Unit 2 Composite Flashcards by Kelsie Woozley

Chromatin makes up _________________________. Chromatin is made of _________________ wrapped around proteins.
chromosomes / spindle fibers
chromosomes / DNA
centromeres / DNA
centromeres / spindle fibers

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__________________ cells have two sets of chromosomes (two of each chromosome), while __________________ cells have only one set of chromosomes (one of each chromosome).
haploid / diploid
diploid / haploid

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Replicated (copied) chromosomes are called ______________________________, while a single, unreplicated chromosome is called a _____________________________.
homologous chromosomes / centromere
chromatids / sister chromatid
centromere / homologous chromosome
sister chromatids / chromatid

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Which of the following would be homologous chromosomes?
chromosome #1 (from mom) and chromosome #1 (from dad)
chromosome #4 (from mom) and chromosome #18 (from dad)
chromosome #7 (from mom) and chromosome #8 (from dad)
chromosome #2 (from mom) and chromosome #5 (from dad)

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Centromeres hold ______________ together
dividing cells
homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids
two nuclei

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Match each phase of the cell cycle on the left with its description:
G1 Phase
G2 Phase
S Phase
Organelles are doubled
Proteins are built
DNA is replicated

Match each phase of the cell cycle on the left with its description:
G1 Phase
Organelles are doubled
S Phase
DNA is replicated
G2 Phase
Proteins are built

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During what stage of mitosis does the DNA condense into chromosomes?

anaphase
prophase
telophase
metaphase

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___________________ is the division of the cytoplasm.
cytokinesis
synapsis
crossing over
nondisjunction

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During which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids lined up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase II
Prophase II
Telophase I
Anaphase I

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What phase in meiosis is shown in the diagram below?
Organism is beginning to split and has two full sets of chromosomes in each of the two cells

Telophase I
Telophase II
Metaphase II
Prophase II

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One difference between mitosis and meiosis is that in mitosis the ______________ are lined up and separated resulting in diploid daughter cells, while in meiosis I the _____________ are lined up and separated resulting in haploid daughter cells.
homologous chromosomes / sister chromatids
sister chromatids / homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids / chromatids
chromatids / sister chromatids

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___________ is the random lining up of homologous chromosomes in the middle of the cell during meiosis that creates genetic diversity in the daughter cells.
independent assortment
nondisjunction
crossing over
synapsis

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Which of the following occurs during prophase I of meiosis?
crossing over
haploid cell splitting into a haploid cell
independent assortment
cytokinesis

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The diagram below shows what process?

One cell splits into two, but one of the resulting daughter cells has both chromosomes

nondisjunction
synapsis
independent assortment
cytokinesis

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A person with __________________ has the genotype XXX or XXXX and is genetically female.
Poly-X
Turner’s Syndrome
Jacob’s Syndrome
Klinefelter’s Syndrome

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The ability of cancer cells to form blood vessels to nourish tumors is called _________________
contact inhibition
metastasis
apoptosis
angiogenesis

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Cancer cells lack ______________________, which means that they continue to divide even if they bump into another cell.
apoptosis
dedifferentiation
contact inhibition
angiogenesis

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___________ usher cells through the cell cycle; they also trigger the next stage in line.
cyclins
checkpoint proteins
tumor supressor genes
telomeres

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_____________ code for cyclins, while ______________ code for checkpoint proteins.
Her2 / Ras
proto-oncogenes / tumor supressor genes
Ras / Her2
tumor supressor genes / proto-oncogenes

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A MUTATED ___________ would result in checkpoint proteins that do not stop the cell cycle to make repairs.
tumor-suppressor gene
proto-oncogene

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In it’s NORMAL form, ________ activates apoptosis in cells that are damaged
p53
BRCA1
Ras
Her2

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Cancer of lymphoid tissue is a:
carcinoma
lymphoma
sarcoma
blastoma

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_____________________ is most likely used for metastasized (has spread) cancer.
chemotherapy
radiation

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Radiation is the best option for cancer that:
is localized
has spread to other parts of the body

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_________________ are the segments of DNA on a chromosome that code for a trait. _________________ are specifically what a gene codes for. genotypes / phenotypes genes / alleles alleles / genes phenotypes / genotypes

The physical description of the genotype is the ____________________ gene locus pedigree phenotype

Toe size is an inherited trait. A huge toed man and normal toed woman have all huge toed children, which is the dominant trait? huge toes normal toes

Match the genotype with its description AA Aa aa Heterozygous Homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant

Match the genotype with its description AA Homozygous dominant Aa Heterozygous aa Homozygous recessive

In a breed of dogs, yellow coat color is dominant, while black coat color is recessive. Which of the following genotypes would produce a black puppy? 1) AA 2) Aa 3) aa 1 and 3 3 only 1 and 2 1 only

If two heterozygous dogs from question #5 had puppies, what would be the GENOTYPIC ratio of their offspring? 0 AA, 4 Aa, 0 aa (or 0:4:0) 2 AA, 1 Aa, 1 aa (or 2:1:1) 1 AA, 2 Aa, 1 aa (or 1:2:1) 2 AA, 2 Aa, 0 aa (or 2:2:0)

If a homozygous recessive dog and a homozygous dominant dog from question #5 had puppies, what would be the PHENOTYPIC ratio of their offspring? 4 yellow, 0 black (or 4:0) 3 yellow, 1 black (or 3:1) 2 yellow, 2 black (or 2:2) 0 yellow, 4 black (or 0:4)

In pea plants, yellow peas (Y) are dominant to green peas (y), and round peas (R) are dominant to wrinkled peas (r). Imagine you perform a dihybrid cross between two pea plants. One plant is heterozygous for both pea color and shape. The other plant is homozygous dominant for pea color and homozygous recessive for pea shape. In this dihybrid cross, what would be the PHENOTYPIC ratio of their offspring? 8 yellow round 4 yellow wrinkled 0 green round 4 green wrinkled (or 8:4:0:4) 4 yellow round 4 yellow wrinkled 4 green round 4 green wrinkled (or 4:4:4:4) 9 yellow round 3 yellow wrinkled 3 green round 1 green wrinkled (or 9:3:3:1) 8 yellow round 8 yellow wrinkled 0 green round 0 green wrinkled (or 8:8:0:0)

If the trait below is autosomal recessive, what is the genotype of the person with the red question mark? two aa parents have a child Aa AA aa

Two affected parents can have unaffected children if both are heterozygotes Usually does not skip generations More individuals are affected in general

Autosomal Dominant

Two unaffected parents can have affected offspring if both heterozygous If parents are both affected, they can only have affected children Affected individuals can skip generations Not many individuals are affected in total

Autosomal Recessive

Draw a picture of a recessive hereditary chart

two unaffected parents have an affected child

Draw a picture of a dominant hereditary chart

two affected parents have an unaffected child

A woman with A-type blood has a daughter with a man who has B-type blood. In order to have an O-type baby, the mother's genotype must be ____ and the father's genotype must be ____. This mother and father cannot have an O-type baby AO / BO AA / BB AB / BO

Colorblindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. What are the chances a woman with the genotype XBXb and a man with the genotype XBY can have a colorblind daughter? 2/4 or 50% They could not produce a colorblind daughter 3/4 or 75% 1/4 or 25%

__________________________ is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by misshapen red blood cells. Marfan syndrome Tay-Sachs disease Sickle cell disease Huntington disease

Which describes Marfan syndrome? Defects in eyes, limb bones and blood vessel walls Dementia and speech problems Misshapen red blood cells Thick mucus in bronchial tubes and pancreatic ducts

Marfan syndrome is an example of _______________________. polygenic inheritance multifactorial traits pleiotrophy

Which of the following are examples of polygenic traits? Skin color and height Autism and Schizophrenia Allergies Marfan Syndrome

RNA is a _______ stranded molecule that contains the bases _______. double / ATCG double / AUCG single / ATCG single / AUCG

Which of the following does NOT apply to DNA? deoxyribose sugar ribose sugar double stranded thymine base

In replication, one _____ template strand is used to make two _____ daughter strands. DNA / DNA mRNA / tRNA mRNA / DNA DNA / mRNA

Which enzyme unzips DNA during replication? tRNA Helicase RNA Polymerase DNA Polymerase

DNA is used as a template to make mRNA during ________ replication translation transcription

________________________ adds nucleotides during transcription. tRNA RNA Polymerase DNA Helicase DNA Polymerase

A codon is: a single type of base found in DNA an enzyme that makes mRNA during transcription three sequential amino acids found in a protein three sequential bases found in mRNA

A single tRNA carries a(n) ________________ to the ribosome sugar codon amino acid nucleotide

______________________ is the end product of translation mRNA tRNA a protein DNA

Sister chromatids are attached together at the: Centromere Nucleus Chromatin Telomere

Chromosomes are made of which of the following? 1) DNA 2) Spindle fibers 3) Proteins 2 only 1 and 2 3 only 1 and 3

Human body cells are ________, they contain ______ sets of chromosomes. octoploid / eight triploid / three diploid / two haploid / one

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? S XY G2 G1

When a single chromosome copies itself and physically attaches to its copy, what is the new "pair" called? sister chromatids chromatids homologous chromosomes chromatin pair

A single unreplicated chromosome is also known as a: chromatin centromere chromatid sister chromatid

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during which phase of mitosis? Anaphase Metaphase Telophase Prophase

Chromosomes have finished moving to opposite poles and the nuclear membranes reform during which phase of mitosis? Anaphase Metaphase Telophase Prophase

During what phase of meiosis are homologous chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell? Metaphase I Prophase II Anaphase I Metaphase II

During what phase of meiosis are sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell? Telophase I Anaphase I Prophase I Anaphase II

In which of the following are homologous chromosomes lined up and separated from one another? 1) Mitosis 2) Meiosis I 3) Meiosis II 1 only 1 and 3 2 only 1, 2, 3

Independent assortment occurs during ________. Prophase I Prometaphase Metaphase I Telophase II

Crossing over occurs during ________. Prophase I Telophase II Prometaphase Metaphase I

A person with Jacob's syndrome has the sex chromosomes _____ and is genetically ______. X / female XYY / male XXX or XXXX / female XXY or XXXY / male

Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells that are ______________, while meiosis produces four unique daughter cells that are ________________. haploid / diploid diploid / haploid

TRUE OR FALSE: If the cell below experiences nondisjunction during meiosis I, the daughter cells will each receive one of the homologous chromosomes. Cell has two chromosomes (has two chromatids in each) False True

___________________________ is the process in which homologous chromosomes swap genes before being separated. independent assortment nondisjunction cytokinesis crossing over

The ability of a cancer cell to migrate to a new tissue away from the primary tumor and grow is: Angiogenesis Metastasis Contact Inhibition Apoptosis

All of the following are characteristics of cancer cells EXCEPT (select the exception): Cells have enlarged nuclei Cells undergo angiogenesis Cells lack contact inhibition Cells undergo apoptosis after a single cell division

What is the function of cyclins? Activate apoptosis Usher cells through the cell cycle, trigger the next phase of the cell cycle Produce checkpoint proteins DNA repair

What is the function of a Proto-oncogenes in their MUTATED (oncogene) form? Inhibit the cell cycle to make repairs Prevents apoptosis in cells Prevents repair of DNA Accelerate cells through the cell cycle

Cancer of muscle, bone or connective tissue is a: carcinoma lymphoma leukemia sarcoma

A patient’s cancer has spread to multiple sites. Which is the most viable treatment option? Chemotherapy Radiation therapy

A patient’s cancer has been found early and is localized to a small area. Which is the most viable treatment option? Radiation therapy Chemotherapy

What is defined as a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a trait? Phenotype Gamete Gene Genotype

The ability to roll the tongue is an inherited trait. A man who can roll his tongue marries a woman who cannot roll her tongue. They have six children, five of them can roll their tongues. Which form of this trait is recessive? Cannot roll tongue Can roll tongue

Having crooked pinky fingers (B) is dominant, while having straight pinky fingers (b) is recessive. What would be the PHENOTYPIC RATIO of a cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous? 1 crooked, 3 straight (or 1:3) 3 crooked, 1 straight (or 3:1) 4 crooked, 0 straight (or 4:0) 2 crooked, 2 straight (or 2:2)

Which of the following is the genotype for homozygous recessive? AA aa Aa

PTC is a very bitter chemical found in broccoli and brussel sprouts. The ability to taste this chemical is dominant, while the inability to taste is recessive. Which of the following genotypes can taste this chemical? 1) AA 2) Aa 3) aa 1 and 2 2 only 1 only 2 and 3

Whether or not you sneeze when you look at the sun is an inherited trait. Sneezing (A) is dominant to not sneezing (a). A homozygous recessive person and a heterozygous person had children. What is the GENOTYPIC ratio of their children? 2 AA, 2 Aa, 0 aa (or 2:2:0) 0 AA, 4 Aa, 0 aa (or 0:4:0) 0 AA, 1 Aa, 3 aa (or 0:1:3) 0 AA, 2 Aa, 2 aa (or 0:2:2)

Whether or not you have hairy toes is an inherited trait; so is whether or not you think cilantro tastes like soap. People with hairy toes (H) are dominant to people with bald toes (h). Normal cilantro tasters (T) are dominant, while people who think cilantro tastes like soap are recessive (t). A person who is homozygous recessive for toe hair and homozygous recessive for cilantro taste has kids with a person who is homozygous recessive for toe hair and homozygous dominant for cilantro taste. What is the PHENOTYPIC ratio of their children? 0 hairy toed, normal tasters 0 hairy toed, soap tasters 8 bald toed, normal tasters 8 bald toed, soap tasters (or 0:0:8:8) 0 hairy toed, normal tasters 0 hairy toed, soap tasters 16 bald toed, normal tasters 0 bald toed, soap tasters (or 0:0:16:0) 0 hairy toed, normal tasters 0 hairy toed, soap tasters 0 bald toed, normal tasters 16 bald toed, soap tasters (or 0:0:0:16) 0 hairy toed, normal tasters 4 hairy toed, soap tasters 8 bald toed, normal tasters 4 bald toed, soap tasters (or 0:4:8:4)

A mother is unsure which of two men fathered her baby. Given the information below, which man is most likely is the father? Mother: A type blood Baby: AB type blood Man #1: O type blood Man #2: B type blood Man #2 Neither man could be the father The men are equally likely to be the father Man #1

Colorblindness is a recessive X-linked disorder. A colorblind woman and a normal man have children. Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding their children? 1) All boys they produce will be colorblind (XbY) 2) All girls they produce will be colorblind (XbXb) 3) All girls they produce will be carriers (XBXb) 1 and 3 1 and 2 1 only 2 only

In ___________, both genes and the environment determine a trait. Examples include Autism and Schizophrenia. polygenic inheritance multifactorial traits pleiotrophy monohybrid crosses

In ______________, a trait is governed by several sets of alleles. Examples include height and skin color. pleiotrophy monohybrid crosses polygenic inheritance multifactorial traits

What are the bases of RNA ADCU ADCG AUCG ATCG

c AUCG

How many strands does RNA have?

Both DNA and RNA have a similar structure. They both have a ____________ backbone and ________ along the middle. bases / sugar phosphate RNA / DNA DNA / RNA sugar phosphate / bases

mRNA is "read" three bases at a time. Three bases are known as a _______, which codes for ___________. protein / a codon an amino acid / a codon codon / a single amino acid codon / a protein

What is the end product of DNA replication? ribosomes tRNA mRNA DNA

The enzyme helicase: Adds nucleotides during transcription Adds nucleotides during DNA replication Delivers amino acids to the ribosome during translation Unzips the DNA helix during DNA replication

Transcription uses _____ as a template to make _____. mRNA / proteins DNA / mRNA DNA / tRNA mRNA / tRNA

What enzyme adds nucleotides during transcription? Helicase RNA polymerase DNA polymerase Topoisomerase

Which of the following carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation? mRNA miRNA rRNA tRNA

EXTRA CREDIT: What percentage of your DNA actually codes for proteins? 50% 75% 1% 99%

EXTRA CREDIT: What are the chances of having a child with Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. Two parents with the genotypes BB and Bb are crossed as shown below. What are the chances they will have a child with Cystic Fibrosis? 1/4 or 25% 0/4 or 0% 3/4 or 75% 2/4 or 50%

EXTRA CREDIT: How do cells check themselves before they wreck themselves? Which of the following describes what is "checked" at the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle? Was the DNA replicated correctly? Is the cell ready to start dividing? Are the chromosomes attached to the mitotic spindle?