Unit 2 for quiz 2 Flashcards
who correctly located the mind in the spherical head?
plato
who believed it to be in the heart
Aristotle
who- (phrenology)
-Studying bumps on the skull could reveal a person’s mental abilities and character traits
-Succeeded in focusing attention on the localization of function
Franz Gall
what is the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes
Biological psychologists
what is a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Neuron
what is a neuron’s busy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body / listeners
Dendrites
what is the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands / speakers
Axon
soma is also called the what
cell body
what is a type of glial cell that helps produce myelin sheath
Schwann cell
what is a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve
Node of ranvier
what is a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage-like node to the next (age 25)
Myelin sheath
what is a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon (a sequence of shifts)
Actional potential
what is a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
Refractory period
what is the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse or action potential
Threshold
what is a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing
All-or-none response
who suggested a brief interruption in the transmission
Sir Charles Sherrington
what is the junction between the axon top of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron / the tiny gap at this junction is call the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft
Synapse
what is chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons / when released by the sending neuron, travel across the synapse and bind to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
Neurotransmitters
what is a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
Reuptake
what is “morphine within” natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
Endorphins
what is a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
Agonist
what is a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response
Antagonists
what system the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Nervous system
the brain and spinal cord are apart of what system
Central nervous system (CNS)
what system is the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
what system is the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)
Somatic nervous system
what system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) / its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
what system is the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
Sympathetic nervous system
what system is the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body; conserving its energy
Parasympathetic nervous system
what is bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Nerves
what is neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neurons
what is neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Motor (efferent) neurons
what is neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
Interneurons
what is a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
Reflex
what system is the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine system
what is chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues
Hormones
what gland is a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress (fight-or-flight response)
Adrenal glands
what gland what is the endocrine system’s most influential gland / under the influence of the hypothalamus / regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands (sex glands)
Pituitary gland
what test is an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surfaces / measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
what test is a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure to reveal brain damage / CAT scan
CT (computed tomography) scan
what test is a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
what test is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue / show brain anatomy
MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
what test is a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans / show brain function as well as its structure
fMRI (functional MRI)
what is the oldest part and central core of the brain / beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull / responsible for automatic survival functions
Brainstem
what is the base of the brainstem / controls heartbeat and breathing
Medulla
what is the brain’s sensory control center (except smell), located at the top of the brainstem / directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Thalamus
what is a nerve network that travels through the brainstem (inside) and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal
Reticular formation
what is the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem / functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory
Cerebellum
what system is neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres / associated with emotions and drives
Limbic system
what is two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system / linked to emotion (aggression & fear)
Amygdala
what is a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus / directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward
Hypothalamus
what control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion
Basal ganglia
what plays a central role in the reward circuit / operation based chiefly on two neurotransmitters: dopamine and serotonin
Nucleus accumbens
what is the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres / the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center
Cerebral cortex
what is cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons / they may also play a role in learning and thinking
Glial cells
what lobe is portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead / involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
Frontal lobes
what lobe is portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear / receives sensory input for touch and body position
Parietal lobes
what lobe is portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head / includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
Occipital lobes
what lobe is portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears / includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
Temporal lobes
what did Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig study
electrical stimulation
what cortex is an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements (sends messages out to the body)
Motor cortex
what cortex is area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
Somatosensory cortex
what is areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
Association areas
what cortex is forward part of the frontal lobes / enables judgment, planning, and processing of new memories
Prefrontal cortex
who-
1848
Massively damaged frontal lobes
Immediately able to sit up and speak
Irritable, profane, and dishonest
Loss of inhibitions and moral judgment
Phineas Gage
what is the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Plasticity
what is the formation of new neurons
Neurogenesis
who → seizures caused by electrical activity “bouncing” back and forth between hemispheres
Philip Vogel & Joseph Bogen
what is the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Corpus callosum
what is a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them
Split brain
what is our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
what is the interdisciplinary study of the brain actually linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Cognitive neuroscience
what is the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Dual processing
what is the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Behavior genetics
what is every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Environment
what is threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Chromosomes
what is a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
what is the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes / segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins
Genes
what is the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes
Genome
what is it called when twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
Identical twins (monozygotic twins) -
what is it called when twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs / they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)
what is the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Molecular genetics
what is the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes / heritability of a trait may vary depending on the range of populations and environments studied
Heritability
what is the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as the environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)
Interaction
what is the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Epigenetics
what is the biological clock; regular body rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Circadian rhythm
what stage of sleep causes rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur (paradoxical sleep) / the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active (heart rate rises, breathing irregular, eye movement announcing the beginning of a dream)
REM sleep
what is the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Alpha waves
what is periodic, natural loss of consciousness / as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
Sleep
what is false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus (NREM 1) - falling, sudden jerk
Hallucinations
what is the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Delta waves
what is non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep
NREM sleep
what is a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm / in response to light causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
what is recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Insomnia
what is a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks / sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
Narcolepsy
what is a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Sleep apnea
what is a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep and are seldom remembered
Night terrors
what is a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind / notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, incongruities, and dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it
Dream
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream is…
Manifest content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream is …
Latent content
what is the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
REM rebound
