Unit 3, Chronic Disease Prevention

Question 1

Risk factors

Answer 1

something that increases your chances of developing disease
- uncontrollable (4)
- contributing factors (2)
- controllable (6)

Question 2

Uncontrollable risk factors

Answer 2

cannot be changed
- family history (dna) - biological factors
- age - increased age means more risk, tissue starts wearing down
- sex - historical and normative patterns of men and women
- ethnicity - biomarkers

Question 3

Contributing risk factors

Answer 3

pyschological and social factors
- stress, chronic hostility or anger, depression and anxiety, and social isolation -> link to chronic high levels of cortisol, low oxytocin

Question 4

Controllable risk factors

Answer 4

can be changed
- tobacco use, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels (high TGs), physical inactivity, obesity and diabetes

Question 5

Tobacco use: 2-4x

Answer 5

reduces levels of HDL, increases levels of LDL, raises blood pressure, promotes clotting and accelerates the rate of fatty deposits in arteries

Question 6

High blood pressure (25-30% pop)

Answer 6

hypertension - too much force of pressure exerted against artery walls
- strains, weakens and enlarges the heart
- scars and hardens arteries
- increases risk of heart attacks, strokes, atheroscleroris and kidney failure
- no warnings sign (silent killer)

Question 7

Risk factors for high BP

Answer 7

age, gender, overweight, family history, inactive, smoker, alcohol and stress

Question 8

Classification of blood pressure for adults

Answer 8

normal stage - <120 mmHg, <80mmHg
“prehypertension” stage - 120-139 mmHg, 80-89 mmHg
stage 1 - 140-159, 90-99
stage 2 - >160, >100

Question 9

Cholesterol levels

Answer 9

cholesterol: lipid, fatty, wax-like substance
- essential for proper body functioning
- obtained from food and liver which manufactures it
- carried in the blood to and from liver in lipoproteins form (LDL or HDL) or chylomicrons

Question 10

Unhealthy cholesterol levels: LDL, HDL

Answer 10

low-density lipoprotiens (LDL) - blood fats that transport cholesterol (does not dissolve in blood) to organs and tissues
- LDLa and LDLb
A (large) B (smaller, dangerous)
high-density lipoprotiens (HDL) - blood fat that transport cholesterol out of the arteries back into the liver; thereby protecting against heart disease

Question 11

Cholesterol and Activity

Answer 11

HDL increase with exercise
LDL with decrease with exercise
exercise enhances RCT (reverse cholesterol transport)

Question 12

Risk factors for high cholesterol

Answer 12

age (men 45 years or older) women (55 years or older)
smoker, high blood pressure, HDl <40mg/dL

Question 13

Cholesterol - indicator of heart disease

Answer 13

LOW RISK:
LDL/HDL: less than 3.3-4.4 or HDL/LDL: 0.22-0.3
total cholesterol/HDL - less than 4 preferably 2-3
TG/HDL - best indicator below 2

Question 14

Improve cholesterol levels

Answer 14

choose unsaturated fats over trans fats
increase fibre intake: binds cholesterol to bile for secretion (eat more fruits, veggies and whole grains)
exercise regularly (FITT): lowers LDL, increase HDL
maintain a healthy body weight
quit smoking
lower omega 6’s and increase omega 3’s: want a low 6/3 ratio

Question 15

Physical inactivity

Answer 15

decrease BP by 4-9mmHg
- improves the condition of blood vessels and makes the heart stronger
decrease triglycerides
increase HDL, shifting LDLb to LDLa -> dangerous cholesterol molecules to less dangerous

Question 16

Weight, BMI/obesity

Answer 16

increases prevalence 21-85%
excess body fat contributes to:
- high blood pressure
- elevated cholesterol levels
- diabetes
- narrowing of coronary arteries and arythmias
- fat that collects in torso (“apple shape”, central obesity) is more dangerous than fat that collects around hips (“pear” shape) due to greater inflammation

Question 17

Sugar levels Diabetes 2

Answer 17

diabetes: disruption of glucose metabolism (sugar cannot get from blood to tissues)
- damages the lining of arteries - excess sugar damaging to arteries
- increases blood levels of glucose
- linked to other CVD risk factors
1.5-3 times the risk for CVD

Question 18

Tryglycerides

Answer 18

blood fats are used for energy, brought in by food, components are used for different things (have to put somewhere)

Question 19

Indicators - heart disease

Answer 19

waist-to-height ratio of 0.53 for women and 0.55 for men (men should be 55% of thier height and women should be 53%)
BMI
underweight - below 18.5
normal - 18.5-24.9
overweight - 25.0-29.9
obesity - 30.0 and above
waist to hip ratios
(study picture)
1 dangerous
0.85

Question 20

major forms of CVD

Answer 20

hypertension, atherosclerorsis, heart disease and attack, stroke and congestive heart failure

Question 21

hypertension - healthy diet

Answer 21

increase intake of fruits and veggies (5-9 per day) and fibre (30-38 grams in men) and 25 g for women
limit salt intake (adequate = 1500mg/day; limit = 2300 mg/day)

Question 22

Atherosclerosis

Answer 22

is the stiffening or hardening of the artery
is the narrowing of the artery because of the plaque build up

Question 23

Heart attacks and diseases

Answer 23

heart attack = damage to, or death of, heart muscle, sometimes resulting in failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to body; also known as myocardial infraction (MI)

Question 24

Stroke

Answer 24

stroke = an impeded blood supply to some parts of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells; a cerebrovascular accident

Question 25

ischemic stroke

Answer 25

caused by a blood clot (80-90% of strokes)

Question 26

hemorrahagic stroke

Answer 26

caused by a ruptured blood vessel (thought to be more dangerous, blood vessel spasms)

Question 27

congestive/chronic heart failure

Answer 27

conditions resulting from the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it
x-ray shows a enlarge left ventricle

Question 28

protecting yourself from cvd

Answer 28

eat heart-healthy
- decrease fat and cholesterol intake (especially limited saturated and trans fats)
- increased fibre intake
- alcohol intake - moderate, if at all
DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension)

Question 29

Metastasis

Answer 29

spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another blood vessel

Question 30

exercise for cancer

Answer 30

moderate intensity aerobic exercise at 3 times per week, for at least 30 minutes
resistance exercise at least 2 minutes per week, doing at least 2 sets of 8-15 reps, using a weight or resistance that is at least 60% IRM (6-10 exercise)