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Human Biology Final > Unit 3 Composite > Flashcards

Unit 3 Composite Flashcards

1
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of:
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
the brain and spinal cord

A

a

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2
Q

Motor neurons:
take nerve impulses away from CNS to effectors (muscles, organs or glands)
lie in the CNS where they sum up information from other neurons
take nerve signals from the sensory receptor to the CNS

A

a

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3
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Receive incoming signals from other neurons
Hold the nucleus and organelles of the neuron
Relay signals to the next neuron
Conduct signals down the cell

A

b

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4
Q

During depolarization, Na+ ions diffuse from __________________ the cell to ___________________ the cell.

Na+ ions do not diffuse during depolarization
inside / outside
outside / inside

A

c

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5
Q

K+ ions diffuse from inside the cell to outside the cell during _________.
rest
repolarization
depolarization
the refractory period

A

b

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6
Q

What is FALSE concerning the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
Operates during the refractory period
Moves Na+ out the cell and K+ into of the cell
Reset ions after an action potential
Moves Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell

A

d

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7
Q

An axon wrapped in myelin sheaths results in action potentials being conducted __________.
slower
faster

A

b

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8
Q

In which nervous tissue would you find myelinated axons?
gray matter
white matter

A

b

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9
Q

Which structure(s) in the brain produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Corpus Callosum
Cerebral Cortex
Ventricles
Medulla Oblongata

A

c

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10
Q

________________ nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system; they emerge from each side of the spinal cord
spinal
cranial

A

a

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11
Q

_________ nerves enter the spinal cord through the dorsal region
sensory afferent
motor efferent

A

a

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12
Q

During _______, parasympathetic stimulation is active. One of its effects is to _________ digestive motility.
excitement / increase
rest / increase
excitement / decrease
rest / decrease

A

b

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13
Q

The sense of hearing has what type of sensory receptors?
mechanoreceptors
photoreceptors
thermoreceptors
chemoreceptors

A

a

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14
Q

The hole in the center of the iris where light enters is the _________.
Iris
Pupil
Sclera
Lens

A

b

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15
Q

Which of the following would result in a MORE ROUNDED lens shape?
Relaxed ciliary muscle / tightened suspensory ligaments
Relaxed ciliary muscle / relaxed suspensory ligaments
Contracted ciliary muscle / relaxed suspensory ligaments
Contracted ciliary muscle / tightened suspensory ligaments

A

c

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16
Q

Which photoreceptor is concentrated in the fovea?
cones
rods

A

a

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17
Q

The __________________ is where the optic nerve exits the eye, it is only visible when _______________.
blind spot / one eye is closed
fovea / one eye is closed
blind spot / both eyes are closed
fovea / both eyes are closed

A

a

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18
Q

In a nearsighted eye, light rays focus ________ the retina because the eyeball is too ________
behind / short
in front of / long
behind / long
in front of / short

A

b

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19
Q

Homeostasis is when the body maintains a _____________ and ________________ internal environment.
constant / stable
random / changing

A

a

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20
Q

Insulin is released after a meal and triggers the conversion of ________ into ________.
glucagon / glucose
glucose / glucagon
glycogen / glucose
glucose / glycogen

A

d

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21
Q

When __________________, the pancreas releases ______________________, which triggers the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
fasting / insulin
fasting / glucagon
eating / insulin
eating / glucagon

A

b

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22
Q

What type of feedback is this?

Stimulus: Decrease in body temperature

Sensor: Skin thermoreceptors

Control Center: Central nervous system sends signals to the skeletal muscles to contract and relax which initiates shivering

Effect: Increase in body temperature

Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback

A

a

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23
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial cells?
Line body cavities
Give rise to blood cells in the body
Absorb, secrete and filter
Cover surfaces

A

b

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24
Q

The basement membrane:
Anchors epithelial cells
Maintains a constant internal environment in the body
Secretes enzymes
Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities

A

a

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25
Where would you find simple cubodial epithelium? Glands Lining of nose Trachea Digestive Tract
a
26
Which muscle type is tubular shaped? both cardiac and skeletal skeletal only both smooth and cardiac smooth only
a
27
Which of the following muscle components is in order from LARGEST to SMALLEST? myofibrils / muscle fibers / muscle belly / fascicles muscle belly / muscle fibers / fascicles / myofibrils muscle belly / fascicles / muscle fibers / myofibrils muscle fibers / myofibrils / fascicles / muscle belly
c
28
What is the function of a t-tubule? muscle fiber outer membrane store and secrete calcium transmit electrical signal into cell shortens during contraction
c
29
Which of the statements below describe myosin? 1) stationary (don't move) during contraction 2) thick filaments 3) slide during contraction 4) thin filaments 1 and 4 1 and 2 1 and 3 3 and 4
b
30
Acetylcholine relays the electrical signal between _____________ and _____________ t-tubule / sarcoplasmic reticulum the motor neuron / the muscle fiber (cell) actin / myosin troponin / tropomyosin
b
31
Calcium binds to ________ on the _______ filament tropomyosin / actin tropomyosin / myosin myosin / sarcomere troponin / actin
d
32
A motor unit is a nerve fiber with all the _____________ it innervates (connects to). myoglobin muscle fibers mitochondria creatine phosphate
b
33
A motor unit with fine motor control would have __________ muscle fibers attached to the neuron fewer many
a
34
The preferred source of energy used by the muscles is _____ found in the _______ fatty acids / blood glucose / blood glycogen / muscles triglycerides / muscles
c
35
__________________ muscle twitch fibers prefer aerobic pathways for energy, and as a result have ____________ mitochondria. fast / more fast / fewer slow / more slow / fewer
c
36
This is a general term for cancer found in muscles and connective tissue. muscular dystrophy fibromyalgia cramps sarcoma
d
37
___________ increase(s) motor unit development in the body myosin botox steroids muscular dystrophy
c
38
__________________ digestion is when food is broken into smaller pieces by chewing, while _______________ digestion is when the bonds in food molecules are broken by enzymes. chemical / mechanical mechanical / chemical
b
39
The removal of food molecules from the body that cannot be digested is defined as ________________ elimination absorption digestion ingestion
a
40
If the muscularis layer of the GI tract was missing, we would not be able to do _________________. peristalsis kill bacteria chemical digestion nutrient absorption
a
41
In pregnancy, it's common for the fetus to press on the stomach, which pushes the gastric juices through the ____________ and into the esophagus, causing heartburn. Pyloric sphincter Anal sphincter Esophageal sphincter Gastrointestinal sphincter
c
42
In the stomach, the gastric juices contain _________, which kills bacteria, and ____________, the enzyme that breaks down proteins. Amylase / Pepsin Hydrochloric acid / pepsin Pepsin / amylase Hydrochloric acid / amylase
b
43
Where are villi and microvilli found? large intestine pancreas stomach small intestine
d
44
Which applies to diverticulitis? missing lactase enzyme infected intestinal pockets enlarged anal vessels destruction of villi and microvilli
b
45
Insulin and glucagon are secreted by the _____________ stomach salivary glands pancreas small intestine
c
46
Which organ detoxifies the blood, breaks down hemoglobin, and stores glycogen? liver pancreas gall bladder small intestine
a
47
The gallbladder ___________, which functions to ___________ produces bile / emulsify fats stores bile / emulsify fats stores bile / neutralizes stomach pH produces bile / neutralizes stomach pH
b
48
Which of the following describes hepatitis? buildup of bilirubin in tissues liver cells replaced by scar tissue destruction of villi and microvilli inflammation of the liver
d
49
The main role of the large intestine is: enzyme secretion bile storage remaining water absorption food molecule absorption
c
50
One cause of ___________ is insufficient water and fiber intake, which leads to dry, hard stools diarrhea jaundice cirrhosis constipation
d
51
The _____________ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. Peripheral Central
b
52
These types of neurons relay signals from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles and organs. Interneurons Sensory neurons Glial cells Motor neurons
d
53
What does the axon do on a neuron? Receive incoming signals from other neurons Hold the nucleus and organelles of the neuron Conduct signals down the cell Relay signals to the next neuron
c
54
During DEPOLARIZATION, Na+ channels open and Na+ ions diffuse from ______ the cell to ________ the cell. This changes the membrane potential to _______. outside / inside / -70mV outside / inside / +35mV inside / outside / -70mV inside / outside / +35mV
b
55
During the refractory period, the sodium-potassium pump resets ions by pumping ______ ions outside the cell and ______ ions inside the cell. K+ / Na+ Na+ / K+
b
56
TRUE OR FALSE. An axon wrapped in myelin sheaths would conduct action potentials faster than an axon without myelin sheaths. False True
b
57
Which of the following is NOT typically found in the gray matter? myelinated axons unmyelinated axons
a
58
What structure of the brain maintains posture and balance? Corpus Callosum Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum Hypothalamus
c
59
What do cranial and spinal nerves have in common? They are both part of the peripheral nervous system They both have 31 pairs of nerves They are both have 12 pairs of nerves They both emerge from the brain
a
60
Sensory nerves enter at the _________ root / horn of the spinal cord. thoracic ventral cervical dorsal
d
61
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is active during __________, while the parasympathetic division is active during ___________. excitement, emergency / digestion, rest digestion, rest / excitement, emergency skeletal muscle contraction / smooth muscle contraction smooth muscle contraction / skeletal muscle contraction
a
62
Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate? Parasympathetic Sympathetic Somatic
b
63
The sense of vision has what type of sensory receptors? Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors
a
64
The layer located at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors is the: sclera cornea retina choroid
c
65
When viewing DISTANT objects, the ciliary muscle _______. This causes the suspensory ligaments to tighten, which makes the lens _______. contracts / more rounded (fat) relaxes / more rounded (fat) contracts / flat relaxes / flat
d
66
_____________ are photoreceptors that are sensitive to color. Rods Cones Chloropigments Chromatophores
b
67
The blind spot is where the _____________ exits the eye. You only notice your blind spot when you have _____________. ciliary muscle / one eye closed optic nerve / one eye closed fovea / both eyes open aqueous humor / both eyes open
b
68
When aqueous humor drainage ducts are blocked, it leads to what eye abnormality? Cataracts Glaucoma Farsightedness Astigmatism
b
69
After eating a meal, the pancreas releases the hormone ___________ . One of the effects of this hormone is to stimulate the liver to store glucose in the form of ___________ . Glucagon / Insulin Insulin / Glycogen Insulin / Glucagon Glucagon / Glycogen
b
70
When you are fasting, the pancreas releases a hormone that stimulates the liver to break down stored ________ into __________. You Answered Glucose / Glycogen Glycogen / Glucose
b
71
What type of feedback is this? Stimulus: Milk release from mammary glands (due to infant sucking) Sensor: Receptors in breast tissue Control Center: Central nervous system sends signals to the hypothalamus to release oxytocin which stimulates mammary glands Effect: More milk release Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
b
72
The ________ anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue Plasma membrane Basement membrane Subcutaneous membrane Epidermal membrane
b
73
The body’s ability to maintain a relative constancy of its internal environment is called: Homogenous Feedback Integumentary Homeostasis
d
74
Which type of epithelia lines the trachea? Pseudostratified Simple squamous Simple cubodial Stratified
a
75
The adrenal gland secretes the hormone cortisol into the bloodstream. The adrenal gland is an ________ gland. Endocrine Exocrine
a
76
Is smooth muscle striated or non-striated
non-striated
77
Which of the following muscle components is in order from SMALLEST to LARGEST? myofibrils / muscle fibers / muscle belly / fascicles muscle fibers / myofibrils / fascicles / muscle belly muscle belly / fascicles / muscle fibers / myofibrils myofibrils / muscle fibers / fascicles / muscle belly
d
78
In skeletal muscle, which of the following structures contains contractile elements and actually shortens during muscle contraction? T tubule Mitochondria Sarcomere Sarcoplasm
c
79
Which filaments in a sarcomere slide inward during muscle contraction? Actin Myosin
a
80
What neurotransmitter is released from the motor neuron onto the muscle fiber to relay the electrical signal to contract? Calcium ATP Acetylcholine Creatine
c
81
When an electrical signal is received by a muscle fiber, what structure releases calcium? Fascicle Sarcomere T-tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum
d
82
Which of the following motor units would have the GREATEST fine motor control? Motor unit #1: 10 muscle fibers per 1 motor neuron Motor unit #2: 1000 muscle fibers per 1 motor neuron Motor unit #3: 300 muscle fibers per 1 motor neuron Motor unit #4: 1200 muscle fibers per 1 motor neuron 1 4 2 3
a
83
Which of the following is NOT an energy source for muscle contraction? Starch Glycogen Glucose Triglycerides
a
84
A nerve fiber with all the muscle fibers it innervates (connects to) is called a ___________________. sarcoma myofibril motor unit myoglobin
c
85
Fast twitch fibers tend to prefer ________ pathways to make ATP, and as a result have _________ myoglobin in their fibers. aerobic / fewer aerobic / more anaerobic / fewer anaerobic / more
c
86
This muscular disorder causes chronic widespread muscle pain, tenderness and stiffness. Myalgia Cramps Sarcoma Fibromyalgia
d
87
Tetanus neurotoxin is an ingredient in Botox. This toxin works blocking the release of _________, which causes paralysis. Calcium Acetylcholine ATP Creatine
b
88
The teeth function to chew food into smaller chunks. The teeth perform what kind of digestion? Mechanical Chemical
a
89
The breakdown of food is defined as: Elimination Digestion Ingestion Absorption
b
90
Surface area of the small intestine is increased by: Symbiotic microbes Mucous Diameter of the large intestine Villi
d
91
Which layer of the GI tract contains blood vessels and nerves? Serosa Muscularis Submucosa Mucosa
c
92
Gastric pits make and secrete: Trypsin HCl Glucagon Amylase
b
93
The enzyme trypsin is secreted from the _____________ and catalyzes the break down of _____________ . Pancreas / starch Pancreas / proteins Stomach / proteins Small intestines / fat
b
94
Which is NOT secreted by the pancreas? glucagon sodium bicarbonate pepsin insulin
c
95
What is the major function of the large intestine (colon)? To absorb water To eliminate iron To mechanically churn food To digest nutrients
a
96
_____________ emulsifies fats. Sodium Bicarbonate Bilirubin Bile Lipase
c
97
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? It regulates glucose levels by storing, breaking down glycogen It breaks down hemoglobin from dead red blood cells It makes and secretes insulin It detoxifies blood
c
98
Inflammation of the liver that can be the result of a virus is: Hepatitis Hemorrhoids Jaundice Cirrhosis
a
99
Common, small growths arising from the epithelial lining of the colon that can become cancerous are called Cysts Villi Polyps Lacteals
c
100
EXTRA CREDIT: Why are certain areas of your body more sensitive than others? More sensitive areas on the body have __________ of the cerebral cortex devoted to that area. less more
b
101
EXTRA CREDIT: Where are most of your taste receptors (chemoreceptors) located? Inside your cheeks In your digestive tract In your brain In your nose
b
102
EXTRA CREDIT: Why do contractions intensify during labor? Since cervical contractions increase with increased stretch of the cervix, this process is an example of ________________ feedback. negative positive neutral
b

Human Biology Final (5 decks)

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