Unit 4 booklet 2

Question 1

What’s is Freuds idea of why we conform to society

Answer 1

that the superego tells us what is right and wrong and then this inflicts guilt on us if we don’t do it urges. This is because the superego allows us to exercise self control and then allows us to behave acceptable ways when being social

Question 2

In freuds idea how is the superego developed

Answer 2

Developed early life through interactions that we have when socialising with family. This means it becomes this ‘nagging parent’ as it tries to balance the ID and being the animal part of the brain

Question 3

What has internalisation of social rules and morality have to do with socialisation

Answer 3

That we internalised these rules through the process of socialisation and whether from parents or wider social group. in the way societies rules and moral code become out own personal rules and moral code, therefore we conform willingly to social norms

Question 4

what is rational ideology

Answer 4

To describe the fact we internalise social rules and use them to tell us what is right and wrong. This enables use to keep within the law

Question 5

What are agencies of social control

Answer 5

Organisations or institutions that imposed rules on us in an effort to make us behave in a certain ways. This could have been parents may send a naughty kid to bed and teachers given detentions. Both of these sanctions impose social control

Question 6

What are the difference between positive and negative sanctions

Answer 6

Negative sanctions are punishment whilst positive sanctions are rewards. Hardworking students may earn praise from teachers. Both sanctions impose social control

Question 7

What does the sanctions echo skinners’ Operant learning theory

Answer 7

Similar to Skinners operant learning theory and behaviour reinforcement - punishment deter behaviour and rewards encourages acceptable behaviour

Question 8

In the CJS what does the police do

Answer 8

they have the power to stop and search, arrest, detain and question

Question 9

In the CJS what is CPS

Answer 9

When they can change a suspects and prosecute them in court

Question 10

Judge and magistrates are part of the CJS but what do they do

Answer 10

they have the power to bail the accused or remand them in custody and can be sentenced the guilt to variety of punishment

Question 11

What does the prison service have to do with the CJS

Answer 11

They can detain prisoners against their will for the duration of their sentence, and punish prisoners misbehaviour (putting people in solitary confinement)

Question 12

What can be mean by Coercion and what is an example

Answer 12

When the use of threat of force is used in order to make someone do (or stop) something. physical or psychological violence. sending someone to prison for stealing prevents further offending

Question 13

How can fear of punishment be a form of coercion

Answer 13

Force will be used against you if you dont obey the law

Question 14

What is the right realists belief in deterrence

Answer 14

Punishment must outweigh the benefit of the crime

Question 15

In control theory what are the four elements of society

Answer 15

Attachment, commitment, involvement and beliefs

Question 16

What is meant by attachment in control theory

Answer 16

That more attached you are to someone the more we care about their ops of us. The more you respects their norms and less likely to break them. Most seen in parents and teachers

Question 17

In control theory what is meant by commitment

Answer 17

How committed we are to conventional goals such as succeeding in education and getting good job? The more we committed to conventional lifestyle the more we risk losing by getting involved in crime, so the more likely we are to conform

Question 18

In control theory what does involvement mean

Answer 18

the more involved we are in conventional, law-abiding activities, like studying or participating in sports, the less time and energy we will have for getting involved in criminal ones. This part of the justification for youth clubs: they keep young people of the streets and busy with legal activities

Question 19

In control theory what is meant by beliefs

Answer 19

socialised to believe it is right to obey the law, we are less likely to break it

Question 19

what is an example of a theory that talks about parenting role of stoppin g young offenders

Answer 19

Gottfredson and Hirschi argued that low self-control is a major cause of delinquency, and that this results from poor socialisation and inconsistent or absent parental disciple

Question 19

In control theory what happens when an indivial bonds break

Answer 19

the individual becomes free to behave in a criminal or deviant activities

Question 19

What are the 3 things that parents should do to lower the chance of them becoming offenders

Answer 19

• involved themselves in their teenage lives and spend time with them
  *take an interest in what they do at school and how they spend time with their friends
  *show strong disapproval of crime behaviour and explain the consequence of offending

Question 20

How would a feminist use control theory

Answer 20

Due to the lower rate of offender Frances Heidensohn argument the patriarchal (male-dominated) society controls females more closely, leaving less opportunity to engage in criminality outside of home.

Question 21

What did Par Carlen find about females who offend

Answer 21

they failed to form an attachment to parents because they had suffered abuse in the family or been brought up in care

Question 22

How is retribution apart of the aims of punishment

Answer 22

expressing society outrage at a crime

Question 23

What does rehabilitation be apart of aims of punishment

Answer 23

Making offenders change their behaviour

Question 24

In the aims of punishment what does deterrence mean

Answer 24

Discouraging future offending

Question 25

What does reparation mean

Answer 25

Making good of the harm caused by crime

Question 26

What does ‘Just desert’ have to do with retribution

Answer 26

that they get their ‘just deserts’. Offenders deserve to be punished and society is morally entitled to takes its revenge. The offender should be made to suffer to having breached society’s moral code

Question 27

What is some examples of proportionality

Answer 27

Jain for armed robbery
Fine for speeding (this could depend on the speed)

Question 28

How can moral outrage have a impact on someone sentencing

Answer 28

Hate crimes can ‘uplift’ or higher sentences. Although the maximum penalty for a grievous bodily harm is five years in prison but can be increased to 7 if it proven to be racially motivated.

Question 29

What do right realists have to do with retribution

Answer 29

That criminality such as ration choice theory. like these theories, retribution assumes that offenders are rational actors who consciously choose to commit their crime and are fully responsible for their actions. This therefore suffer the outrage of society for what they have chosen to do

Question 30

What does functionalists have to do with retribution

Answer 30

Durkheim moral outrage that retribution express performs the function of boundary maintenance. Punishing an offender shows everyone else the difference between right and wrong

Question 31

Offenders deserve forgiveness, mercy or a chance to make amends, not just punishment
What does this have to do with retribution

Answer 31

It is a criticism

Question 32

How could a fixed traffic of penalties become a weakness of retribution

Answer 32

That punishment has to be inflicted even where no good is going to come of it. Remorse offender who will commit no further crimes

Question 33

How do we decide what is a proportionate penalty (or ‘just desert’) of each crime?

Answer 33

People disagree about which crimes are more serious than others