Unit 4 Composite Flashcards
A molecule of CO2 is EXITING the respiratory system. After it passes the bronchi, what is the next structure it will contact?
nasal cavity
pharynx
trachea
bronchioles
c
What is the function of the larynx?
Prevent alveolar collapse
Gas exchange
Contains vocal chords
Common passageway for air and food
c
What secretes mucus into the trachea to help trap debris?
Epiglottis
Pulmonary Surfactant
Goblet Cells
Cilia
c
Both O2 and CO2 diffuse from ______________ pressure to _______________ pressure.
high / low
low / high
a
At the alveoli, ________ pressure is high, so this gas diffuses from the alveoli to the ____________.
carbon dioxide / capillary blood
oxygen / body tissues
oxygen / capillary blood
carbon dioxide / body tissues
c
Within the tissues, CO2 exists in ________ concentration, so CO2 diffuses from the tissues to the ________ .
high / capillary blood
low / capillary blood
low / alveoli
high / alveoli
a
TRUE OR FALSE: One of the functions of the circulatory system is to transport immune system cells.
True
False
a
Which of the following does NOT describe capillaries?
smooth muscle to change radius
simple squamous epithelium
single cell wide
nutrient and gas exchange
a
As blood is transported through the circulatory system, it moves from venules into which of the following?
veins
capillaries
arteries
arterioles
a
Blood leaks from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle. What valve is faulty?
Left (aortic) semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
Right atrioventricular valve
Right (pulmonary) semilunar valve
d
Intercalated disks connect_________ to each other
capillaries
cardiomyocytes
ventricles
SA Nodes
b
An electrical signal just left the bundle branches, where is it headed?
Aorta
AV Node
SA Node
Purkinje Fibers
d
Systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the artery walls when the left ventricle is ______________________.
relaxing
contracting
b
In which of the following vessels is blood velocity the lowest?
arterioles
arteries
veins
capillaries
d
Hypotension is:
high blood pressure
low blood pressure
b
Valves in the veins do all of the following EXCEPT:
propel blood
prevent backward (retrograde) flow
close as blood passes through the valve
a
At the ARTERIOLE end of capillaries, _____ pressure is higher than _______ pressure
blood / osmotic
osmotic / blood
a
This disorder causes plaques in the blood vessels that lead to vessel narrowing and loss of elasticity.
Stroke
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial Infarction
Aneurysm
b
White blood cells are part of the ________
Formed elements of the blood
Blood plasma
a
How many “heme” molecules are found in a hemoglobin molecule?
2
1
3
4
d
Which molecule forms a STRONG covalent bond with hemoglobin
oxygen
carbon monoxide
glucose
nitrogen
b
A patient has abnormally high levels of erythropoietin. Which would be a likely symptom of this disorder?
Yellow skin and eyes
Low red blood cell count
Missing clotting factors
High red blood cell count
d
An immature red blood cell would have all of the following EXCEPT (select the exception):
organelles
mitochondria
nucleus
hemoglobin
d
Fill in the blanks in the blood clotting mechanism:
1) The skin is wounded
2) _______ arrive and partially seal the wound
3) ___________ activator is released
4) Thrombin combines with __________ to make fibrin
5) Fibrin fibers trap blood cells, sealing the wound
Platelets
Prothrombin
Fibronectin
Hemophilia is:
Accumulation of bilirubin in tissues
A blood clot that dislodges and blocks a vessel
Treated with low doses of aspirin
Absence of a clotting factor
d
Which of the following describes a monocyte?
Matures into macrophages
First responder to infection
Triggers release of histamines
Defends against parasites
a
What does Colony Stimulating Factor signal stem cells to do?
produce antibodies
produce platelets
produce white blood cells
produce red blood cells
c
Antibodies bind to ________
interferons
antigens
colony stimulating factors
complement proteins
b
SCID results from a missing ________ that matures ___________.
enzyme / B and T cells
antibody / mast cells
antigen / antibodies
clotting factor / erythrocytes
a
A-type blood has anti-B antibodies. What blood type listed below could they receive blood from?
O
B
AB
a
An Rh negative mother would make antibodies against a baby that is:
Rh-positive
Rh-negative
a
Which of the following DO NOT apply to innate immunity?
B and T cells
physical and chemical barriers
inflammatory response
protective proteins
a
Which does NOT apply to protective proteins?
adaptive immunity
innate immunity
complement proteins
interferons
a
___________________ immunity targets specific pathogens, while ____________________ immunity targets non-specific pathogens.
innate / adaptive
adaptive / innate
b
_________________________ are chemical calls for help to bring more white blood cells to the site, they also activate clonal expansion.
cytokines
interferons
antibodies
protective proteins
a
What produce and secrete antibodies?
memory B cells
plasma cells
cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells
b
What is the fate of a pathogen after antibodies bind to its antigens?
Complement proteins are recruited to kill it
Phagocytosis by white blood cell
All of the answers are correct
That pathogen can no longer function
c
______ cell clonal expansion produces memory, cytotoxic and helper cells.
T
B
a
In passive immunity -
antibodies are given to you
antibodies are made by you
a
Which of the following describe the first injection of a vaccine?
1) lasts a short period of time
2) lasts a long period of time
3) large increase in antibodies
4) small increase in antibodies
1 and 4
2 and 4
1 and 3
2 and 3
a
A nurse is accidentally exposed to a rare virus in the hospital. She should immediately be injected with what?
mast cells
passive antibodies
breast milk
histamines
b
Histamines are released by what cells in an allergic reaction?
neutrophils
plasma cells
mast cells
eosinophils
c
Anaphylactic shock causes arterioles to ______________ which lowers blood pressure. An epinephrine shot causes arterioles to ______________, which increases blood pressure back to normal.
constrict / dilate
dilate / constrict
b
Which of the following does NOT apply to Lupus?
Targets cell nuclei, killing cells
Autoimmune disease
Targets cartilage in joints
Can affect multiple body systems (systemic)
c
Which is the correct function of bacterial fimbriae?
Allow transfer of DNA between bacteria
Allow bacteria to stick to surfaces
Allow a bacteria to swim
Allow a bacteria to avoid immune cell recognition
b
Which describes gram-negative bacteria?
dyes purple in color
thick cell wall
thin cell wall
c
What allows a virus to bind to receptors on a host cell?
spike proteins
RNA
reverse transcription
capsid
a
A pandemic is classified as:
Global epidemic
More cases of a disease than expected in a given time
Epidemic confined to a local area
a
After a virus enters the host cell, what comes next?
The host cell makes new virus parts
HIV integrates its DNA into the host cell DNA
virus turns its RNA into DNA
New viruses are assembled and exit the host cell
c
In which phase of HIV do symptoms first appear?
AIDS
chronic
acute
b
A molecule of CO2 is EXITING the respiratory system. After it passes the pharynx, what is the next structure it will contact?
trachea
nasal cavity
bronchi
larynx
b
Which respiratory structure houses the vocal chords?
Nasal cavity
Cilia
Pharynx
Larynx
d
Goblet cells ____________ into the _______________
secrete mucus / trachea
sweep debris using cilia / trachea
cover the larynx / nasal cavity
bind CO2 / alveoli
a
Which of the following is FALSE regarding alveoli?
1) Alveoli are the site of gas exchange
2) At the alveoli, oxygen diffuses from the capillary blood to the alveoli
3) At the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli to the capillary blood
1, 2, 3
2 and 3
2 only
3 only
b
What is the driving force for gases like CO2 and O2 to diffuse from one place to another?
pressure differences; gases diffuse from higher pressure to lower pressure
composition of cell membranes; gases diffuse from lipid soluble membranes to water soluble membranes
pressure differences; gases diffuse from lower pressure to higher pressure
composition of cell membranes; gases diffuse from water soluble membranes to lipid soluble membranes
a
Within the tissues, O2 exists in ________ concentration, so O2 diffuses from the ________ to the tissues .
low / capillary blood
low / alveoli
high / alveoli
high / capillary blood
a
Which of the following is NOT transported by the circulatory system?
Hormones
Oxygen
Nutrients
All of the answers are transported by the circulatory system
d
Which property of arteries allows them to resist high blood pressure?
Arterial valves
Thick layer of elastic tissue in arterial wall
Being surrounded by skeletal muscle
Layer of simple squamous epithelium
b
As blood is transported through the circulatory system, it moves from arteries into which of the following?
Capillaries
Veins
Venules
Arterioles
d
When receiving a hospital procedure, a dye is injected into a vein in your left arm. What is the first chamber of the heart that the dye would enter?
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Right atrium
d
Cardiomyocytes are connected to one another through:
Myodiscs
Intercalated discs
Pericardial joints
Interstitial plates
b
Put the following in order for the electrical conduction system in the heart:
1) Bundle Branches
2) SA Node
3) AV Node
4) Purkinje Fibers
2, 3, 1, 4
2, 1, 3, 4
2, 3, 4, 1
3, 2, 1, 4
a
The pressure exerted on the artery walls while the left ventricle is contracting (ejecting blood) is measured as:
Diastolic pressure
Systolic pressure
b
In which of the following vessels would blood velocity be the highest?
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Arterioles
a
You have been sitting on a plane for a long time and blood is slowly pooling in your legs. As you walk off the plane to the baggage claim, what propels that blood from your legs back into circulation?
Venous valves inside the veins
High blood pressure at the veins
Skeletal muscles contracting around the veins
Smooth muscle contraction in the walls of veins
c
Prolonged high blood pressure that causes hardening and weakening of artery walls.
Hypotension
Hypertension
b
When the left ventricle of the heart contracts it creates a rhythmic expansion and recoil in the arteries called the __________.
hypertension
radial expansion
pulse
diastolic pressure
c
At the _________ end of the capillary, fluid, nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the capillary into cells because ________ pressure is greatest at that end.
Arteriole / Blood
Venule / Osmotic
Venule / Blood
Arteriole / Osmotic
a
A(n) ________ is caused from a blocked cranial arteriole that may burst. This results in a lack of __________ in the brain and a portion of the brain tissue dies.
Atherosclerosis / Carbon Dioxide
Hypertrophy / Carbon Dioxide
Stroke / Oxygen
Angioplasty / Oxygen
c
Which of the following is NOT a component of blood plasma?
Ions (salts)
Proteins
Water
Platelets
d
A hemoglobin molecule can carry how many oxygen (O2) molecules?
32
4
800
1
b
Place the following events of blood clot formation in order:
1) Platelets arrive and partially seal the wound
2) Fibrin fibers trap blood cells, sealing the wound
3) Prothrombin activator is released
4) The skin is wounded
5) Thrombin combines with fibronectin to make fibrin
4, 1, 3, 5, 2
4, 1, 5, 3, 2
4, 1, 5, 2, 3
4, 1, 2, 3, 5
a
Carbon monoxide (CO) forms a ________ covalent bond to hemoglobin, while oxygen (O2) forms a ________ covalent bond to hemoglobin.
strong / weak
weak / strong
a
An absence of erythropoietin would lead to which of the following?
More white blood cells than normal
Fewer white blood cells than normal
More red blood cells than normal
Fewer red blood cells than normal
d
Taking a low dose of aspirin daily lowers your risk for which disease?
Jaundice
Anemia
Thromboembolism
Hemophilia
c
Which leukocyte is the largest of the white blood cells and matures into macrophages?
Basophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
b
Which leukocyte disorder results from a missing enzyme that prevents the maturation of B-cells and T-cells?
Leukemia
Hemophilia
SCID
Thromboembolism
c
Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding AB type blood?
1) AB type blood is considered the universal receiver (can receive blood from any blood type)
2) AB type blood cannot be donated to someone with A, B or O blood.
3) AB type blood does not have A or B antibodies
3 only
All of the statements are true
None of the statements are true
1 only
b
___________ are foreign substances that trigger an immune response. ____________ bind to them.
Antibodies / Antigens
Antigens / Antibodies
b
Hemolytic disease in newborns can be caused when antibodies from the mother attack red blood cells in the newborn. In which scenario would this disease occur?
A mother that is Rh-negative and a newborn that is Rh-positive
A mother that is Rh-positive and a newborn that is Rh-negative
A mother that is Rh-negative and a newborn that is Rh-negative
A mother that is Rh-positive and a newborn that is Rh-positive
a
What signals stem cells to become white blood cells?
Leukocyte Stimulating Factor
Colony Stimulating Factor
Erythropoietin
Lymphocyte Stimulating Factor
b
Which of the following is NOT a part of innate immunity?
Protective Proteins
Inflammatory Response
Clonal Expansion
Protective Physical and Chemical Barriers
c
Which is NOT true about interferons?
Interferons bind to bacteria and cause them to burst
Interferons are part of innate immunity
Interferons are released by infected cells
Interferons are protective proteins
a
Which form of immunity is non-specific?
Passive immunity
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Active immunity
b
Plasma cells do which of the following?
Trigger programmed cell death
Release antibodies
Remember pathogen for future infection
Recruit white blood cells to site of infection
b
What is a function of cytokines?
They are a chemical call for help and attract more white blood cells to the site
They release histamines during inflammation
They poke holes in bacteria and kill them
They are released by infected cells and bind to non-infected cells as a message to start defenses early
a
Antibodies do which of the following when bound to a foreign substance?
Trigger phagocytosis of the foreign substance
Poke holes in the antigen and kill it
Clone the antigen
Deliver the antigen to the mitochondria to be used as energy
a
T-cells require a __________ to present the antigen to them for recognition and binding.
Memory B-Cell
Cytotoxic T-Cell
Plasma Cell
Macrophage
d
In ____________ immunity, an individual is given antibodies against a specific antigen.
Passive
Active
Neutral
Hypersensitive
a
Which of the following is characteristic of the second exposure to a vaccine?
large increase in antibodies that lasts for a short period of time
small increase in antibodies that lasts for a short period of time
no increase in antibodies since vaccines are usually a dead virus
large increase in antibodies that lasts for a long period of time
d
Which of the following is a likely situation in which passive antibodies would be injected into a patient?
Accidental exposure to pathogen
Inflammation
Organ transplant
Asthma attack
a
In an allergic reaction ___________ cells release ____________ , which then binds to body cells and causes symptoms such as a runny nose and itchy eyes.
Cytotoxic T-cells / antibodies
B-cells / antihistamines
mast / histamines
plasma / antihistamines
c
Anaphylactic shock causes arterioles to dilate which __________ blood pressure. An epinephrine shot __________ blood pressure back to normal by constricting arterioles.
raises / lowers
lowers / raises
b
Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of:
an autoimmune disorder
passive immunity
xenotransplantation
an allergic reaction
a
Which bacterial structure allows the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another?
cell wall
capsule
flagella
pilus
d
Gram ____________ bacteria have a ___________ cell wall, which makes them stain a light pink.
positive / thin
negative / thick
negative / thin
positive / thick
c
The viral structure that encases genetic material is called the:
spike proteins
nucleus
capsid
plasma membrane
c
If the expected number of flu cases this year is 5 million, but ends up being 15 million, what disease classification is this?
epidemic
chronic infection
acute infection
outbreak
a
Put the following events of a virus life cycle in order:
1) Viral RNA is made into DNA which integrates into the host DNA
2) Virus enters host cell
3) Newly constructed viruses leave the host cell
4) The host cell makes viral genetic material, viral enzymes and viral structures
5) Virus attaches to receptors on host cell
5, 2, 1, 4, 3
5, 1, 2, 4, 3
2, 5, 1, 4, 3
1, 2, 5, 4, 3
a
In which phase of HIV is the patient asymptomatic?
AIDS phase
Acute phase
Chronic phase
b
EXTRA CREDIT: Why don’t your lungs collapse when you breathe out? WITHOUT pulmonary surfactant, the surface tension in the alveoli would _______, causing the alveoli to collapse.
increase
decrease
a
EXTRA CREDIT: How are antibodies used in medicine? Home pregnancy tests give a positive result when the hCG hormone in urine binds to what molecules on the test stick?
T-cell receptors
Monoclonal antibodies
Interferons
Phagocytes
b
EXTRA CREDIT: What was responsible for the haunting of Mrs. H. and her family?
hemophilia
arsenic poisoning
auto-immunodeficiency virus
carbon monoxide
d
