, 75% occur after separation.
- Abusive partner is losing control, which may cause escalation of abuse in an attempt to regain control.
(4) Alcohol or drugs cause people to act aggressively.
- Although abuse of alcohol or drugs is often present, it is not the alcohol or drug that causes the violence.
- People will often use this excuse to rationalize
their behaviour.
- Blaming alcohol or drugs takes responsibility away from abusive person and can prevent person from changing.
(5) Maybe things will get better.
- Once violence begins it usually gets worse
without some kind of intervention.
- Waiting and hoping abusive partner will change is not a good strategy.
- Partners in abusive relationship need help to
break out of abusive pattern.
(6) What a woman gets hit by her partner, she
must’ve provoked him in someway.
- No one deserves to be hit
- Whether or not there was provocation, violence
is always wrong.
- It never solves problems although it can often
silence the victim

Question 36

Frequency and severity of
intimate partner violence
between men and women

x4

Answer 36

(1) Within community and university student samples:
- Males and females commit equal amounts of violence
(2) Meta-analysis using CTS scales found females more likely to engage in minor physical aggression
- Such as slapping, kicking, or hitting with an object
- Men more likely to beat up or choke their partners
(3) Men are more likely to under-report than women.
(4) Within treatment samples (couples in treatment for domestic violence)
- Men engage in much higher rates of minor and severe physical violence compared with students and community samples

Question 37

Limitations of a structured measurement tool (such as the conflict tactics scale) In gauging intimate partner violence

x11

Answer 37

(1) Does not include the all potential violence Acts
(2) Does not take into account the different contexts or consequences of the same act for men and women
(3) For example, treating a punch by a woman and a man as equivalent ignores the difference in the
injury that might be inflicted
(4) Surveys have consistently shown women are more likely than menTo suffer physical and psychological Consequences from domestic violence
(5) Recent statistics Canada survey-42% of
women respondents versus 18% of men reported being injured in the most recent violent episode
(6) The way it is introduced to respondents has been criticized
(7) Focus is on how couples settle disputes
(8) Introduction to questionnaire is crucial since it provides respondents with information on
what to focus on
(9) Some acts of violence are not precipitated by an argument and therefore the respondent May not report these
(10) Does not assess motive for Violence and therefore offensive violence is treated as equal to a defensive response
(11) For example, consider the case of a couple arguing. If he threatens to punch her, and she pushes him away from her, both acts would be
included

Question 38

Types of male batterers

x4

Answer 38

(1) Male batterers divided into three types: based on severity of violence, Dysphoric/borderline, and generally violent/antisocial
(2) Generally violent/antisocial batterer
(3) Dysphoric/borderline batterer
(4) Family-only batterer

Question 39

Theories that attempt to
explain intimate violence

x4

Answer 39

(1) Nested ecological model first proposed by Dutton (1995)
(2) Patriarchy
(3) Social learning theory
(4) Observational learning

Question 40

Social learning theory

x3

Answer 40

(1) Developed by Bandura (1973) To explain aggression and has been applied by Dutton (1995) to explain spousal assault
(2) For a person to acquire a behavior, it must have a functional value for him
(3) Behaviour that is punished decreases in likelihood of occurrence
(4) Three main components:
1. Origins of aggression
2. Instigators of aggression:
- Aversive instigators- Produce emotional arousal,
and how a person labels that emotional arousal will
influence how he responds
- Incentive instigators- Perceived rewards for engaging in aggression. When people believe they can satisfy their needs by using aggression, they may decide to be violent
- Events in the environment that act as a stimulus for acquired behaviours
3. Regulators of aggression:
- Consequences of behaviours- If consequences outweigh rewards for engaging in the behaviour and if alternatives are provided to cope with instigators, likelihood of violence should diminish
- Self-punishment- Example,If person felt remorse for engaging in violence
- External punishment-Example if person was arrested for engaging in violence

Question 41

How have recidivism rates changed in response to mandatory charging policies?

x6

Answer 41

(1) A six-month follow-up of the men was conducted by using both police reports and victim reports.
(2) Rates for the rest of men were much lower than those of men in the separation or mediation groups
(3) Lower rates of recidivism were reported in the short term (30 days after police contact) for both arrest and nonarrest Groups.
(4) In the long-term follow-up (7 to 9 months after police contact) the arrest group had slightly
higher rate of recidivism then did the non-arrest group.
(5) Researchers found arrest did not work for those who are unemployed
(6) Arrest worked as a deterrent only for those men who had something to lose

Question 42

Effectiveness of treatment for male batterers

x2

Answer 42

(1) Correctional Service of Canada’s
family violence prevention programs:
- Moderate to strong treatment effects were found
- Offenders who completed treatment showed lower levels of jealousy, Fewer negative attitudes about relationships, better recognition of relapse prevention skills, and more respect and empathy for their partners
- Treated offenders less likely to engage in spousal assault or violent reoffending as compared with the Untreated group
- Preliminary results are promising, suggesting
that treatment programs are targeting the
criminogenic needs of male batterers
- Recent evaluations found incarcerated
males batterers who were more motivated learned the skills faster and were more engaged with treatment then less motivated offenders
(2) Studies Using police report or partner reports of violence:
- Divided into three types of treatment: the
DeLuth model, cognitive-behavioral, and other (example couple’s therapy)
- There were no differences in efficacy among the three treatment types in terms of recidivism rates
- the effect on recidivism rates remains in the small range
- Based on experimental studies and use of partner reports, results mean there is a 5%
increase and success rate because of treatment
- Recent research shows men who completed
treatment were less than half as likely to be
re-arrested for domestic violence than those who did not finish the intervention program

Question 43

Dominant approach for
treatment of male batterers

x2

Answer 43

(1) Cognitive-behavioral group therapy

(2) Feminist psychoeducational group therapy (also known as the Duluth model

Question 44

Feminist psychoeducational
group therapy
(also known as the Duluth model

x6

Answer 44

(1.)Restricted gendered approach
limits its usefulness for dealing with women’s use of violence (which is common)against men, woman-to-women and
men-to-men violence within same-sex relationships
(2) Violence is viewed as one-sided and not as an interaction between people. Much of violence in relationships is mutual. For treatment to be effective, It cannot be only the man in these
relationships who needs to change.
(3) Primary cause of domestic violence is
patriarchal ideology
- Entire focus is on violence done by men to women
(4) Focus is on shaming a man and therapist fails
to establish a therapeutic bond with their clients
(5) In a review of the effectiveness concluded
this model has Insignificant success in reducing or eliminating violence among perpetrators
(6) There is a limited focus on changing the men’s attitudes about power and control in relationships. The cause of domestic violence is multi determined, and focussing solely on power and
control is not sufficient to affect change

Question 45

Cognitive-behavioral
group therapy

x6

Answer 45

(1) Atmosphere often has a blaming,
punitive orientation, which can result in very high drop-out rate (75%)
(2) Challenges the man’s perceived right to
control his partner
(3) Focusses on the costs of engaging in violence
(4) Alternatives to violence such as anger-management and communication-skills training, are taught
(5) Rationale for using is to help to break through the barriers of denial and minimization
(6) Subscribes to the belief that violence is a learned behaviour and that use of violence is reinforcing for the offender because he obtains
victim compliance and reduces feelings of tension

Question 46

Define Stalking

x2

Answer 46

(1) Can involve repeatedly following, Communicating with, watching, and/or threatening a person either directly or through someone a person knows
(2) Person being stocked fears it for their safety

Question 47

Prevalence of Stalking

x6

Answer 47

(1) Can be measured by official
statistics or by victimization Studies
(2) Largest victimization study to be done in Canada was conducted by statistics Canada in 2004
(3) More common in university students than
general public
(4) Women are more likely to be victims of stalking than men
(5) Women between ages of 15 and 24 have highest stalking rates
(6) Most victims know they are stalkers; 79% reported knowing their stalkers
(7) Most common type of relationship was romantic (49%): Stalking occurred after a
romantic relationship between the stalker & the stalking victim had ended
(8) Prevalence rates vary Depending on the definition of stalking used in time period

Question 48

Types of STALKING

x4

Answer 48

(1) Grudge Stalker
(2) Delusional stalker
(3) Love-obsessional stalker
(4) Ex-intimate

Question 49

Child Molester typologies are Also subdivided into two types based on the type of coercion or used

Answer 49

(1) Sex-pressure:
- Uses persuasion or entrapment to make the child feel obligated to participate in sexual acts
- For example, this type of child molester may buy the child gifts or take the child and fun outings
(2) Sex-force:
- Threatens or uses physical force to overcome any resistance by the child

Question 50

How are Adolescent; and; adult
female sex offenders different from adult male sex offenders?

x5

Answer 50

(1) Research is limited probably
because only 2% to 5% of incarcerated sex offenders are female
(2) Rate of sexual reoffending is substantially lower in female sex offenders (1.5% over six-year follow-up) Compared to male sex offenders (13.5%
over 5.5 years)
(3) Women are able to mask their sexually abusive behaviours through caregiving activities and thus are more difficult to recognize
(4) More likely to target their own children, who are less likely to disclose the abuse
(5) Boys are more frequent targets than girls, and boys are less likely to disclose abuse

Question 51

Four types of female

sex offenders

Answer 51

(1) Teacher/lover
(2) Male-accompanied
(3) male-coerced
(4) predisposed

Question 52

Teacher/lover

x8

Answer 52

(1) Initiate sexual abuse of a male adolescent whom they relate to as a peer
(2) Often in a position of authority or power
(3) Unknown how common this type of offender is
because the victim rarely reports Abuse to authorities
(4) Has not likely experienced childhood sexual abuse
(5) Substance-use problems are common
(6) Often not aware that their behaviour is inappropriate
(7) Often described themselves as being “in love” with the victim
(8) Victims often report they participated voluntarily and do not feel victimized

Question 53

Male-accompanied

x3

Answer 53

(1) Engage in sexual abuse with a male partner
(2) Willing participants
(3) Victims are both inside and outside the family

Question 54

male-coerced

x3

Answer 54

(1) Offenders are Coerced or forced into sexual abuse by an abusive male
(2) Often victim is the female offender’s own daughter
(3) Unassertive, are dependent on men, and a relatively passive partners in the abuse

Question 55

Predisposed

x6

Answer 55

(1) Initiates the sexual abuse alone
(2) Often experience severe and persistent childhood sexual abuse and has been a victim of intimate violence
(3) Often reports having deviant sexual fantasies
(4) Offences are more violent and bizarre
(5) Typically involve younger children
(6) Victims are often their own children, and they also frequently physically abuse and neglect the victim

Question 56

Theories to explain
sexual offences

x

Answer 56

(1) Pathway model Ward & Siegert
(2002)
(2) Finkelhor’s Precondition model (1984)
(3) Marshall & Barabee (1990)

Question 57

Marshall &
Barabee (1990) theory to explain
Sexual offences

x4

Answer 57

(1) Proposed an integrated model
of sexual aggression that includes
biological factors, childhood experiences, sociocultural influences, and situational Events
(2) Argue males normally learn to inhibit sexually aggressive behaviour via a socialization process that promotes the development of strong, positive attachments
(3) Suggest that sexual offenders fail to acquire effective inhibitory control because they experienced childhood abuse (emotional, physical, or sexual abuse) or because they were raised
extremely dysfunctional families
(4) Acknowledge the importance of the structure of society that reinforces the use of aggression and acceptance of negative attitudes toward women

Question 58

Finkelhor’s Precondition model
(1984)
(to explain sexual offences)
x5

Answer 58

(1) Proposes 4 preconditions must be met for the sexual
abuse to occur
(2) Offender must be motivated to sexually abuse
- Motivation is due to three factors
- 1. Emotional congruence, which is the offender’s desire for the child to satisfy an emotional need
- 2. Sexual attraction to the child
- 3. Blockage of emotional outlets for the offender to meet his sexual and emotional needs
(3) Offender’s lack of internal inhibitions
- For example, alcohol and impulse-control problems can weaken the offender’s ability to restrain the
behaviours that lead to abuse
(4) Offender must overcome external inhibitors for abuse to occur
- For example, offender might need to create opportunities to be alone with the child
(5) Offender must overcome the child’s resistance
- Offenders will reward the child with attention or bribes to encourage the child to cooperate
- some will use the threat of harm to intimidate the child

Question 59

Pathway model Ward & Siegert
(2002)
(to explain sexual offences)

x3

Answer 59

(1) Proposes there are different causal pathways, each having its own set of dysfunctional mechanisms, including inappropriate emotions, deviant sexual arousal, cognitive distortions, and intimacy deficits
(2) Example, one pathway, labelled emotional
dysregulation, focusses on individual who have problems controlling their emotions and who use sex as an emotional coping strategy
(3) For these offenders, the association between sex and negative emotions increases the probability they will actually molest a child

Question 60

Feelings, disordered thinking, and behaviours most treatment programs for sex offenders are designed to address

Answer 60

(1) Most treatment programs designed to address the following: denial, minimizations and cognitive distortions, victim empathy, modification of deviant sexual interest, and enhanced social skills, substance-abuse problems, and the development of relapse-prevention plans
(2) Denial, Minimizations, and Cognitive Distortion
(3) Cognitive distortions: Deviant cognitions, values, or beliefs that are used to justify or minimize deviant behaviours.
(4) offenders are asked to disclose in detail what happened before, during, and after the sexual abuse
(5) The therapist has access to the police and victim reports in order to challenge an offender who is denying or minimizing aspects of the event.
(6) self-serving and inhibit them from taking full responsibility for their offences
(7) Other group members are encouraged to also
challenge what the offender discloses.

Question 61

EMPATHY: sex offender treatment programs

x7

Answer 61

(1) Cognitive distortions cause empathy problems in
sexual offender.
(2) Empathy training typically focuses on getting the
offender to understand the impact of the abuse on the
victim and the pain caused, and to develop feelings
such as remorse.
(3) Offenders read survivor accounts of rape and child abuse and compare these accounts with how their victim likely felt.
(4) Videos of victims describing the emotional damage they have suffered and the long-term problems they experience are often used.
(5) Some therapy programs use role-playing, with the
offender taking the part of the victim.
(6) some programs may have sexual offenders meet with adult survivors of rape or child sexual abuse.
(7) Only those sexual offenders who are demonstrating empathy are permitted to take part in these meetings.

Question 62

sex offender treatment programs:

Social Skills

x3

Answer 62

(1) Offenders lack a variety of social skills, including
self-confidence in interpersonal relations, capacity for intimacy, assertiveness, and dealing with anger
(2) Self-report questionnaires, interviews, and responses to scenarios have all been developed to assess social-skill deficits.
(3) Treatment programs for sexual offenders vary in
terms of which social-skill deficits are targeted.

Question 63

sex offender treatment programs:

Deviant Sexual Interests

x9

Answer 63

(1) motivate some sexual offenders.
(2) many other salient motives also play a role, including
power and control over others, anger toward others,
and desire for emotional intimacy
(3) Aversion therapy: The pairing of an aversive stimuli
with a deviant fantasy for the purpose of reducing the attractiveness of these deviant fantasies
(4) masturbatory satiation: In this treatment, the offender is told to masturbate to ejaculation to a nondeviant fantasy. After ejaculation, he is told to switch to a deviant fantasy, thus pairing the inability to become
aroused to this deviant fantasy.
(5) masturbatory satiation:In this treatment, the offender is told to masturbate to ejaculation to a nondeviant fantasy. After ejaculation, he is told to switch to a deviant fantasy, thus pairing the inability to become
aroused to this deviant fantasy
(6) most popular methods to assess deviant sexual interests is the use of penile phallometry.
(7) involves placing a measurement device around the penis to measure changes in sexual arousal
(8) photos of naked male and female children and adults are presented, as well as rapists’ recorded descriptions of nondeviant and deviant sexual behaviour.
(9) have been used to differentiate extra-familial child molesters from nonoffenders.

Question 64

sex offender treatment programs:

Substance Abuse

x3

Answer 64

(1) Substance-abuse problems are common
(2) likely that some sexual offenders use alcohol to facilitate offending by reducing their inhibitions
(3) Sexual offenders with substance-abuse problems
are often referred to substance-abuse programs

Question 65

sex offender treatment programs:

RELAPSE PREVENTION

x3

Answer 65

(1) A method of treatment designed to prevent the
occurrence of an undesired behaviour
(2) Sexual offenders need to identify their offence cycle (e.g., emotional states and stress factors that put them at risk,grooming strategies) and develop ways to avoid these problems or to deal with them
(3) usually consist of two main parts:
1. offenders are asked to list emotional and situational risk factors that lead to either fantasizing about sexual abuse or actually committing the abuse.
2. offenders need to develop plans to deal more appropriately with their problems. and ways to avoid
or cope with high-risk situations

Question 66

Summarize the literature of the effectiveness of treatment for sex offenders.

x6

Answer 66

(1) lack of consensus about whether sex offender treatment is effective.
- Some researchers argue that treatment does not work; whereas others are more optimistic
(2) incarceration does not appear to be a deterrent for sexual or other offenders.
(3) for the majority of sexual offenders,community alternatives may be a more effective and less expensive option.
(4) treatments that appeared most effective were recent programs providing some form of cognitive-behavioral treatment.
- for adolescent sex offenders, systemic treatment aimed at a range of current life problems
- also need to be provided with support in the community to maximize the likelihood they will able to cope successfully
(5) Numerous problems face researchers wanting to evaluate the effectiveness of sexual offender treatment programs.
- The main problem is that it is unethical to carry out the ideal controlled study.
- challenge for researchers has been the relatively low base rates of sexual recidivism, even in untreated offenders.
- for researchers to detect any differences between
treatment groups, they need to wait many years.
(6) in one well-cited meta-analytic study, The following results were found:
- Sexual offenders who refused treatment or who dropped out of treatment had higher sexual recidivism rates compared with those who completed the treatment.
- Treatment effects were equally effective for adolescent and adult sex offenders
- Both institutional treatment and community treatment
were associated with reductions in sexual recidivism.