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Biology Honors > Unit 4-Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9 > Flashcards

Unit 4-Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9 Flashcards

Vocabulary and Key Ideas

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1
Q

You have ___ and ___

A

Body cells and gametes

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2
Q

Your cells have ___ and ___ chromosomes

A

autosomes and sex

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3
Q

Body cells are ___; gametes are ___

A

diploid and haploid

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4
Q

somatic cells

A

same as body cells

make up most body tissues and organs

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5
Q

gamete cells

A

same as sex cells
eggs/ova in females
sperm/spermatozoa in males

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6
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes-one from ma and one from pa-that have the same length and general appearance

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7
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism

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8
Q

3 names for body cells

A

body
somatic
diploid

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9
Q

3 names for sex cells

A

sex
gamete
haploid

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10
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves the fusion of two gametes that results in offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents

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11
Q

fertilization

A

the actual fusion of an egg and sperm cell

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12
Q

diploid

A

when a cell has two copies of each chromosome: one from ma and one from pa

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13
Q

haploid

A

a cell that has only one copy of each chromosome

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14
Q

meiosis

A

a form of nuclear division that divide a diploid cell into haploid cells

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15
Q

cells go through… during meiosis

A

two rounds of division

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16
Q

haploid cells develop into…

A

…mature gametes

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17
Q

___ laid the groundwork for genetics

A

Mendel

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18
Q

Mendel’s data revealed…

A

…patterns of inheritance

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19
Q

trait

A

distinguishing characteristics that are inherited

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20
Q

genetics

A

the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation

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21
Q

purebred

A

organisms that are genetically uniform

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22
Q

cross

A

mating of two organisms

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23
Q

law of segregation

A
  1. organisms inherit 2 copies of each gene (one from each parent)
  2. organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes
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24
Q

the same gene can have…

A

…many versions

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25
Q

genes influence the…

A

…developement of traits

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26
Q

gene

A

a piece of DNA that provides a set of instructions to a cell to make certain protein

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27
Q

allele

A

any alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a specific locus

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28
Q

homozygous

A

2 of the same alleles at a specific locus

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29
Q

heterozygous

A

2 different alleles ata specific locus

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30
Q

genome

A

all of an organism’s genetic material

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31
Q

genotype

A

refers to the genetic makeup of a specific set of genes

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32
Q

phenotype

A

the physical characteristics or traits of an individual organism

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33
Q

dominant

A

the allele that is expressed when two different alleles or two dominant alleles are present

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34
Q

recessive

A

the allele that is only expressed when two copies are present

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35
Q

punnet squares illustrate…

A

…genetic crosses

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36
Q

a monohybrid cross involves…

A

…one trait

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37
Q

a dihybrid cross involves…

A

…two traits

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38
Q

heredity patterns can be calculated with…

A

…probability

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39
Q

punnett square

A

a grid system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross

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40
Q

monohybrid crosses

A

crosses that examine the inheritance of only one specific trait

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41
Q

testcross

A

a ccross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with the recessive phenotype

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42
Q

dihybrid crosses

A

crosses that examine the inheritance of two different traits

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43
Q

law of independent assortment

A

allele pairs separate independently of each other during gamete formation/meiosis

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44
Q

2 copies of each autosomal gene…

A

…affect phenotype

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45
Q

males and females can differ in…

A

…sex-linked traits

46
Q

carrier

A

does not show disease symptoms, but can pass on the disease-causing allele to offspring

47
Q

sex-linked genes

A

genes that are located on the sex chromosomes

48
Q

X chromosome inactivation

A

when one of the two X chromosomes is randomly tunred off

49
Q

phenotype can depend on…

A

…interactions of alleles

50
Q

many genes interact to produce…

A

…one trait

51
Q

the environment interacts with…

A

…genotype

52
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when a heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes

53
Q

codominance

A

when both traits are fully and seperately expressed

54
Q

polygenic traits

A

traits produced by two or more genes

55
Q

human genetics follow…

A

…the patterns seen in other organisms

56
Q

females can carry…

A

…sex-linked genetic disorders

57
Q

a pedigree is a…

A

…chart for tracing genes in a family

58
Q

several methods help map…

A

…human chromosomes

59
Q

pedigree

A

a chart that can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people can carry recessive alleles

60
Q

karyotype

A

a picture of all the chromosomes in the cell

61
Q

DNA is composed of…

A

…four types of nucleotides

62
Q

Watson and Crick developed…

A

…an accurate model of DNA’s 3-D shape

63
Q

nucleotides always…

A

…pair in the same way

64
Q

nucleotide

A

the small units/monomers that make up DNA

65
Q

double helix

A

the shape of DNA

2 strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder

66
Q

base pairing rules

A

bases of the 2 DNA strands always pair up in the same way
T with A
C with G

67
Q

replication copies…

A

…genetic information

68
Q

proteins carry out…

A

…the process of replication

69
Q

replication is…

A

…fast and accurate

70
Q

replication

A

process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle

71
Q

DNA polymerases

A

a group of enzymes that band the new nucleotides together

72
Q

RNA carries…

A

…Dna’s instructions

73
Q

Transcription makes…

A

…three types of RNA

74
Q

the transcription process is similar to…

A

…replication

75
Q

central dogma

A

a theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

76
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

a chain of nucleotides

77
Q

transcription

A

the process of copying as sequense of DNA to producs a complementary strand of RNA

78
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that bonds nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule

79
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

the message that is translated to make a protein

80
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

forms part of ribosomes

81
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein

82
Q

translation

A

the process that converts or translates and mRNA message into a polypeptide

83
Q

codon

A

a three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid

84
Q

stop codons

A

3 of them: UGA: UAA: UAG

signal the end of the amino acid chain

85
Q

start codon

A

AUG: methionini

signals the start of translation

86
Q

anticodon

A

a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon

87
Q

scientists use several techniques to…

A

…manipulate DNA

88
Q

restriction enzymes cut…

A

…DNA

89
Q

restriction maps shoe the…

A

…lengths of DNA fragments

90
Q

restriction enzyme

A

enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences

91
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

an electircal current is used to separate a mixture of DNA fragements from each other

92
Q

restriction maps

A

show the lengths of DNA fragments between restriction sites in a strand of DNA

93
Q

a DNA fingerprint is a type of…

A

…restriction map

94
Q

DNA fingerprinting is used for…

A

…identification

95
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

a representation of parts of an indviduals DNA that can be used to identify a person at the molecular level

96
Q

entire organisms can be…

A

…cloned

97
Q

new genes cab be added to..

A

…an organisms DNA

98
Q

Genetic engineering produces…

A

…organisms with new traits

99
Q

clone

A

a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism

100
Q

genetic engineering

A

changing of an organism’s DNA to give the organism new traits

101
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA that contains genes from more than one organism

102
Q

plasmids

A

closed loops of DNA that are separate from the bacterial chromosome and that replicate on their own within the cell

103
Q

transgenic

A

an organism that has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome

104
Q

gene knockout

A

genetic manipulation in which one or more of an organism’s genes are prevented from being espressed

105
Q

genomics involves…

A

…the study of genes, gene functions, and entire genomes

106
Q

technology allows the study and comparison of both…

A

…genes and proteins

107
Q

genomice

A

the study of genomes

108
Q

gene sequencing

A

determining the order of DNA nucleotides in genes or genomes

109
Q

Human Genome Project

A

two main goals:

  1. to map and sequence all of the DNA base pairs of the human chromosomes
  2. to identify all of the genes within the sequence
110
Q

bioinformatics

A

the use of computer databases to organize and analyze biological data

111
Q

DNA microarrays

A

tools that allow scientists to study many genes and their expression at once

112
Q

proteomics

A

the study and comparison of all the proteins that result from an organisms genome

Biology Honors (10 decks)

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