UNIT 4 Classical conditioning Flashcards
1
Q
- a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
A
Classical conditioning
2
Q
who-classical conditioning
A
ivan pavlov
3
Q
- the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
A
Behaviorism
4
Q
- in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
A
Neutral stimulus (NS)
5
Q
- in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
A
Unconditioned response (UR)
6
Q
- in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response (UR)
A
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
7
Q
- in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
A
Conditioned response (CR)
8
Q
- in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
A
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
9
Q
- in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response / in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
A
Acquisition
10
Q
- a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
A
Higher-order conditioning
11
Q
- the diminishing of a conditioned response / occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) / occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
A
Extinction
12
Q
- the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
A
Spontaneous recovery
13
Q
- the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
A
Generalization
14
Q
- in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
A
Discrimination
15
Q
little albert who did
A
pavlov
16
Q
- a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
A
Operant conditioning
17
Q
Law of effect - Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
A
Law of effect
18
Q
- in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer / attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
A
Operant chamber
19
Q
- in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
A
Reinforcement
20
Q
- an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior
A
Shaping
21
Q
- in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
A
Discriminative stimulus
22
Q
- increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers / a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
A
Positive reinforcement
23
Q
- increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli / a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
A
Negative reinforcement
24
Q
- an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
A
Primary reinforcer
25
- a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer / also known as a secondary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
26
- a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Reinforcement schedule
27
- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
28
- reinforcing a response only part of the time / results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
29
- in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Fixed-ratio schedule
30
- in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable-ratio schedule
31
- in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Fixed-interval schedule
32
- in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Variable-interval schedule
33
Classical conditioning uses -------- - behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
respondent behavior
34
Operant conditioning uses ---------- - behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
operant behavior
35
- a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Cognitive map
36
- learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent learning
37
- a sudden realization of a problem’s solution
Insight
38
- a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Intrinsic motivation
39
- a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Extrinsic motivation
40
- alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Coping
41
- attempting to alleviate stress directly -- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor (used usually when we feel a sense of control)
Problem-focused coping
42
- attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction (used when we believe we cannot control the situation)
Emotion-focused coping
43
- the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Learned helplessness
44
- the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
External locus of control
45
- the perception that you control your own fate
Internal locus of control
46
- the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
Self-control
47
- learning by observing others / also calling social learning
Observational learning
48
- the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Modeling
49
- Bobo Doll who did
Albert Bandura
50
- frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so / the brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy
Mirror neurons
51
- positive, constructive, helpful behavior / the opposite of antisocial behavior
Prosocial behavior
