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Biology 2 > Unit 2: Animals > Flashcards

Unit 2: Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 most important animal characteristics?

A
  1. eukaryotic
  2. multicellular
  3. chemoheterotrophic
  4. store carbohydrates as glycogen
  5. motile
  6. without cell walls
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2
Q

What does chemoheterotroph mean?

A

Chemo means “energy from organic” and hetero means organic source of carbon.

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3
Q

True or false: Green algae is the ancestor of animals.

A

False. The ancestor of animals is believed to be protozoan (a protist). It was probably colonial choanoflagellate.

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4
Q

How are vertebrates differentiated from other animals?

A
  1. Tissues
  2. Bilateral symmetry
  3. Body cavity
  4. digestive tract
  5. Jointed appendages
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5
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of interacting specialized cells that have similar functions.

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6
Q

How many types of tissues are there? What are they?

A

There are 4 types of tissues: epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue and muscle.

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7
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

It covers exterior and interior surfaces. It is the barrier between the outside and the body. It allows selective movement of substances between the inside and the outside.

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8
Q

What are some examples of connective tissues?

A

Blood, bone, fat cells, tendons (fibroblasts and collagen fibers) and loose connective tissue (collagen and elastin).

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9
Q

What are the purposes of connective tissue?

A

To provide support, protect and bind other tissues together.

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10
Q

True or false: Nervous tissue controls other tissues and organs.

A

True.

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11
Q

True or false: Muscle is found in all animal groups.

A

False. Porifera (sponges) do not have muscles or any true tissues.

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12
Q

What do muscles do?

A

They contract/shorten to produce movement.

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles called and where are they found?

A
  1. Skeletal. These are attached to bones.
  2. Cardiac. Found in the heart.
  3. Smooth. All other organs.
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14
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

This is a term equivalent to right and left. Can you cut a line right through an organism and get two identical pieces?

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15
Q

Is bilateral symmetry present in all animals?

A

No. It is not present in Porifera (sponges) because they are asymmetrical. It is not present in Radiata (ex. jellyfish) since they have radial symmetry.

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16
Q

What are other terms for top and bottom?

A

In humans, we use the terms superior and inferior. In other vertebrates we say ventral and dorsal.

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17
Q

What are other terms for front and back?

A

In humans, we use the terms anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal). For other vertebrates, head and tail work along with anterior and posterior.

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18
Q

What is the role of a body cavity?

A

To provide a space for visceral organs to grow.

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19
Q

True or false: All animals have a body cavity.

A

False. Porifera (sponges), Radiata (jellyfish) and Plathelminths (flatworms) do not have a body cavity.

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20
Q

What are the advantages to having a body cavity?

A
  • Allows for more organ systems (more complexity and specialization)
  • Makes for longer digestive tracts (Food spends more time in system, meaning more nutrients can e absorbed)
  • Egg and sperm can be stored (You can wait for fertilization. Waiting for better environment means more offspring will survive)
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21
Q

How would you describe the body cavity?

A

It is a fluid-filled space that develops in early embryonic stages (starts are coelom). The coelom is a single ventral cavity.

22
Q

What are examples of visceral organs?

A

Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

23
Q

True or False: The ventral body cavity is divided into two parts.

A

True. In adults, the ventral body cavity is divided into the thoracic cavity (the area above the diaphragm) and the abdominopelvic cavity (the area below the diaphragm).

24
Q

True or false: The digestive tract of all animals has sperate openings for the mouth and anus.

A

False. Radiata and Platyhelminths have one opening.

25
Q

What are the main functions of the GI tract?

A
  • ingest (eat food)
  • digest (using enzymes or mechanical movement (chewing))
  • absorb nutrients
  • defecate (get rid of waste.
26
Q

What does the GI tract include in humans?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and the large intestine.

27
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

The liver, pancreas and gall bladder.

28
Q

What animals have a digestive tract that is dependent on their movement?

A

Rotifera and Nematoda. They have two opening but their muscles are not independent.

29
Q

True or false: The body cavity provides room for a longer digestive tract which allows food to remain longer , thus increasing the exposure to digestive enzymes.

A

True.

30
Q

What are the jointed appendages in humans?

A

Arms and legs.

31
Q

What do jointed appendages provide to an animal?

A

They increase flexibility and efficiency of movement.

32
Q

True or false: In vertebrates, movement uses muscles attached to bones (endoskeleton).

A

True.

33
Q

What controls movement in all animals?

A

Movement is controlled by a nervous system, except for in Porifera who have a neural net.

34
Q

What other animal group has jointed appendages?

A

Arthropods. Their muscles are attached to their exoskeleton.

35
Q

What are the 4 steps in embryo development in humans?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Cleavage
  3. Gastrulation
  4. Organogenesis
36
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

It is a cell that can divide to create ova. It is not the egg yet.

37
Q

What is the end result of fertilization?

A

The goal/purpose of fertilization is to create a zygote.

38
Q

What are the 3 steps of fertilization?

A
  1. The oocyte engulfs the sperm.
  2. The oocyte completes meiosis II. It is now an ovum.
  3. Nuclei of ovum and sperm fuse. Only then does the zygote form.
39
Q

What is the protective layer around the oocyte/ovum called and what is its purpose?

A

The protective layer is called the zona. It protects the ovum from many things such as the mother’s immune system, which would attack the newly formed zygote since it is a “foreign body.” Sperm must break through it to fertilize the ovum.

40
Q

What is the role of the Cleavage step?

A

To form a blastocyst.

41
Q

What are the two main events in the Cleavage?

A
  1. There is repeated cell division with little or no overall growth. The first division will last 20-30 hours, and all subsequent divisions 10-12 hours.
  2. A hollow ball of cells forms. This is the blastocyst. In other animals it is called a blastula.
42
Q

What is the name for every cell in the blastocyst?

A

Blastomere.

43
Q

What is the fluid-filled cavity of a blastocyst called?

A

Blastocoel.

44
Q

Do plants form a blastocyst/hollow ball of cells?

A

No.

45
Q

What does gastrulation entail?

A

It involves rearranging cells to create 3 germ layers/ embryonic tissues.

46
Q

What are these 3 layers called?

A
  1. Endoderm.
  2. Mesoderm.
  3. Ectoderm.
47
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

The formation of organs using the 3 embryonic tissues.

48
Q

What organs are formed from the endoderm?

A

This is the inside layer of cells. It forms all digestive and respiratory organs: Lungs, bladder, pancreas, several glands…

49
Q

What organs are formed from the mesoderm?

A

This is the middle layer of cells. It forms muscles, bones/skeleton, blood, etc.

50
Q

What organs are formed using the ectoderm?

A

This is the outer most layer of the cells. It forms the outer organs: skin, nails, hair, lenses of the eyes, tooth enamel and the nervous system.

Biology 2 (13 decks)

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