Unit 4: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Harvesting energy (ATP) from food. It uses ATP (energy) for anabolism (biosynthesis), active transport and movement.

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2
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place using glycolysis?

A

In the cytosol.

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3
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvates
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 H2O
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4
Q

What os glucose and where can you obtain it?

A

It is a simple monosaccharide (carbohydrate). You can get it from food or from glycogen reserves.

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5
Q

How is glucose taken up by the body?

A

Through Na+-glucose transporter (symport). Usually requires insulin.

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6
Q

True or false: Glucagon is required to break down glycogen.

A

True.

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7
Q

What is a Kinase?

A

Enzyme involved in transfer of phosphate between ATP and another molecule.

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8
Q

What is an isomerase?

A

Enzyme that changes a molecule’s conformation.

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9
Q

What is a dehydrogenase?

A

An enzyme which removes a hydrogen.

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10
Q

What is a mutase?

A

Enzyme that transfers functional groups from one position to another in the same molecule.

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11
Q

What is an enolase?

A

Ennzyme that removes water.

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12
Q

What are the required elements of glycolysis?

A
  • glucose
  • NAD+
  • ATP
  • ADP + Pi
  • Enzymes
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13
Q

When does fermentation occur?

A

When the end products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH) accumulate.

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14
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A
  • In lactic acid bacteria
  • Some yeasts
  • In animals that live in the deep ocean
  • in plant roots (uncommon)
  • in muscle cells during intense exercise
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15
Q

What are the advantages of lactic acid fermentation?

A

Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis and provides ATP at 2.5M/min

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of lactic acid fermentation?

A
  • short term due to decrease in pH

- creates oxygen debt

17
Q

True or false: Humans can do ethanol fermentation.

A

False.

18
Q

Where does ethanol fermentation occur?

A
  • yeast
  • bacteria
  • in plant roots (if flooded) (common)
  • very in animals
19
Q

What are advantages of ethanol fermentation?

A
  • regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis

- provides ATP

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of ethanol fermentation?

A

EtOH is toxic, thus can only last for a little while.

21
Q

True or false: Ethanol fermentation is a two step reaction.

A

True.

22
Q

What are the products of the first reaction in ethanol fermentation?

A

Acetaldehyde and CO2

23
Q

What are the product of the second reaction of ethanol fermentation?

A

Ethanol