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Biology Honors > Unit 3-Chapters 3, 4, and 5 > Flashcards

Unit 3-Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Flashcards

Vocabulary and Key Ideas

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1
Q

early sutides led to the…

A

…developement of the cell theory

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2
Q

porkaryotic cells lack a…

A

…nucles and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

cell theory

A

3 part theory

  1. all organimsms are made of cells
  2. all existing cells are produced by other living cells
  3. the cell is the most basic unit of life
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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

a jellylike ubstance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks-such as protiens, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions

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5
Q

organelles

A

specialized structures to perform distinct processes within a cell

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6
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles
DNA in cytoplasm
single-celled organisms

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7
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

have a nucleus
have mebrane-bound organelles
nucleus has encloses DNA
may be multi-cellular or single-celled organisms

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8
Q

calls have…

A

…an internal structure

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9
Q

several organelles are involved in…

A

…making an processing protiens

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10
Q

other organelles have…

A

…various functions

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11
Q

plant cells have…

A

…cell walls and chloroplasts

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12
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell

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13
Q

nucles

A

storehouse for genetic informatino–>DNA

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14
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

an interconnected network of thin folded membranes

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15
Q

smooth ER

A

ER without ribosomes in it

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16
Q

rough ER

A

ER with ribosomes in it

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins

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18
Q

golgi apparatus

A

consist of closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins

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19
Q

vesicles

A

general name used to describe small membrane-bound sace that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell

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20
Q

mitochondria

A

supply energy to the cell

two membranes: inner and outer

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21
Q

vauole

A

fluid-filled sace used for the storage of materials needed by a cell

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22
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-boiund organelles that contain enzymes

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23
Q

centrioles

A

cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle

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24
Q

cell wall

A

a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell

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25
Q

chloroplasts

A

carry out photosynthesis–>convert solar energy into energy cells can use
only in plant cells

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26
Q

cell membrane

A

same as plasma membrane
forms a boundary between the cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell

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27
Q

phospholipid

A

molecule composed of:

  1. a charged posphate groups/head
  2. glycerol????
  3. two fatty acid chains
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28
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

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29
Q

selective permeability

A

cell membrane is this

allows some, but not all, materials to cross

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30
Q

receptor

A

a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

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31
Q

cell membranes are composed of…

A

…two phospholipid layers

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32
Q

chemical signals are…

A

…transmitted across the cell membrane

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33
Q

diffusion and osmosis are types of…

A

…passive transport

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34
Q

some molecules diffuse through…

A

…transport proteins

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35
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell

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36
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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37
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

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38
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion for water molecules

across a semi-permeable mebrane from high to low concentration

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39
Q

isotonic solutions

A

both solutions have the same concentration of dissolved particles

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40
Q

hypertonic

A

when comparing two solutions, the hypertonic solution has a higher concentraion of dissolced particles in it than the other one

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41
Q

hypotonic

A

when comparing two solutions, the hypotonic solution has a lower concentraion of dissolced particles in it than the other one

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42
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the diffusion across a membrane through transport proteins

still passive transport

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43
Q

proteins can transport materials…

A

…against a concentration gradient

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44
Q

endocytosis and exocytosis…

A

…transport materials across the membrane in vesicles

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45
Q

active transport

A

drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

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46
Q

endocytosis

A

process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane

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47
Q

phagocytosis

A

a tyoe if endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles

48
Q

exocytosis

A

the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

49
Q

photosynthesis

A

process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy

50
Q

photosynthetic organisms are…

A

…producers

51
Q

photosynthesis in plants occurs in…

A

…chloroplasts

52
Q

chlorophyll

A

a molecule in chlorplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light

53
Q

thylakoids

A

membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbed pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

54
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

capture energy from sunlight

water and sunlight necessary

55
Q

light-independent reactions

A

use energy from light-dependent reactions to make sugars

Carbon dioxide is needed

56
Q

cellular respiration makes…

A

…ATP by breaking down sugars

57
Q

cellular repiration is like a mirror image of…

A

…photosynthesis

58
Q

cellular respiration

A

releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

59
Q

aerobic

A

a process that needs oxygen to take place

60
Q

glycolysis

A

splits glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules and makes 2 molecules of ATP

61
Q

anaerobic

A

a process that does not need oxygen to take place

62
Q

krebs cycle

A

produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular repiration

63
Q

cell cycle has…

A

…four main stages

64
Q

cells divide…

A

…at different rates

65
Q

cell size is…

A

…limited

66
Q

cell cycle

A

the regular pattern of growthm DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells

67
Q

mitosis-basic

A

the division of the cell nucleus and its contents

68
Q

cytokinesis-basic

A

the process that divides the cell’s cytoplasm

69
Q

chromosomes condense at the start of…

A

…mitosis

70
Q

mitosis and cytonkinesis produce…

A

…two genetically identical daughter cells

71
Q

chromosomes

A

on long continuous thread of DNAthat consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information

72
Q

histone

A

a protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps

73
Q

chromatin

A

loose combination of DNA and proteins

74
Q

chromatid

A

one half of a duplicated chromosome

75
Q

centromere

A

where sister chromatids (two identical chromatids) are held together

76
Q

telomeres

A

repeating nucleotde at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes

77
Q

The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by…

A

…ATP

78
Q

Organisms break down carbon based molecules to produce…

A

…ATP

79
Q

a few types of organisms do not need…

A

…sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy

80
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes

81
Q

ADP

A

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

82
Q

chemosynthesis

A

a process by which come organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules

83
Q

Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis

A

first step
light energy captured
water molecules broken down

84
Q

Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis

A

also called light-independent reactions

uses carbon dioxide and makes glucose

85
Q

fermentation allows…

A

…glycolysis to continue

86
Q

fermentation and its products are…

A

…important in several ways

87
Q

fermentation

A

does not make ATP

allows glycolysis to continue

88
Q

lactic acid

A

causes muscles to burn during excercise

waste product of fermentation

89
Q

Interphase

A

G1-normal cell function, growing in size
S-DNA multiplies (2 complete sets)
G2-cback to everyday function, growing
MOST TIME IS SPENT IN INTERPHASE

90
Q

Mitosis-detailed

A

when the DNA is split and another nucleus is formed

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

91
Q

Prophase

A

DNA coils up
spindle fibers grow
Nuclear membrane disapeers

92
Q

Metaphase

A

DNA lines up in center of cell

Each chromatid attaches to a spindle fiber

93
Q

anaphase

A

DNA is split into 2 exact copies

DNA seperates to opposite sides of the cell

94
Q

telophase

A

2 nuclear membranes form

cell starts to pinch off

95
Q

cytokinesis-detailed

A

cell is divided and 2 identical cells are formed

96
Q

internal and external factors regulate…

A

…cell division

97
Q

cell division is uncontrolled in…

A

…cancer

98
Q

growth factor

A

a broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division

99
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

100
Q

cancer

A

common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division

101
Q

benign tumor

A

a tumor in which the cancer cells typically remain clustered together

102
Q

malignant

A

a tumor in which some of the cells break away (metastasize) and can form new tumors

103
Q

metastasize

A

when cells break away from a tumor

104
Q

carcinogens

A

substances that are known to produce or promote the development of cancer

105
Q

binary fission is similar in function to…

A

…mitosis

106
Q

some eukaryotes reproduce through…

A

…mitosis

107
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes

108
Q

binary fission

A

the asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism by division into 2 roughly equal parts

109
Q

multicellular organisms depend on…

A

…interactions among different cell types

110
Q

specialized cells perform…

A

…specific functions

111
Q

stem cells can develop into…

A

…different cell types

112
Q

tissue

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function

113
Q

organs

A

groups of tissues that work toether to perform a specific function or related functions

114
Q

organ systems

A

organs that carry out similar functions

115
Q

cell differentiation

A

the process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions

116
Q

stem cells

A

a unique type of body cell tha have the ability to:

1) divide and renew themselves for long periods of time
2) remaion undifferentiated in form
3) develop into a variety of specialized cell types

Biology Honors (10 decks)

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