Unit 4, Body Composition and Diabetes Flashcards
Metabolic syndrome
characterized by the coexistence of visceral fat, impaired
fasting glucose or overt diabetes mellitus, reduced HDL cholesterol and increased blood pressure and triglycerides
Diagnosis for Metabolic Syndrome
central obesity, raised TG levels, reduced HDL cholesterol, raised blood pressure, and raised fasting plasma glucose
Central obesity (MetS)
≥ 94 for men
≥ 80 for women
Raised TG level
≥ 150mg/dL (1.7mmol/L) or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality
Reduced HDL cholesterol
< 40mg/dL in males (1.1mmol/L), < 50 mg/dL for women (1.3 mmol/L)
Raised blood pressure
SBP ≥ 130 or DBP ≥ 85; or treatment for previously diagnosed hypertension
Raised fasting plasma glucose
≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6mmol/L) or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes
Treatment for MetS
weight loss to achieve desirable weight (BMI less than 25 kg/m2), increased physical activity (at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity most days of week) and healthy eating habits including reduced intake of saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol
Overweight
total body weight above a recommended range for good health
Obese
severely overweight and over-fat: characterized by excessive accumulation of fat
Body mass index (BMI), elevated BMI & waist circumference
a rough assessment based on the concept that a person’s weight should be proportional to height
- BMI = body weight (kg)/height (m)2
- elevated BMI = increased risk of disease (especially if central obesity, large waist circumference)
- waist cirumference = above belly button, below rib cage
Body composition
the body’s relative amount of mass and fat-free mass (bone, water, muscles, connective tissues, organs and teeth)
Essential fat
crucial for normal functioning
- for men = 3-5% of total weight
- for women = 8-12% of total weight
Non-essential fat
adipose tissue (fat tissue or fatty tissue that is a connective tissue that is mainly composed of fat cells called adipocytes)
Caliper/skin fold measurements
thickness of skinfolds are measured and summed or put into different equation to calculate % body fat (3,5,7 sites etc.)
Underwater weighing
percentages of fat and fat-free weight are calculated from body density (old golden standard)
The Bod Pod
the amount of air displaced by a person in a small chamber is measured by computerized sensors
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
small electrical current sent through the body, and the resistance of the body to the current is recorded. the resulting numbers can be used to determine body composition
The Navy circumference method
(approximation) weight, age, height and tape measurements
The DEXA (Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorpitometry)
new golden standard: body scan (bone density scans)
Assessing body fat distribution (waist measurement & waist-to-hip ratio)
viscera - most dangerous place to have fat
diseases risk increases with total body waist measurement of more than
> 102 cm for men (40”)
> 88 cm for women (35”)
total waist-to-hip ratios above
>1 for young men
+ 0.85 for young women
Body composition and Diabetes
obese people are 4x more likely as non-obese people to develop diabetes: obesity accounts for 85% of risk of developing T2D
- excess body fat (particularly in the abdominal area) is a key risk factor for the most common type of diabetes (central or abdominal obesity)
Glucose allostasis
less insulin is produced by B cells in pancreas
Diabetes mellitus
disruption of normal glucose in metabolism