Unit 3-Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Flashcards
Vocabulary and Key Ideas
early sutides led to the…
…developement of the cell theory
porkaryotic cells lack a…
…nucles and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells
cell theory
3 part theory
- all organimsms are made of cells
- all existing cells are produced by other living cells
- the cell is the most basic unit of life
cytoplasm
a jellylike ubstance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks-such as protiens, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions
organelles
specialized structures to perform distinct processes within a cell
prokaryotic cells
no nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles
DNA in cytoplasm
single-celled organisms
eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus
have mebrane-bound organelles
nucleus has encloses DNA
may be multi-cellular or single-celled organisms
calls have…
…an internal structure
several organelles are involved in…
…making an processing protiens
other organelles have…
…various functions
plant cells have…
…cell walls and chloroplasts
cytoskeleton
a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell
nucles
storehouse for genetic informatino–>DNA
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
an interconnected network of thin folded membranes
smooth ER
ER without ribosomes in it
rough ER
ER with ribosomes in it
ribosomes
tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins
golgi apparatus
consist of closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins
vesicles
general name used to describe small membrane-bound sace that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell
mitochondria
supply energy to the cell
two membranes: inner and outer
vauole
fluid-filled sace used for the storage of materials needed by a cell
lysosomes
membrane-boiund organelles that contain enzymes
centrioles
cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle
cell wall
a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell
chloroplasts
carry out photosynthesis–>convert solar energy into energy cells can use
only in plant cells
cell membrane
same as plasma membrane
forms a boundary between the cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell
phospholipid
molecule composed of:
- a charged posphate groups/head
- glycerol????
- two fatty acid chains
fluid mosaic model
describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
selective permeability
cell membrane is this
allows some, but not all, materials to cross
receptor
a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response
cell membranes are composed of…
…two phospholipid layers
chemical signals are…
…transmitted across the cell membrane
diffusion and osmosis are types of…
…passive transport
some molecules diffuse through…
…transport proteins
passive transport
the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell
diffusion
the movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
concentration gradient
the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another
osmosis
diffusion for water molecules
across a semi-permeable mebrane from high to low concentration
isotonic solutions
both solutions have the same concentration of dissolved particles
hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the hypertonic solution has a higher concentraion of dissolced particles in it than the other one
hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the hypotonic solution has a lower concentraion of dissolced particles in it than the other one
facilitated diffusion
the diffusion across a membrane through transport proteins
still passive transport
proteins can transport materials…
…against a concentration gradient
endocytosis and exocytosis…
…transport materials across the membrane in vesicles
active transport
drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
endocytosis
process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane
phagocytosis
a tyoe if endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles
exocytosis
the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane
photosynthesis
process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy
photosynthetic organisms are…
…producers
photosynthesis in plants occurs in…
…chloroplasts
chlorophyll
a molecule in chlorplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light
thylakoids
membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbed pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
light-dependent reactions
capture energy from sunlight
water and sunlight necessary
light-independent reactions
use energy from light-dependent reactions to make sugars
Carbon dioxide is needed
cellular respiration makes…
…ATP by breaking down sugars
cellular repiration is like a mirror image of…
…photosynthesis
cellular respiration
releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present
aerobic
a process that needs oxygen to take place
glycolysis
splits glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules and makes 2 molecules of ATP
anaerobic
a process that does not need oxygen to take place
krebs cycle
produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular repiration
cell cycle has…
…four main stages
cells divide…
…at different rates
cell size is…
…limited
cell cycle
the regular pattern of growthm DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells
mitosis-basic
the division of the cell nucleus and its contents
cytokinesis-basic
the process that divides the cell’s cytoplasm
chromosomes condense at the start of…
…mitosis
mitosis and cytonkinesis produce…
…two genetically identical daughter cells
chromosomes
on long continuous thread of DNAthat consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information
histone
a protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps
chromatin
loose combination of DNA and proteins
chromatid
one half of a duplicated chromosome
centromere
where sister chromatids (two identical chromatids) are held together
telomeres
repeating nucleotde at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes
The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by…
…ATP
Organisms break down carbon based molecules to produce…
…ATP
a few types of organisms do not need…
…sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes
ADP
a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
chemosynthesis
a process by which come organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules
Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis
first step
light energy captured
water molecules broken down
Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis
also called light-independent reactions
uses carbon dioxide and makes glucose
fermentation allows…
…glycolysis to continue
fermentation and its products are…
…important in several ways
fermentation
does not make ATP
allows glycolysis to continue
lactic acid
causes muscles to burn during excercise
waste product of fermentation
Interphase
G1-normal cell function, growing in size
S-DNA multiplies (2 complete sets)
G2-cback to everyday function, growing
MOST TIME IS SPENT IN INTERPHASE
Mitosis-detailed
when the DNA is split and another nucleus is formed
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Prophase
DNA coils up
spindle fibers grow
Nuclear membrane disapeers
Metaphase
DNA lines up in center of cell
Each chromatid attaches to a spindle fiber
anaphase
DNA is split into 2 exact copies
DNA seperates to opposite sides of the cell
telophase
2 nuclear membranes form
cell starts to pinch off
cytokinesis-detailed
cell is divided and 2 identical cells are formed
internal and external factors regulate…
…cell division
cell division is uncontrolled in…
…cancer
growth factor
a broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division
apoptosis
programmed cell death
cancer
common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
benign tumor
a tumor in which the cancer cells typically remain clustered together
malignant
a tumor in which some of the cells break away (metastasize) and can form new tumors
metastasize
when cells break away from a tumor
carcinogens
substances that are known to produce or promote the development of cancer
binary fission is similar in function to…
…mitosis
some eukaryotes reproduce through…
…mitosis
asexual reproduction
the creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes
binary fission
the asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism by division into 2 roughly equal parts
multicellular organisms depend on…
…interactions among different cell types
specialized cells perform…
…specific functions
stem cells can develop into…
…different cell types
tissue
groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function
organs
groups of tissues that work toether to perform a specific function or related functions
organ systems
organs that carry out similar functions
cell differentiation
the process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions
stem cells
a unique type of body cell tha have the ability to:
1) divide and renew themselves for long periods of time
2) remaion undifferentiated in form
3) develop into a variety of specialized cell types
