Unit 4 booklet 3 Flashcards
What are the two ways that some criminologists argue that built environment can affect the level of crime in two ways
*influence potential offenders, E.g. presenting then with opportunities to commit crimes
*Affecting people ability to exercise control over their surroundings
What is a Indefensible space
Where crimes likely to occur, what he calls ‘confused’ areas of public space such anonymous walk ways and stair wells. Belong to no-one are cared for by no-one are observed by no-one
What did Oscar Newman find with New York and indefensible spaces
Risk blocks in New York, Newman found 55% of all crimes committed occurred in a public space such as hallways, lifts, stairwells and lobbies due to no one felt they owned them
What are Defensible space
Areas where there are clear behaviours so its obvious who has the right to be there. Newman argues defensible space have law crimes rates
What are the four key features for a defensible spaces
Territoriality
surveillance
Safe image
Protected location
How does Territoriality help reduce crime
Where the environment encourages a sense of ownership among residents. Feeling its their territory and they control it. Certain layouts also tell outsiders that particular area are private use for residents
Natural surveillance can help reduce crimes how
Features of buildings such easily viewed entrance lobbies and street-level windows allow residents to identify and observe strangers likewise cul-de-sacs allow residents to over look each other homes. Contrast, high-rise blocks often have connected entrance that allows offenders to come and go unseen
How does safe image help reduce crime
Building designs should give the impression of safe neighbourhood where residents look after each other. Negative image means the areas will be stigmatised (negatively labelled) and targeted by offenders
What does a safe location help reduce crime
Neighbourhood located in the middle of a wider crime-free area are insulted from the outside would so are more safe
What Alice coleman find when she analysed 4099 blocks of flats in two london boroughs
Many blocks produced higher rates of crime and anti-social behaviour found 3 design
What are the recommended outcome for Alice Coleman discovery
*No more blocks should be built
*Existing block should have its own garden or private space, residence would look after it
*Overhead walkways should be removed because they obstruct surveillance
What happened in the Lisson Green estate in west London removed overhead walkways
50% reduction in crime
Who do the police now employ for the attempt to ‘Design out crime’
Employ architecture liaison officers to ‘build in’ crime prevention features at the design stage for new buildings
What caused the 30% lower burglary rates in SBD houses in the ‘design out crime’
‘Secored by design’ Kite mark scheme used by the building industry indicates that a new building meets crime prevention standard. Research lead to the 30% lower burglary rates.
What are some positives of Gated lanes
That although average cost was more expensive (£728) benefits benefit is dbl
Hope to lower breaks in from the garden
Need a fob to access it
Increase sense of security and territory
Gets rid of the excuse ‘thought it was public space’
Stops the ‘broken window’ effect
What are some negatives about the gated lanes
Locks crime in such as domestic violence
people might not want to get together to instal or look after it
might struggle to instal the gate if alleyway is public right of way or if several owners whom will need to agree, need fall consultation with residents to win commitment to the scheme
Emergency service and refuse collectors
What is situational crime prevention ops on CPTED
“Targeting hardening” by changing physical environment to make it harder to commit crime (e.g. barriers to vehicle access to a neighbourhood will make gateway harder)
What is Felson’s routine activity theory on CPTED
Emphasised the importance of ‘capable guardian’ protecting potential crime targets. CPTED, mutual surveillance by neighbouring acts a guidance
How does Rational choice theory link to CPTED
CPTED sees offenders acting rationally. EG if intruders feat they will be challenged by residents, they will be more likely to stay away from the area
What are some criticisms of CPTED
Focus on the defence outsiders who come into the area to offend, but insiders commit crime too
Cannot help prevent offences that don’t involve physical intrusion into a neighbourhood such as cyber-crime, fraud and white collar crimes
Cul-de-sacs might be defensible space but might not be defended. EG everyone out at work all day has no surveillance. highlights social factors (eg employment patterns) will interact with a environment
