Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych Perspectives > Unit 2 for quiz 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 for quiz 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

who correctly located the mind in the spherical head?

A

plato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

who believed it to be in the heart

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who- (phrenology)
-Studying bumps on the skull could reveal a person’s mental abilities and character traits
-Succeeded in focusing attention on the localization of function

A

Franz Gall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

A

Biological psychologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a neuron’s busy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body / listeners

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands / speakers

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

soma is also called the what

A

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a type of glial cell that helps produce myelin sheath

A

Schwann cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve

A

Node of ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage-like node to the next (age 25)

A

Myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon (a sequence of shifts)

A

Actional potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

A

Refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse or action potential

A

Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing

A

All-or-none response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who suggested a brief interruption in the transmission

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the junction between the axon top of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron / the tiny gap at this junction is call the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons / when released by the sending neuron, travel across the synapse and bind to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

A

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

A

Reuptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is “morphine within” natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

A

Endorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

A

Agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response

A

Antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what system the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

A

Nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the brain and spinal cord are apart of what system

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what system is the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what system is the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)

A

Somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) / its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what system is the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

A

Sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what system is the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body; conserving its energy

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

A

Reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what system is the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what gland is a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress (fight-or-flight response)

A

Adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what gland what is the endocrine system’s most influential gland / under the influence of the hypothalamus / regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands (sex glands)

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what test is an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surfaces / measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what test is a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure to reveal brain damage / CAT scan

A

CT (computed tomography) scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what test is a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

A

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

42
Q

what test is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue / show brain anatomy

A

MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)

43
Q

what test is a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans / show brain function as well as its structure

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

44
Q

what is the oldest part and central core of the brain / beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull / responsible for automatic survival functions

A

Brainstem

45
Q

what is the base of the brainstem / controls heartbeat and breathing

A

Medulla

46
Q

what is the brain’s sensory control center (except smell), located at the top of the brainstem / directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

A

Thalamus

47
Q

what is a nerve network that travels through the brainstem (inside) and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

A

Reticular formation

48
Q

what is the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem / functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

A

Cerebellum

49
Q

what system is neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres / associated with emotions and drives

A

Limbic system

50
Q

what is two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system / linked to emotion (aggression & fear)

A

Amygdala

51
Q

what is a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus / directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

what control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion

A

Basal ganglia

53
Q

what plays a central role in the reward circuit / operation based chiefly on two neurotransmitters: dopamine and serotonin

A

Nucleus accumbens

54
Q

what is the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres / the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

A

Cerebral cortex

55
Q

what is cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons / they may also play a role in learning and thinking

A

Glial cells

56
Q

what lobe is portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead / involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

A

Frontal lobes

57
Q

what lobe is portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear / receives sensory input for touch and body position

A

Parietal lobes

58
Q

what lobe is portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head / includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

A

Occipital lobes

59
Q

what lobe is portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears / includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

A

Temporal lobes

60
Q

what did Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig study

A

electrical stimulation

61
Q

what cortex is an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements (sends messages out to the body)

A

Motor cortex

62
Q

what cortex is area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

Somatosensory cortex

63
Q

what is areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

A

Association areas

64
Q

what cortex is forward part of the frontal lobes / enables judgment, planning, and processing of new memories

A

Prefrontal cortex

65
Q

who-
1848
Massively damaged frontal lobes
Immediately able to sit up and speak
Irritable, profane, and dishonest
Loss of inhibitions and moral judgment

A

Phineas Gage

66
Q

what is the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

Plasticity

67
Q

what is the formation of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

68
Q

who → seizures caused by electrical activity “bouncing” back and forth between hemispheres

A

Philip Vogel & Joseph Bogen

69
Q

what is the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

A

Corpus callosum

70
Q

what is a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

A

Split brain

71
Q

what is our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

Consciousness

72
Q

what is the interdisciplinary study of the brain actually linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

A

Cognitive neuroscience

73
Q

what is the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

A

Dual processing

74
Q

what is the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

A

Behavior genetics

75
Q

what is every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

A

Environment

76
Q

what is threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A

Chromosomes

77
Q

what is a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

78
Q

what is the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes / segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

A

Genes

79
Q

what is the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

A

Genome

80
Q

what is it called when twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

A

Identical twins (monozygotic twins) -

81
Q

what is it called when twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs / they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment

A

Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)

82
Q

what is the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

A

Molecular genetics

83
Q

what is the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes / heritability of a trait may vary depending on the range of populations and environments studied

A

Heritability

84
Q

what is the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as the environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

A

Interaction

85
Q

what is the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

A

Epigenetics

86
Q

what is the biological clock; regular body rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

A

Circadian rhythm

87
Q

what stage of sleep causes rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur (paradoxical sleep) / the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active (heart rate rises, breathing irregular, eye movement announcing the beginning of a dream)

A

REM sleep

88
Q

what is the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

A

Alpha waves

89
Q

what is periodic, natural loss of consciousness / as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

A

Sleep

90
Q

what is false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus (NREM 1) - falling, sudden jerk

A

Hallucinations

91
Q

what is the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

Delta waves

92
Q

what is non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

A

NREM sleep

93
Q

what is a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm / in response to light causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

94
Q

what is recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

Insomnia

95
Q

what is a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks / sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

A

Narcolepsy

96
Q

what is a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

A

Sleep apnea

97
Q

what is a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep and are seldom remembered

A

Night terrors

98
Q

what is a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind / notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, incongruities, and dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

A

Dream

99
Q

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream is…

A

Manifest content

100
Q

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream is …

A

Latent content

101
Q

what is the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

A

REM rebound

Psych Perspectives (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions