Unit 3, Chronic Disease Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors

A

something that increases your chances of developing disease
- uncontrollable (4)
- contributing factors (2)
- controllable (6)

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2
Q

Uncontrollable risk factors

A

cannot be changed
- family history (dna) - biological factors
- age - increased age means more risk, tissue starts wearing down
- sex - historical and normative patterns of men and women
- ethnicity - biomarkers

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3
Q

Contributing risk factors

A

pyschological and social factors
- stress, chronic hostility or anger, depression and anxiety, and social isolation -> link to chronic high levels of cortisol, low oxytocin

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4
Q

Controllable risk factors

A

can be changed
- tobacco use, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels (high TGs), physical inactivity, obesity and diabetes

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5
Q

Tobacco use: 2-4x

A

reduces levels of HDL, increases levels of LDL, raises blood pressure, promotes clotting and accelerates the rate of fatty deposits in arteries

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6
Q

High blood pressure (25-30% pop)

A

hypertension - too much force of pressure exerted against artery walls
- strains, weakens and enlarges the heart
- scars and hardens arteries
- increases risk of heart attacks, strokes, atheroscleroris and kidney failure
- no warnings sign (silent killer)

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7
Q

Risk factors for high BP

A

age, gender, overweight, family history, inactive, smoker, alcohol and stress

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8
Q

Classification of blood pressure for adults

A

normal stage - <120 mmHg, <80mmHg
“prehypertension” stage - 120-139 mmHg, 80-89 mmHg
stage 1 - 140-159, 90-99
stage 2 - >160, >100

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9
Q

Cholesterol levels

A

cholesterol: lipid, fatty, wax-like substance
- essential for proper body functioning
- obtained from food and liver which manufactures it
- carried in the blood to and from liver in lipoproteins form (LDL or HDL) or chylomicrons

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10
Q

Unhealthy cholesterol levels: LDL, HDL

A

low-density lipoprotiens (LDL) - blood fats that transport cholesterol (does not dissolve in blood) to organs and tissues
- LDLa and LDLb
A (large) B (smaller, dangerous)
high-density lipoprotiens (HDL) - blood fat that transport cholesterol out of the arteries back into the liver; thereby protecting against heart disease

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11
Q

Cholesterol and Activity

A

HDL increase with exercise
LDL with decrease with exercise
exercise enhances RCT (reverse cholesterol transport)

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12
Q

Risk factors for high cholesterol

A

age (men 45 years or older) women (55 years or older)
smoker, high blood pressure, HDl <40mg/dL

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13
Q

Cholesterol - indicator of heart disease

A

LOW RISK:
LDL/HDL: less than 3.3-4.4 or HDL/LDL: 0.22-0.3
total cholesterol/HDL - less than 4 preferably 2-3
TG/HDL - best indicator below 2

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14
Q

Improve cholesterol levels

A

choose unsaturated fats over trans fats
increase fibre intake: binds cholesterol to bile for secretion (eat more fruits, veggies and whole grains)
exercise regularly (FITT): lowers LDL, increase HDL
maintain a healthy body weight
quit smoking
lower omega 6’s and increase omega 3’s: want a low 6/3 ratio

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15
Q

Physical inactivity

A

decrease BP by 4-9mmHg
- improves the condition of blood vessels and makes the heart stronger
decrease triglycerides
increase HDL, shifting LDLb to LDLa -> dangerous cholesterol molecules to less dangerous

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16
Q

Weight, BMI/obesity

A

increases prevalence 21-85%
excess body fat contributes to:
- high blood pressure
- elevated cholesterol levels
- diabetes
- narrowing of coronary arteries and arythmias
- fat that collects in torso (“apple shape”, central obesity) is more dangerous than fat that collects around hips (“pear” shape) due to greater inflammation

17
Q

Sugar levels Diabetes 2

A

diabetes: disruption of glucose metabolism (sugar cannot get from blood to tissues)
- damages the lining of arteries - excess sugar damaging to arteries
- increases blood levels of glucose
- linked to other CVD risk factors
1.5-3 times the risk for CVD

18
Q

Tryglycerides

A

blood fats are used for energy, brought in by food, components are used for different things (have to put somewhere)

19
Q

Indicators - heart disease

A

waist-to-height ratio of 0.53 for women and 0.55 for men (men should be 55% of thier height and women should be 53%)
BMI
underweight - below 18.5
normal - 18.5-24.9
overweight - 25.0-29.9
obesity - 30.0 and above
waist to hip ratios
(study picture)
1 dangerous
0.85

20
Q

major forms of CVD

A

hypertension, atherosclerorsis, heart disease and attack, stroke and congestive heart failure

21
Q

hypertension - healthy diet

A

increase intake of fruits and veggies (5-9 per day) and fibre (30-38 grams in men) and 25 g for women
limit salt intake (adequate = 1500mg/day; limit = 2300 mg/day)

22
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

is the stiffening or hardening of the artery
is the narrowing of the artery because of the plaque build up

23
Q

Heart attacks and diseases

A

heart attack = damage to, or death of, heart muscle, sometimes resulting in failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to body; also known as myocardial infraction (MI)

24
Q

Stroke

A

stroke = an impeded blood supply to some parts of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells; a cerebrovascular accident

25
Q

ischemic stroke

A

caused by a blood clot (80-90% of strokes)

26
Q

hemorrahagic stroke

A

caused by a ruptured blood vessel (thought to be more dangerous, blood vessel spasms)

27
Q

congestive/chronic heart failure

A

conditions resulting from the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it
x-ray shows a enlarge left ventricle

28
Q

protecting yourself from cvd

A

eat heart-healthy
- decrease fat and cholesterol intake (especially limited saturated and trans fats)
- increased fibre intake
- alcohol intake - moderate, if at all
DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension)

29
Q

Metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another blood vessel

30
Q

exercise for cancer

A

moderate intensity aerobic exercise at 3 times per week, for at least 30 minutes
resistance exercise at least 2 minutes per week, doing at least 2 sets of 8-15 reps, using a weight or resistance that is at least 60% IRM (6-10 exercise)