Unit 1 Composite Flashcards
I make an observation that chocolate covered cherries are gross. What kind of observation is this?
Objective
Subjective
subjective
After a scientist makes an observation, what is the next step in the scientific method?
Design an experiment
Formulate a hypothesis
Formulate a theory
Make a conclusion
b
To say that a hypothesis is falsifiable means that it:
Can be tested without a control group
Is always true
Can be refuted (shown to be incorrect)
Is defined as a theory
c
A placebo is:
A treatment in a lower dose
Always given to the experimental group
A treatment in a higher dose
A treatment that does nothing
d
You see an unfamiliar plant while on a hike in the desert. You know that most cacti in general have spines, a thick waxy covering and are found in the desert. This plant has all those features, so you conclude this specific plant must be some kind of cactus. This is an example of what kind of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
deductive reasoning
Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus of an atom?
more than one answer is correct
electrons
neutrons
protons
b
The atom neon contains 10 protons, 10 neutrons, and 10 electrons. Its atomic mass is:
60
20
10
30
b
Which of the following can form two covalent bonds?
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon
b
Which of the following is an isotope?
An atom with 2 protons, 2 neutrons and 4 electrons
An atom with 2 protons, 2 neutrons and 2 electrons
An atom with 2 protons, 3 neutrons and 2 electrons
c
Which represents a neutral Oxygen atom that GAINED two electrons?
O+
O2+
O
O2-
d
The elements Hydrogen (H) and Chlorine (Cl) combine together to form HCl (Hydrochloric Acid). Here is the information for each of these elements:
Hydrogen (H): Atomic number: 1; Atomic mass: 1.008
Chlorine (Cl): Atomic number: 17; Atomic mass: 35.453
Check the two that apply to the bonding of Hydrogen and Chlorine:
Covalent
Double Bond
Single Bond
Triple Bond
Ionic
ac
Carbon-14 is used for:
Radiocarbon dating
Detection of cancer cells
Radiation therapy
Forming ionic bonds
a
______________________ molecules are hydrophilic, while _____________________ molecules are hydrophobic.
Polar / Non-polar
Non-polar / Polar
a
Which of the following list of chemical bonds is in order from STRONGEST to WEAKEST?
Covalent / Hydrogen / Ionic
Hydrogen / Covalent / Ionic
Covalent / Ionic / Hydrogen
Ionic / Covalent / Hydrogen
d
Which of the following demonstrates the water’s property of density?
Ice floats
Water resists temperature changes
Sweat cools your body
Water sticks to itself
a
A solution with a pH of 1 has ________ times as much H+as a solution with a pH of 3.
10
2
100
1000
c
I have a solution with a high amount of free H+ and a very small amount of free OH-
Which of the following is TRUE about my solution?
It is neutral
If you add this solution to an acid, it would act as a buffer
It is a base
It is an acid
d
If the blood became more BASIC, what would your blood produce more of to neutralize its pH?
Bicarbonate ion
Carbonic Acid
b
Which type of reaction would break down proteins into amino acids?
Dehydration
Hydrolysis
b
What is the function of glycogen?
Intermediate energy storage in plants
Immediate energy use by cells to make ATP
Intermediate energy storage in animals
Provide structure in plant cell walls
c
Lipids are both __________________ and ___________________.
Non-polar / hydrophilic
Polar / hydrophobic
Non-polar / hydrophobic
Polar / hydrophilic
c
Which of the following describes UNSATURATED fatty acids?
linear fatty acid tails (no double bonds)
animal based fat
solid at room temperature
liquid at room temperature
d
What is a function of a steroid lipid?
Extra shelf life for baked goods
Insoluble fiber for your diet
Long-term energy storage
Hormone
d
Nucleotides are monomers for ____________________
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acid
d
Antibodies are examples of proteins. What general function do antibodies serve?
defense
motion
hormones
enzymes
a
When a single protein folds into helices and/or sheets what level of protein organization is this?
secondary structure
primary structure
quaternary structure
tertiary structure
a
A nucleotide is made up of a phosphate, a sugar and a ____________________________
DNA
base
lipid
protein
b
Which base is NOT found in RNA?
T
U
C
A
a
___________________ is the unraveling of a protein’s secondary and tertiary structures due to extreme heat or extreme pH.
Maturation
Glycolysis
Denaturation
Dehydration
c
The energy currency of the cell is:
ATP
Glucose
Fatty acids
Lactose
a
The plasma membrane is primarily composed of _____________.
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acid
DNA
Phospholipids
d
A small, uncharged molecule would pass through the cell membrane by which method?
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
simple diffusion (directly across the membrane)
c
The movement of solutes from HIGH to LOW concentration is:
osmosis
active transport
diffusion
c
Osmosis is the movement of water from __________________ solute concentration to __________________ solute concentration.
high to low
low to high
b
If a cell is placed in a HYPERTONIC solution, it will:
Lose water and shrivel
Maintain a normal volume of water
Gain water and lyse (burst)
a
Which describes facilitated diffusion?
requires energy to move substances from LOW to HIGH concentration
the movement of substances directly through the membrane from HIGH to LOW concentration
the movement of substances directly through the membrane from LOW to HIGH concentration
requires a protein to move substances from HIGH to LOW concentration
d
The _____________________ separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nucleus
nucleolus
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
d
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of ___________________ production
nucleic acid
protein
carbohydrate
lipid
d
What organelle found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures proteins?
Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
d
In regards to cell motility and the cytoskeleton, the flagella are able to move due to ________; cilia are able to move due to ________.
actin / microtubules
actin / actin
microtubules / actin
microtubules / microtubules
c
The liver has cells that produce cholesterol (lipids). What organelles would these cells have in abundance?
mitochondria
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
c
Beta cells are located in the pancreas and secrete the protein hormone insulin. Which of the following cellular components would be present in high amounts in these cells?
Lysosome
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Nuclear envelope
c
____________________ speed up chemical reactions by ___________________ activation energy.
Enzymes / raising
Enzymes / lowering
Mitochondria / lowering
Mitochondria / raising
b
The intermembrane space of the mitochondria is sandwiched between what two layers?
matrix and inner membrane
inner membrane and outer membrane
cell wall / lumen
There is no intermembrane space in mitochondria
b
_____________________ respiration requires oxygen.
Aerobic
Anaerobic
a
Which of the following is a product of Glycolysis?
ATP
Acetyl CoA
H2O
CO2
a
Pyruvate oxidation releases how many CO2 molecules?
2
6
3
4
a
In the Electron Transport Chain, _____________________ is the final electron acceptor.
Glucose
Acetyl CoA
CO2
O2
d
ATP Synthase is a(n) _______________________ that uses ______________________ to make ATP.
electron carrier / H2O
enzyme / H+
electron carrier / H+
enzyme / H2O
b
______________ observations can be observed and measured, while ______________ observations involve personal judgment.
Objective / subjective
Subjective / analytical
Objective / analytical
Objective / hypothetical
a
What is the correct order of the scientific method?
Observation –> hypothesis –> experiment –> conclusion
Hypothesis –> experiment –> observation –> conclusion
Experiment –> observation –> conclusion –> hypothesis
Conclusion –> hypothesis –> observation –> experiment
a
You are a phlebotomist and on your first day you notice that the three specific patients you saw today liked having a conversation while you drew their blood. You decide that all patients that come in to see you will want to talk to you while getting their blood drawn.
This reasoning is an example of:
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Emergent reasoning
a
A hypothesis must be ________________ and __________________.
testable / falsifiable
proven / correct
objective / subjective
inductive / deductive
a
In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a newly developed depression medication. Group 1 is given 10mg of the drug. Group 2 is given 20mg of the drug and Group 3 is given a placebo.
Which group is acting as the control group?
Group 3
Group 2
Group 1
None of the groups are the control group
a
A neutral hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron. If this atom gave away one of its electrons it would be which of the following?
H+
H
H-
a
Which of the following is located in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
More than one answer is correct
d
The atomic mass is the:
Number of neutrons
Sum of protons and neutrons
Sum of neutrons and electrons
Number of protons
b
An atom with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 4 electrons is a(n):
Ion
Isotope
Molecule
Valence
a
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 15.999. An oxygen atom can form how many covalent bonds?
2
1
3
4
a
The elements Lithium (Li) and Fluorine (F) combine together to form LiF (Lithium Fluoride). Here is the information for each of these elements:
Lithium (Li): Atomic number: 3; Atomic mass: 6.94
Fluorine (F): Atomic number: 9; Atomic mass: 18.9
Using this information, is the bond between Lithium and Fluorine ionic or covalent?
Ionic
Covalent
a
Sodium hydroxide has a pH of 13. What does this mean?
Within the solution there is a very small amount of free H+ and a high amount of free OH-
Within the solution there is a high amount of free H+ and a very small amount of free OH-
It is very acidic
If blood was basic, this chemical could be added to neutralize pH
a
When water molecules bond to other water molecules, this is called a _________ bond. This bond is the ___________ of the bonds we discussed in class.
Hydrogen / weakest
Ionic / strongest
Covalent / weakest
Covalent / strongest
a
Polar molecules and ions (charged molecules) are categorized as what?
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Hydrocarbons
Lipid friendly
a
Which property of water explains why humans cool off when they sweat in the heat?
High heat of evaporation
Density
Cohesion
Universal Solvent
a
A solution with a pH of 6 has ________ times as much H+ as a solution with a pH of 7.
1
10
100
1000
b
Under normal conditions, carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion exist in a state of equilibrium. If your blood became more acidic, your body in response would form more _____________ to help neutralize blood pH.
Carbonic acid
Bicarbonate ion
b
Which of the following is hydrophobic?
A lipid
An molecule that bonds easily with water
A polar molecule
A water molecule
a
Which of the following is NOT true about SATURATED fatty acids?
They are liquid at room temperature
They are animal fat
They are used for energy storage
They are solid at room temperature
a
Which of the following is an example of a steroid lipid?
triglyceride
phospholipid
testosterone
trans fat
c
Macromolecules are BROKEN DOWN by which reaction?
Hydrolysis
Dehydration reaction
Saturation
a
Which of the following provides indigestible fiber for your diet?
Cellulose
Fructose
Nucleotides
Steroid lipids
a
Which of the following is a monomer used to make triglycerides?
Fatty acid
Amino acid
Glucose
Nucleotide
a
ATP is used by the cell for:
Energy
Cell structure
Biological membranes
Information storage
a
A ______________________ is made up of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogen base.
carbohydrate
protein
lipid
nucleotide
d
High heat and extreme pH fluctuations have what effect on proteins?
They unravel their secondary and tertiary structures
They change the order of their amino acids
They change proteins into nucleic acids
They insert double bonds in their tertiary structures
a
Which is NOT a function of proteins?
support
enzymes
transport
All of the answers are functions of proteins
d
The sequence of individual amino acids linked together is known as a protein’s __________ structure.
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
a
Which nucleic acid molecule is single stranded?
RNA
DNA
a
Which of the following describe a molecule that would require a protein to help it pass through the lipid bilayer of a cell?
hydrophilic, polar, charged
hydrophobic, non-polar, uncharged
a
In the process of diffusion, solutes move from:
High concentration to low concentration
Low concentration to high concentration
a
The diagram shows two solutions that are separated by a barrier that allows water to pass freely but prevents solutes (+) from passing to either side. Which of the following would be the correct movement of water?
side a has much more solutes and side b has less
Water would move from side B into side A
Water would move from side A into side B
There would be no net movement of water
a
A eukaryotic cell expands and may burst when placed into a __________ solution.
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
a
If a molecule is moving from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration and requires a protein to help it cross the cell membrane, what kind of transport would it use?
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Osmosis
a
This organelle in the cell is studded with structures that make proteins:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
a
Which of the following cellular structures are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Microtubules
Nuclear Pores
a
Fibroblasts are cells found in connective tissue that manufacture and secrete the protein collagen. Which of the following cellular structures / organelles would fibroblasts have in abundance?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
a
Cardiac muscle cells are specialized cells that use energy continuously to contract the muscles of the heart. Which of the following cellular structures / organelles would cardiac muscle cells have in abundance?
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
a
Which organelle is responsible for processing, packaging, and secretion of products to be exported from the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Flagella
a
The ____________________ is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosome production.
nucleus
nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleolus
d
Which cytoskeleton protein maintains cell shape, makes up the structure of flagella, and assists during cell division?
Microtubules
Actin
Intermediate Filaments
Cilia
a
A _______________ binds to the active site of the ___________________.
substrate / enzyme
enzyme / substrate
substrate / nucleus
nucleus / substrate
a
Which mitochondrial membrane contains folds to increase surface area?
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
a
Aerobic respiration:
Requires oxygen
Does not require oxygen
a
Anaerobic respiration:
Does not require oxygen
Requires oxygen
a
Pyruvate Oxidation is a pathway that converts pyruvate into __________ .
Acetyl CoA
FADH2
Glucose
H2O
a
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria
Cytoplasm of the cell
Outer membrane of the mitochondria
Intermembrane space of the mitochondria
a
Fermentation would most likely occur under which of the following conditions?
Low O2
High ATP
High O2
a
What role does Oxygen (O2) play during cellular respiration?
Accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain to form water
Turns into CO2 which you breathe out
Carries electrons from Glycolysis to the Citric Acid Cycle
Transports glucose into the mitochondria
a
EXTRA CREDIT: How do you find a tumor? Which of the following tests is used to FIND a tumor?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
Radiation therapy with highly radioactive isotopes
Radiometric carbon dating
a
EXTRA CREDIT: Why do you eat? Put the following in order:
1) Food molecules enter cellular respiration
2) ATP is made which is the form of energy used by cells
3) Food is ingested, broken down and absorbed into the blood
4) Food molecules are absorbed into cells
3, 4, 1, 2
3, 1, 4, 2
4, 3, 1, 2
3, 4, 2, 1
a
EXTRA CREDIT: Why does your nose run when you cry? Which property of water described below is responsible for why your nose runs when you cry?
Water clings to itself and other surfaces
Hydrogen bonds release heat as they break
Water expands when it freezes
It takes a lot of energy for water to change temperature
a
