Unit 4 booklet 2 Flashcards
What’s is Freuds idea of why we conform to society
that the superego tells us what is right and wrong and then this inflicts guilt on us if we don’t do it urges. This is because the superego allows us to exercise self control and then allows us to behave acceptable ways when being social
In freuds idea how is the superego developed
Developed early life through interactions that we have when socialising with family. This means it becomes this ‘nagging parent’ as it tries to balance the ID and being the animal part of the brain
What has internalisation of social rules and morality have to do with socialisation
That we internalised these rules through the process of socialisation and whether from parents or wider social group. in the way societies rules and moral code become out own personal rules and moral code, therefore we conform willingly to social norms
what is rational ideology
To describe the fact we internalise social rules and use them to tell us what is right and wrong. This enables use to keep within the law
What are agencies of social control
Organisations or institutions that imposed rules on us in an effort to make us behave in a certain ways. This could have been parents may send a naughty kid to bed and teachers given detentions. Both of these sanctions impose social control
What are the difference between positive and negative sanctions
Negative sanctions are punishment whilst positive sanctions are rewards. Hardworking students may earn praise from teachers. Both sanctions impose social control
What does the sanctions echo skinners’ Operant learning theory
Similar to Skinners operant learning theory and behaviour reinforcement - punishment deter behaviour and rewards encourages acceptable behaviour
In the CJS what does the police do
they have the power to stop and search, arrest, detain and question
In the CJS what is CPS
When they can change a suspects and prosecute them in court
Judge and magistrates are part of the CJS but what do they do
they have the power to bail the accused or remand them in custody and can be sentenced the guilt to variety of punishment
What does the prison service have to do with the CJS
They can detain prisoners against their will for the duration of their sentence, and punish prisoners misbehaviour (putting people in solitary confinement)
What can be mean by Coercion and what is an example
When the use of threat of force is used in order to make someone do (or stop) something. physical or psychological violence. sending someone to prison for stealing prevents further offending
How can fear of punishment be a form of coercion
Force will be used against you if you dont obey the law
What is the right realists belief in deterrence
Punishment must outweigh the benefit of the crime
In control theory what are the four elements of society
Attachment, commitment, involvement and beliefs
What is meant by attachment in control theory
That more attached you are to someone the more we care about their ops of us. The more you respects their norms and less likely to break them. Most seen in parents and teachers
In control theory what is meant by commitment
How committed we are to conventional goals such as succeeding in education and getting good job? The more we committed to conventional lifestyle the more we risk losing by getting involved in crime, so the more likely we are to conform
In control theory what does involvement mean
the more involved we are in conventional, law-abiding activities, like studying or participating in sports, the less time and energy we will have for getting involved in criminal ones. This part of the justification for youth clubs: they keep young people of the streets and busy with legal activities
In control theory what is meant by beliefs
socialised to believe it is right to obey the law, we are less likely to break it
what is an example of a theory that talks about parenting role of stoppin g young offenders
Gottfredson and Hirschi argued that low self-control is a major cause of delinquency, and that this results from poor socialisation and inconsistent or absent parental disciple
In control theory what happens when an indivial bonds break
the individual becomes free to behave in a criminal or deviant activities
What are the 3 things that parents should do to lower the chance of them becoming offenders
- involved themselves in their teenage lives and spend time with them
*take an interest in what they do at school and how they spend time with their friends
*show strong disapproval of crime behaviour and explain the consequence of offending
How would a feminist use control theory
Due to the lower rate of offender Frances Heidensohn argument the patriarchal (male-dominated) society controls females more closely, leaving less opportunity to engage in criminality outside of home.
What did Par Carlen find about females who offend
they failed to form an attachment to parents because they had suffered abuse in the family or been brought up in care
How is retribution apart of the aims of punishment
expressing society outrage at a crime
What does rehabilitation be apart of aims of punishment
Making offenders change their behaviour
In the aims of punishment what does deterrence mean
Discouraging future offending
What does reparation mean
Making good of the harm caused by crime
What does ‘Just desert’ have to do with retribution
that they get their ‘just deserts’. Offenders deserve to be punished and society is morally entitled to takes its revenge. The offender should be made to suffer to having breached society’s moral code
What is some examples of proportionality
Jain for armed robbery
Fine for speeding (this could depend on the speed)
How can moral outrage have a impact on someone sentencing
Hate crimes can ‘uplift’ or higher sentences. Although the maximum penalty for a grievous bodily harm is five years in prison but can be increased to 7 if it proven to be racially motivated.
What do right realists have to do with retribution
That criminality such as ration choice theory. like these theories, retribution assumes that offenders are rational actors who consciously choose to commit their crime and are fully responsible for their actions. This therefore suffer the outrage of society for what they have chosen to do
What does functionalists have to do with retribution
Durkheim moral outrage that retribution express performs the function of boundary maintenance. Punishing an offender shows everyone else the difference between right and wrong
Offenders deserve forgiveness, mercy or a chance to make amends, not just punishment
What does this have to do with retribution
It is a criticism
How could a fixed traffic of penalties become a weakness of retribution
That punishment has to be inflicted even where no good is going to come of it. Remorse offender who will commit no further crimes
How do we decide what is a proportionate penalty (or ‘just desert’) of each crime?
People disagree about which crimes are more serious than others
what can be meant by rehabilitation
That the idea of punishment can be used to reform or change an offenders behaviour to live a crime free life
What’s the different between rehabilitation or retribution
Retribution focuses on punishing past offensives whilst rehabilitation uses various treatments programmes to changer to offenders future behaviour
‘Education and training programmes’ is part of rehabilitation police but what does it mean
Prisoners so they can avoid unemployment and ‘earn an honest living’
Why could ‘Anger management courses’ important for rehabilitation policies
Violent offenders, such as aggression replacement training (or ART) and other cognitive behavioural therapy programmes
How could ‘Drug treatment and testing orders’ be important for rehabilitation polices
Programmes to treat alcohol dependence community sentence often include requirement for offenders to engage in such programmes as part of their sentence
How is Bella prison different to other prisoners
Middle of a community
No bars on the windows
No barbed wires
They get a budget of £40 to get food (make them more independent)
Knifes are on show
they teach them how to cook
Give the people opportunity to do work placements
Gave people to open their eyes to the people who live in Bella
Staff speak to them like humans and the people spoke to staff on first name basis
had a phone
they had a playground
what makes Bella so successful
First of its kind in the UK
That by addressing the deeply rooted problems and help their confidence so they don’t come back to prison
Rehabilitation is key focus
Prison shouldn’t be the punishment and taking away freedom is
What is some of the Bella weaknesses
That people didn’t like about it (1,000 locals signed a petition to not have it)
Its expensive (£11.6 million to set up)
How is cognitive theory linked to rehabilitation
Favour cognitive behavioural therapies (CBT) to teach offenders to correct their thinking errors and biases that lead to aggressive or criminal behaviour
How is Eysenck personality theory important to rehabilitation
Favours to use of aversion therapy to deter offending behaviour
Skinner operant learning theory linked to rehabilitation
Supports the use of token economies to encourage prisoners to produce more acceptable behaviour
why is sociological theories important to rehabilitation
people like left realism also favour rehabilitation in that they regard social factors such as unemployment, poverty and poor education opportunities as cause of crime. Therefore addressing these needs among offenders will help to reduce offending
Why is right realism a criticism to rehabilitation
They argue that rehabilitation has only limited success, Many offenders go on to re-offend even after undergoing programmes aimed at changing their behaviour
How could Marxists be a criticism of rehabilitation
Rehabilitation programmes for shifting the responsibility for offending onto the individual offenders failings, rather than focusing on how capitalism leads some people to commit crime
what is individual deterrence
Using punishment to deter an individual offender from reoffending. Punishment should convince the offender that its not worth repeating the experience
What is an example of individual deterrence
‘Prison works’ is based partly on the idea that is sentence is tough enough offenders wont want to go back.
In 1980 who’s government introduced a tougher system for individual punishment and which other country did something similar
Margaret thatcher’s introduced a tougher juvenile detention centres described ‘short, sharp, shock’ deter young offenders. United states introduced similar military-style ‘bootcamps’ around the same time and same aim
What is general deterrence
Aims of deterring society in general from breaking the law. If the public see an individual offender being punished, they will see the suffering if they commit a commit a similar crime making an example of the individual will have a general effect and teach everyone else a lesson
What is an example of general deterrence
in the past described as public punishment such as executions, floggings or putting offenders in the stocks, so that everyone could see for themselves the consequences of offending. Today public are more likely to learn about the costs of offending from the media reports instead
What is the difference of severity and certainty in deterrence
distinguish between severity of punishment and certainty of punishment. However server the punishment might be for a particular offence, if there is a very little chance of being caught and convicted, then would be unlikely to deter many would-be offenders
What is an example of severity and certainty
Mandatory minimum sentence of three years’ imprisonment for committing a third domestic burglary, only 5% of reported burglaries result in a successful conviction, so the likelihood of facing the punishment is very low and may not be a deterrent. On the other hand, if an offender is very likely to be caught, then even a relatively mild punishment may be an effective deterrent.
What does rational choice theory have to do with deterrence
sees individual as rational actors who weigh up the costs and benefits before deciding whether to offend. Therefore, serve punishment and high chance of getting caught will deter offending
Situational crime prevention strategies how what to do deterrence
Such target hardening make it harder to commit an offence successfully and therefore act as a deterrence
What does social learning theory have to do with deterrence
relevant to understanding general deterrence. If would-be offenders see a model being punished for offending, they will be less likely to imitate that behaviour
does short sharp shock has little or a lot of evidence that it reduces youth offenders
Little evidence making it a criticism
How many prisoners re-offend with a year of realise and what does right realist say
Half of prisoners which means prison isn’t a good deterrence
Right realists think punishment need to harshened
how could punishment be a criticism for deterrence
How do we decide how serve a punishment need to be for it to deter enough would-be offenders
What does deterrence assume would be offenders know
They know what the punishment is and are ignorant of the penalties
What does deterrence assume offenders act
That they act , carefully weighing up the risks. However some act irrationally and are driven by emotions without thought for likely punishment.
Eg county lion drugs cant escape the drug trade
Why might people break the law
Break laws they see as unjust are unlikely to be deterred by punishment
What is incapacitation
Punishment may be used to protect the public from further offending by incapacitating offenders. Incapacitation is the use of punishment to remove offenders physical capacity to offend again
In polices to incapacitate what is execution
Killing an offender prevents them from committing any further crime whatsoever
In policies to incapacitate who normally had their hands cut off
Thieves
Who normally get chemical castration in policies of incapacitate
Sex offenders
Where did people get transported to for banishment in policies to incapacitate
early 19th century, convicts were often transported to Australia
In policies to incapacitate what was one of the reason for foreign travel bans
They prevent football hooligans attending matches abroad
How could curfews and electronic tagging be good for policies to incapacitate
they prevent further offending by restricting offenders; movements
For public protection who automatically gets a life sentence
For a second sexual or violent offenses
For public protection when is a seven year minimum sentence given
For a third class drug trafficking offense
for the public protection when is a three year minimum given
For a third domestic burglary conviction
What did the criminal justice act 2003 introduce
The idea of ‘imprisonment for public protection’. Allows court to give an indeterminate sentence (no fixed realise date) to ‘dangerous’ offenders who convicted of certain serious violent or sexual offences
USA ‘three stikes and your out laws’ is what?
offenders long prison sentences (including life) for a third offence, even if minor, if either of the other 2 were serious
What is an example of the USA three strikes and your out law
1995 jerry williams was given 25 years to life without parole due to his third strike for stealing a slice of pizza (Appealed to 6)
How is biological theories important for incapacitation
Lombroso argued criminals are biologically different from the rest of population and not possible to change or rehabilitate them. Wanted habitual criminals exiled.
Other biological theories of criminality have favoured chemical or surgical castration to incapacitate sex offenders
What is right realisms approach to incapacitation
as away of protecting public from crime. Small number of persistent offenders are responsible for majority of crimes, so incapacitating them with long prison sentences would significantly reduce the crime rate
