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Psych Perspectives > test 3 review w/kahoot > Flashcards

test 3 review w/kahoot Flashcards

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1
Q
  • the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
A

Sensation

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2
Q
  • the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
A

Perception

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3
Q
  • analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information (sensation)
A

Bottom-up processing

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4
Q
  • information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations (perception)
A

Top-down processing

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5
Q
  • the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
A

Selective attention

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6
Q
  • failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
A

Inattentional blindness

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7
Q
  • failing to notice changes in the environment
A

Change blindness (form of inattentional blindness)

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8
Q
  • conversion of one form of energy into another / in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
A

Transduction

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9
Q
  • the study of the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
A

Psychophysics

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10
Q
  • the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus (light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor) 50 percent of the time
A

Absolute thresholds

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11
Q
  • a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) / assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
A

Signal detection theory

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12
Q
  • below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
A

Subliminal

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13
Q
  • the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
A

Prime

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14
Q
  • the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
A

Difference threshold (just noticeable difference)

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15
Q
  • the principle that, to be perceived as difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
A

Weber’s Law

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16
Q
  • diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
A

Sensory adaptation

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17
Q
  • a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
A

Perceptual set
(bunny/duck)

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18
Q
  • the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next / electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
A

Wavelength

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19
Q
  • the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light / what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth
A

Hue

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20
Q
  • the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude
A

Intensity

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21
Q

Light then passes through the __________ - the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

pupil

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22
Q
  • the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
A

Lens

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23
Q
  • the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
A

Retina

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24
Q
  • the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
A

Accommodation

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25
Q
  • retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray / necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond
A

Rods

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26
Q
  • retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions / cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
A

Cones

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27
Q
  • the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
A

Optic nerve

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28
Q
  • the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there
A

Blind spot

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29
Q
  • the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster
A

Fovea

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30
Q
  • nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
A

Feature detectors

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31
Q
  • the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously / the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision
A

Parallel processing

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32
Q
  • the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors, one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

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33
Q
  • the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision
A

Opponent-process theory

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34
Q
  • an organized whole / Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
A

Gestalt

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35
Q
  • the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
A

Figure-ground

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36
Q
  • the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
A

Grouping

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37
Q
  • the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional / allows us to judge distance
A

Depth perception

38
Q
  • a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
A

Visual cliff

39
Q
  • depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
A

Binocular cues

40
Q
  • a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in two eyes, the brain computes distance (the greater the disparity between two images, the closer the object)
A

Retinal disparity

41
Q
  • depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
A

Monocular cues

42
Q
  • an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
A

Phi phenomenon

43
Q
  • perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
A

Perceptual constancy

44
Q
  • perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
A

Color constancy

45
Q
  • in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
A

Perceptual adaptation

46
Q
  • the sense or act of hearing
A

Audition

47
Q
  • the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
A

Frequency

48
Q
  • a tone’s experienced highness or lowness / depends on frequency
A

Pitch

49
Q

Transmits vibrations to the ______ - a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear / sounds waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

A

cochlea

50
Q
  • the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
A

Middle ear

51
Q
  • the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
A

Inner ear

52
Q
  • hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves / also called nerve deafness
A

Sensorineural hearing loss

53
Q
  • hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea (middle ear)
A

Conduction hearing loss

54
Q
  • a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
A

Cochlear implant

55
Q
  • in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
A

Place theory

56
Q
  • in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
A

Frequency theory

57
Q
  • the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain / the “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
A

Gate-control theory

58
Q
  • a system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
A

Kinesthesia

59
Q
  • the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
A

vestibular sense

60
Q
  • the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences
A

Sensory interaction

61
Q
  • in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
A

Embodied cognition

62
Q

Detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals

A

sensation

63
Q

analysis that begins w/ sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory…

A

bottom up processing

64
Q

Information, guided by higher level, mental process to try and interpret the world around us

A

Top down processing 

65
Q

Bottom up processing involves analysis that begins with the 

A

Sensory receptor

66
Q

Focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus instead of multiple

A

 Selective attention 

67
Q

The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called

A

The cocktail party effect 

68
Q

Failing to see visible objects, when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

In attentional blindness

69
Q

The process by which are sensory system converts stimulus energies into neural messages is called

A

Transduction

70
Q

Minimum amount of stimulation of person needs to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

71
Q

Principle that to be perceived, as different to stimuli, must differ by a constant minimum percentage

A

Webers law and difference threshold 

72
Q

Light wave amplitude determines the

A

Intensity of color 

73
Q

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye is

A

Pupil 

74
Q

One of the ways we perceive images by organizing stimuli into an object seen against its surroundings, known as

A

Figure ground

75
Q

Pitch of a sound is determined by what

A

The frequency of the sound wave

76
Q

If you burn your finger, what will transmit pain triggering signals to your central nervous system?

A

NOCIEPTORS 

77
Q

Our experiences of pain may be intensified when we perceive that others are experiencing pain. This best illustrates the.

A

Top down processing

78
Q

What plays the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?

A

Semicircular, canals

79
Q

The system for sending the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

80
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

A

Perception

81
Q

In a university driving simulation students on the cell phone or slower to detect and respond obstacles. This shows what

A

Selective attention

82
Q

Webers law is relevant to an understanding of

A

Difference threshold

83
Q

Perceiving the color motion and form of a bird in flight at the same time illustrates

A

Parallel processing 

84
Q

According to the young Helmholtz theory, how many kinds of color receptors does the retina contain?

A

3

85
Q

Listening to high volume music for 15 minutes you fail to notice how loudly the music is blasting

A

Sensory adaption

86
Q

Damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on what

A

Visual details

87
Q

Accommodation refers to the

A

Process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina

88
Q

The mechanical vibrations triggered by the sound waves, are transductive into neural impulses by

A

Hair cells

89
Q

Researchers have identified nociceptors for which of the following skin sensations

A

Pain

90
Q

Experiencing a green, after image of a red object is most easily explained by

A

The opponent processing theory

91
Q

What is the order in which the eye response to visual stimuli?

A

Rods cones to bipolar to ganglion

Psych Perspectives (9 decks)

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