test 3 review w/kahoot Flashcards
- the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Sensation
- the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Perception
- analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information (sensation)
Bottom-up processing
- information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations (perception)
Top-down processing
- the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Selective attention
- failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Inattentional blindness
- failing to notice changes in the environment
Change blindness (form of inattentional blindness)
- conversion of one form of energy into another / in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
Transduction
- the study of the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
Psychophysics
- the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus (light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor) 50 percent of the time
Absolute thresholds
- a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) / assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
Signal detection theory
- below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Subliminal
- the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
Prime
- the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
Difference threshold (just noticeable difference)
- the principle that, to be perceived as difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
Weber’s Law
- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Sensory adaptation
- a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
Perceptual set
(bunny/duck)
- the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next / electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
Wavelength
- the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light / what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth
Hue
- the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude
Intensity
Light then passes through the __________ - the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
pupil
- the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Lens
- the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
Retina
- the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
Accommodation
- retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray / necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond
Rods
- retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions / cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
Cones
- the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Optic nerve
- the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there
Blind spot
- the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster
Fovea
- nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
Feature detectors
- the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously / the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision
Parallel processing
- the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors, one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
- the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision
Opponent-process theory
- an organized whole / Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
Gestalt
- the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
Figure-ground
- the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Grouping
- the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional / allows us to judge distance
Depth perception
- a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
Visual cliff
- depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
Binocular cues
- a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in two eyes, the brain computes distance (the greater the disparity between two images, the closer the object)
Retinal disparity
- depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
Monocular cues
- an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
Phi phenomenon
- perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
Perceptual constancy
- perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
Color constancy
- in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
Perceptual adaptation
- the sense or act of hearing
Audition
- the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Frequency
- a tone’s experienced highness or lowness / depends on frequency
Pitch
Transmits vibrations to the ______ - a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear / sounds waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
cochlea
- the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
Middle ear
- the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Inner ear
- hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves / also called nerve deafness
Sensorineural hearing loss
- hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea (middle ear)
Conduction hearing loss
- a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
Cochlear implant
- in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Place theory
- in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
Frequency theory
- the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain / the “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
Gate-control theory
- a system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Kinesthesia
- the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
vestibular sense
- the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences
Sensory interaction
- in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
Embodied cognition
Detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals
sensation
analysis that begins w/ sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory…
bottom up processing
Information, guided by higher level, mental process to try and interpret the world around us
Top down processing 
Bottom up processing involves analysis that begins with the 
Sensory receptor
Focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus instead of multiple
 Selective attention 
The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called
The cocktail party effect 
Failing to see visible objects, when our attention is directed elsewhere
In attentional blindness
The process by which are sensory system converts stimulus energies into neural messages is called
Transduction
Minimum amount of stimulation of person needs to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
Absolute threshold
Principle that to be perceived, as different to stimuli, must differ by a constant minimum percentage
Webers law and difference threshold 
Light wave amplitude determines the
Intensity of color 
Adjustable opening in the center of the eye is
Pupil 
One of the ways we perceive images by organizing stimuli into an object seen against its surroundings, known as
Figure ground
Pitch of a sound is determined by what
The frequency of the sound wave
If you burn your finger, what will transmit pain triggering signals to your central nervous system?
NOCIEPTORS 
Our experiences of pain may be intensified when we perceive that others are experiencing pain. This best illustrates the.
Top down processing
What plays the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?
Semicircular, canals
The system for sending the position and movement of individual body parts
Kinesthesis
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Perception
In a university driving simulation students on the cell phone or slower to detect and respond obstacles. This shows what
Selective attention
Webers law is relevant to an understanding of
Difference threshold
Perceiving the color motion and form of a bird in flight at the same time illustrates
Parallel processing 
According to the young Helmholtz theory, how many kinds of color receptors does the retina contain?
3
Listening to high volume music for 15 minutes you fail to notice how loudly the music is blasting
Sensory adaption
Damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on what
Visual details
Accommodation refers to the
Process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina
The mechanical vibrations triggered by the sound waves, are transductive into neural impulses by
Hair cells
Researchers have identified nociceptors for which of the following skin sensations
Pain
Experiencing a green, after image of a red object is most easily explained by
The opponent processing theory
What is the order in which the eye response to visual stimuli?
Rods cones to bipolar to ganglion
