UNIT 4 Classical conditioning

Question 1

• a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Question 2

who-classical conditioning

Answer 2

ivan pavlov

Question 3

• the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Answer 3

Behaviorism

Question 4

• in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 4

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 5

• in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

Answer 5

Unconditioned response (UR)

Question 6

• in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response (UR)

Answer 6

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 7

• in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 8

• in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

Answer 8

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 9

• in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response / in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Answer 9

Acquisition

Question 10

• a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

Higher-order conditioning

Question 11

• the diminishing of a conditioned response / occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) / occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 11

Extinction

Question 12

• the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 12

Spontaneous recovery

Question 13

• the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Answer 13

Generalization

Question 14

• in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 14

Discrimination

Question 15

little albert who did

Answer 15

pavlov

Question 16

• a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 16

Operant conditioning

Question 17

Law of effect - Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Answer 17

Law of effect

Question 18

• in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer / attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Answer 18

Operant chamber

Question 19

• in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 19

Reinforcement

Question 20

• an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 20

Shaping

Question 21

• in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Answer 21

Discriminative stimulus

Question 22

• increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers / a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 22

Positive reinforcement

Question 23

• increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli / a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 23

Negative reinforcement

Question 24

• an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Answer 24

Primary reinforcer

Question 25

• a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer / also known as a secondary reinforcer

Answer 25

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 26

• a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Answer 26

Reinforcement schedule

Question 27

• reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Answer 27

Continuous reinforcement

Question 28

• reinforcing a response only part of the time / results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Answer 28

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Question 29

• in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Answer 29

Fixed-ratio schedule

Question 30

• in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 30

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 31

• in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Answer 31

Fixed-interval schedule

Question 32

• in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 32

Variable-interval schedule

Question 33

Classical conditioning uses ——– - behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 33

respondent behavior

Question 34

Operant conditioning uses ———- - behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 34

operant behavior

Question 35

• a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Answer 35

Cognitive map

Question 36

• learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 36

Latent learning

Question 37

• a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

Answer 37

Insight

Question 38

• a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 38

Intrinsic motivation

Question 39

• a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 39

Extrinsic motivation

Question 40

• alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Answer 40

Coping

Question 41

• attempting to alleviate stress directly – by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor (used usually when we feel a sense of control)

Answer 41

Problem-focused coping

Question 42

• attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction (used when we believe we cannot control the situation)

Answer 42

Emotion-focused coping

Question 43

• the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 43

Learned helplessness

Question 44

• the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Answer 44

External locus of control

Question 45

• the perception that you control your own fate

Answer 45

Internal locus of control

Question 46

• the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Answer 46

Self-control

Question 47

• learning by observing others / also calling social learning

Answer 47

Observational learning

Question 48

• the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 48

Modeling

Question 49

• Bobo Doll who did

Answer 49

Albert Bandura

Question 50

• frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so / the brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

Answer 50

Mirror neurons

Question 51

• positive, constructive, helpful behavior / the opposite of antisocial behavior

Answer 51

Prosocial behavior