Unit 4 booklet 4 Booklet

Question 1

What’s the problem with re-offending

Answer 1

All offenders who been giving warning, fine, community sentence or suspected sentence in previous 12 months, plus all prisoners who were realised from jail in that period, They committed over half a million new offences.

Question 2

What is an bigger issue with rising prison population

Answer 2

2018 sentences for serious (indictable) offences were on average over 26 months longer than they had been 10 years earlier

Question 3

How much did the average minimum sentence for murder change to

Answer 3

Increased from 12.5 years in 2003 to 21.3 years in 2016

Question 4

What percentage of people in 2018 would reoffend if they had 10 convictions

Answer 4

47.5%

Question 5

Who more likely to reoffend. Those who receive a warning, community sentences or those who have been to prison

Answer 5

Prison

Question 6

which gender is more likely to reoffend

Answer 6

Males

Question 7

People with higher or lower education

Answer 7

If they have drug or alcohol addictions, homeless and few qualifications and those who are unemployed more likely to reoffend

Question 8

‘dark figure’ causes what problem when looking at reoffending

Answer 8

Only those who have been tried and found guilty. Likely to be dark figure for which they have not been caught and punished. People who reoffend have lower chance of getting caught.

Question 9

What are right realist ops on repeat offending

Answer 9

Agreed prison works, Offenders rational actors and so fear being jailed act as a deterrent to offending. However high rate of re-offending show that this is not so.
‘Short, sharp, shock’ article

Question 10

What’s Marxists ops on repeat offending

Answer 10

Argue that it is not surprised that that unemployed offenders are more likely to re-offend since they have little chance of meeting their needs if they have to survive solely on benefits. Police might target them.

Question 11

Explain how authoritarian or ‘police; states ,ay operate?

Answer 11

Social control agencies such as the police have few restrictions on their power to force citizens to behave as the state wishes them to. Such states, critics of the government may find they are not free to express their opinions and risk being locked indefinitely - or worse.

Question 12

What does freedom of speech mean for our civil liberties

Answer 12

Right to say what you like, including freedom of the press and the media

Question 13

What would freedom of assembly and freedom to associate with others, mean for protesting

Answer 13

Including the right to gather together to protest peacefully

Question 14

What is meant by freedom of movement

Answer 14

The right to go where you want, within the law

Question 15

Freedom of _____ arrest

Answer 15

Arbitrary

Question 16

Freedom from ________ without ______

Answer 16

Detention without trial

Question 17

Freedom of _______ and ________

Answer 17

Religion and conscience

Question 18

Does the right of privacy also mean the state

Answer 18

especially from the state (apple refusal to give UK government your data)

Question 19

How does the civil liberties link to the due process model

Answer 19

Civil liberties are aspects of the due process model of justice. Eg. Freedom from arbitrary arrest (police arrest who they wish) and freedom from detention without trial (where someone can be held in custody indefinitely without being brought before court) both important protections for the individual against the states abuse of power

Question 20

Why might short sentences might fail to rehabilitate

Answer 20

Don’t give enough time to intensive work to address deep seated problems (drug dependency, illiteracy an danger management) Problem is made worse by the limited number of places on appropriate courses.

Question 21

Inadequate resources for education and training might impact why prisons may fail

Answer 21

2020 report for chief inspector of prisons said that hald the prisoners inspected had to few programmes of useful activity and fewer than two-fifths were delivering ‘good’ or ‘reasonable good’ activities (down from over 2/3 on 2010)

Question 22

15% cut in prison officer numbers have impacted prison and rehabilitations how

Answer 22

fewer officers to supervise prisoners undertaking activities that would help their rehabilitation. Staff shortages mean prisoners are often locked up by 6pm, denying them access to recreational and educational facilities such as use of prison library

Question 23

To be realised on temporary licence effect rehabilitation

Answer 23

intended to allow trusted prisoners put to attend training, employment and job interviews, yet very few are able to take advantages of this scheme due to shortages of staff to supervise it.

Question 24

The resources and support in the community shows lack of money is a problem when being newly realised. Why is that?

Answer 24

Prisoners earn very little from working in prison and receive only £46 discharge grant on their realise

Question 25

How could lack of a job be a problem for them newly realised prisoners

Answer 25

1/4 of prisoners have a job to go to on their release

Question 26

when prisoners are newly realised from prison they become homeless. What does nacro have to say about this

Answer 26

According to Nacro. 1 in 9 prisoners has no settled accommodation to go to upon release. Prisoners lose entitlement to housing benefit if they are expected to spend more than 13 weeks in prison. Therefore losing tenancy they had whilst entering

Question 27

With the End Friday releases campaign what amount of people got realised and a Friday and why did campaigns want to end this

Answer 27

Over third of all realises from prisons happened on Friday. charities and pressure groups (like Nacro and Howard league supported campaign to end) due to the race against the clock to access service such as accommodation, drug medication and benefits before the weekend shutdown.

Question 28

Why might being realised on a Friday be bad for the re-offending

Answer 28

People will sleep rough and survive on their discharge grant until service re-opens on Monday. Leavens them vulnerable to re-offend. Could be to get a roof over their heads for the night, Unsurprisingly, some ex-prisoners quickly breach the conditions of their release licence and are recalled to prison as a result

Question 29

What is the percentage of people who re-offend from community sentences

Answer 29

34% of community sentence result in reoffending in 12 months of starting their sentence compared to 64% if prison sentence

Question 30

What is inadequate support for complex needs have to do with the minority reoffending

Answer 30

Drug addicts, mental health problems and homelessness. Few places on specialist programmes to address such needs

Question 31

Inadequate supervision from the probation service. Has what to do with the minority who reoffend

Answer 31

There have been criticisms that the service is too lax in allowing offenders to miss supervision appointment. Many criminals nit enough probation officers

Question 31

How would Failures by the privatised community rehabilitation companies become an issue for miniorites who reoffend

Answer 31

Criticised for failing to meet their targets and for poor supervision of offenders. Result, CRC contract ended in 2020

Question 32

How did finance impact the police in 2010

Answer 32

18 overall budget cut by 19% (funds for central government were cut by around 30% but some of the shortfall has been made by extra funds from local council tax) Cut led to a fall of 20,000 in police numbers in same period and there is a national shortage of detectives

Question 33

How has the dropping investigations into crime been affected by budget cut

Answer 33

police force dropping investigations into crimes, including sexual offences, violent attacks and arson. Eg, metropolitan police dropped 2.9 times as many cases on the day they were reported in 2018 as they did in 2013. Force said this was necessary to balance the books.

Question 34

Why would the police want to drop big/ serious cases

Answer 34

Take longer to investigate. EG rape cases take average of 129 days to solve compared with two day for theft or criminal damage

Question 35

How did the budget cut in the crown prosecution service

Answer 35

cut by 1/4 and organisation lost 1/3 of its staff. Head of CPS said 2018 that the CPS and police were failing to investigate thousands of cases efficiently - including rape, fraud and modern slavery - and that both organisations were critically short of the skills and resources need to combat crime

Question 36

What been the problem with the CPS and magistrates courts

Answer 36

been accused of downgrading charges so that it can prosecute cases in magistrates courts, because its quicker and therefore cheaper than taking them to crown court. However, this mat also mean that offenders get off with lighter sentences than they deserve, because magistrates sentencing powers are more limited.

Question 37

How would the 2010 budget cuts affect prisons

Answer 37

18 prion budget fell by 16% and staff levels 15%, mant of the more experienced prison officers left the service.

Question 38

What have the critics said about prisons

Answer 38

Described as being in crisis, rising level of assaults, self-harm and suicides. Overcrowding and staff cuts mean that many prisoners lock opportunities for activities that would help them rehabillitate, such as education, training and work experience. Recidivism rates are around 60% within a year of realise for those serving short sentences

Question 39

Privatisation have contributed to the prisons crisis, how?

Answer 39

2016, worst UK prison in 25 years took place at HMP Birmingham, prison privately run by G4S. Official report concluded that staff has become worn down by chronic staffing shortage and the prisoners 'were in effect policing themselves'. Result in 2020 the goernment took MVP Birmingham back into public control

Question 40

How was the probation service effected by funding

Answer 40

Annual report in 2019 the then chief inspector of probation Glenys Stacey highlighted a range of problems, including staff shortages, failures by the private CRCs, lack of confidence in the service by judges, victims, the public and offenders

Question 41

What did Justin Russell say about the probation service anf funding

Answer 41

"it must be property funded, vacancies for probation officers must be filled and staff properly trained"

Question 42

In the local and national policies. National government policies, what important about April 2019

Answer 42

Home security announced that he was making it easier for police officers to stop and search anyone for an offensive weapon without fist having reasonable suspicion that they are carrying one. Power is available to police throughout the country under section 60 of the criminal justice and public order act 1994

Question 43

What is 'serious violence strategy'

Answer 43

Increasing police power are part of a boarder national serious violence strategy. Aims involved other agencies such as youth service, NHS, social services and education. EG children excluded from school may be at risk of being groomed by gangs to deliver drug deals which are a major factor in violence offences

Question 44

With the local policies what different polices can be set by the house office or local needs

Answer 44

Some priorities different police forces around the country are set nationally by home office but others are ser locally in response to local needs. EG areas where knife crime is high, police may respond with extra measures such as increased stop and searches

Question 45

What is 'Weapons amnesty' and how does it work, Examples?

Answer 45

Good example of local priorities. Local police force hold amnesties where they will not arrest people who surrender illegal weapons. 2 week gun amnesty in London 2017 led to 350 firearms and 40,000 rounds of ammunition being handed in.

Question 46

What is a moral imperative

Answer 46

Overriding sense of what is right - Sense that is so strong it compels a person to act to uphold it, even if means breaking the law. Several examples of people who broke the law because their conscience told them it was morally correct thing to do

Question 47

Why did Clive Ponting break the law for moral imperative

Answer 47

Broke the law by passing secret information to an MP about hte sinking of the Argentinian ship the general Belgrano during the Falklands war. Argued that he had done so in the public interest

Question 48

why did Kay Gilderdale

Answer 48

Broke the law by assisting the suicide of her daughter, who had been serious ill for 17 years

Question 49

Rosie James and Rachel Wenham used moral imperative how

Answer 49

Committed crime damage to a nuclear submarine to try to prevent it leaving port, arguing that they were acting to prevent a war crime

Question 50

Alan Blythe how have use moral imperative

Answer 50

Was charged with cultivating cannabis with intent to supply. He did so in order to provide his terminally ill wife to relieve her pain

Question 51

In the early 20th century what did the suffragettes do to get their response

Answer 51

Direct actions and civil disobedience, deliberately broke the law

Question 52

What are some of the most well known laws broke from the suffragettes

Answer 52

smash posts boxes, window of public buildings, cut telegraph wires and attacks portrait of Duke of Wellington with an axe, didnt pay fines. Emily Davison died when she protested by throwing herself under the king horse during the derby race in 1913

Question 53

Due to the suffragettes crimes being motivated by moral imperative to force parliament to change law and end the injustice that women denied the right to vote, What happened when they were imprisoned

Answer 53

They went on a hunger strike

Question 54

What act got passed in 1913

Answer 54

Passing the prisoners act (cat and mouse act) because like a cat playing with a mouse it allowed hunger strikers to temporarily realised but re-imprisoned them once they had recovered their health

Question 55

What happened when too many suffragettes went on food strike

Answer 55

authorities began force-feeding hunger strikers through a nostril or stomach tube, many cases causing permanent health problems

Question 56

1918 they got a partial victory how

Answer 56

Vote was given to those aged 30 or above

Question 57

What year did they equalize the votes for the same sex

Answer 57

1928 - both 21

Question 58

What is an example of when functionalists such as durkheim argued without deviance, new social values couldnt emerge, no change possible, and society would stagnate

Answer 58

Suffragettes law breaking drew attention to injustice of denying women the vote and promoted equality between sexes as a basic value in the UK society