UNIT 4 AOS1 1B Flashcards
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
3 dimensions:
Social
Economic
Environmental
Social sustainability
Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained.
Increased social sustainability
- High employment.
- Sustainable birth rates.
- Equality.
- Investing in education.
- Development of healthcare.
- No poverty.
Economic sustainability
Average incomes across all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and future living costs.
Increased economic sustainability
- Managing debt.
- Increase opportunities for trade.
- Ensuring children stay in school.
- Increased income wages.
- Employment.
- Economic growth; GNI.
Environmental sustainability
The natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.
Increased environmental sustainability
- Biodiversity; all forms of different life.
- Use of natural resources.
- Climate change.
- Reduced emissions.
- Waste removal and pollution.
- Ecosystems; community of living + non-living.
Social sustainability PMSES
P - Eliminate Poverty = reduced risk of infectious disease.
M - Increased access to healthcare reduces stress.
S - Gender equality; females attend school forming relationships.
E - Safe/decent jobs = positive pride + satisfaction.
S Peace + Security, go about daily lives; a sense of purpose.
Economic sustainability PMSES
P - Decent income = afford nutritious foods.
M - $ = confidence/less stress to provide for family.
S - Children can stay in school and build relationships.
E - Education = increased self-esteem and worth.
S - Education; sense of purpose/meaning.
Environmental sustainability PMSES
P - Poor diversity = food insecurity reducing immune system functions = contributes to disease.
M - Food security; less stress.
S - Renewable sources preserve natural environments and are used for socialising.
E - Clean water; not having to travel; promotes satisfaction.
S - climate change minimised; no flooding, no moving; increasing connection with the community.
Interrelationship between SEE
- Poverty reduction is a part of social sustainability, but in order to be achieved, it is reliant on economic sustainability
- Equal access to safe water is an aspect of social sustainability but relies heavily on environmental sustainability to ensure clean water is available.
Human development
In an environment:
- Live creative lives according to needs and interests.
- Expand choices.
- Enhance capabilities.
- Access to knowledge.
- Participation in the community.
- Live long and healthy lives.
Human Development Index (HDI)
United Nations Development Programme:
Made a system to reflect on human development in countries. Doesn’t just use economic data. but also health and development outcomes.
based on three dimensions — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living — and four indicators — life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita.
How are countries classified using HDI
Number between 0 and .1
Very high human development –> 0.800 and above.
High human development –> 0.700-0.799
Medium human development –> 0.550-0.699
Low human development; less than 0.550
3 dimensions of HDI (+ Indicators)
A long and healthy life —> Life expectancy at birth.
Knowledge –> Mean years of schooling + expected years of schooling.
A decent standard of living –> GNI per capita.
Life expectancy at birth.
How long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change
Mean years of schooling
The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over.
Expected years of schooling
The number of years of education expected for a
child of school entrance age.
GNI per capita
Gross national income
The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country
Advantages of HDI
- Provides a more comprehensive measurement than income, education, and life expectancy alone.
- May allow for the governments of individual countries to identify areas for improvement.
- Allows for the tracking of a country’s progress over time.
Limitations of HDI
- It does not consider factors such as gender equality, human rights, political systems or levels of discrimination so it doesn’t fully reflect the concept of human development
- Data collection can be inconsistent between countries, so comparisons may not be accurate.
- Only measures the mean/averages therefore does not take into consideration the inequalities that exist within (or between) countries.
HDI usefulness in measuring human development
Low HDI; low mean years of schooling, low life expectancy and low GNI = poor human development.
But High HDI = high human development.
Global trends
Social, environmental and economic activity that will have an effect at some point in the future and will require action to be taken at a global level.
Globalisation
Boundaries between countries are reduced/eliminated allowing individuals, groups and communities to act on a global scale.
Climate change.
Released greenhouse gases result in rising sea levels, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events and patterns. All due to Global warming.
Rising sea levels impact.
Glaciers melting due to rising temperatures:
- Relocation.
- Land for crops is lost.
- Reduced water availability (fresh)
- Change in biodiversity.
- Increased infectious disease.
Rising sea levels / Climate Change PMSES
P - Reduced access to fresh water; dehydration.
M - Relocation; stressful to find a new place to live.
S - Exclusion; children unable to attend schools can’t form new relationships.
E - Negative emotions from having to leave home.
S - Disconnection from community.
Climate change; HS, BOD, HD
HS:
- Increased morbidity + mortality.
- Decreased life expectancy.
BOD:
- Increased YLL.
- Increased YLD; injury from floods.
HD:
- Capabilities are limited.
- Reduced access in knowledge; unable to attend school.
Extreme heat conditions ( changing weather patterns )
- More infectious disease.
- Increased BOD –> CVD + Asthma.
- Increased homelessness.
- Less food availability.
Changing weather and rainfall patterns
More drought + floods.
- Lack of safe water in floods.
- Scarcity of water leads to a lack of food production leading to malnutrition
Conflict
- Increased.
- Acts of terrorism, armed conflict and siege.
- Destroys national infrastructure and displays people from home.
- Deliberate destruction.
Consequences of conflict
- Physical environment is destroyed; access to food and water.
- Limited water and sanitation.
- Increased injury.
- Limited
Mass Migration
Movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another (forced).
Displaced people (refugees)
Those who are forced to leave their home because of war or persecution.
Internally displaced persons
People who are displaced within their own country.
Asylum seeker
A person seeking international protection and whose refugee status is yet to be confirmed.
Statelessness
A situation where someone doesn’t have citizenship in any country. They have no protection of social, human or political rights; and cannot access education or healthcare (no freedom of movement).
Global trends; mass migration + conflict PMSES
P - Increased Injury+Death due to fighting.
M - Constant state of anxiety.
S - Loss of community interaction.
E - Strong feelings of fear + sadness.
S - Loss of personal sense of hope.
Global trends; mass migration + conflict, HS, BOD, HD
HS:
- Increased morbidity + mortality.
- Lowered life expectancy.
BOD:
- Increased DALY, YLL, YLD.
HD:
- Capabilities are limited.
- Reduced access to knowledge; not attending school.
World trade
- Exchange of goods and services between countries.
- Production costs –> drive prices.
Strong economy = strong H+W.
Negatively affected economy = fluctuation in the stock market, international trade –> H+W impacted.
World trade PMSES
P - Increased employment = access to food, improving nutrition.
M - Reduced stress, by having jobs.
S - Children working; cannot attend school.
E - ???
S - Sense of loss and purpose in life due to having to work all the time (children).
World trade HS, BOD, HD
HS:
- Lower U5MR, due to affording education.
- Increased communicable diseases from working in bad conditions. (Mortality and Morbidity
BOD:
- Increased YLL+YLD.
HD:
- Increased capabilities from being able to work.
- Increased knowledge from attending school.
Tourism
- Strongest economic forces.
- Countries are connected.
- Travel –> spend money in local economy.
Promotes employment.
Sustainable growth
Resource efficiency + environmental protection.
Preserve culture; value diversity.
Promotes mutual understanding.
Tourism HS, BOD, HD
HS:
- Increased spread of infectious disease; Mortality + Morbidity.
BOD:
- Increased YLL + YLD from infectious disease.
HD:
- Increased knowledge from being able to afford schooling from jobs.
- Capabilities are increased.
Tourism PMSES
P - Promotes economic growth, access to more nutritious foods.
- Infectious disease increased spread.
M - Promote peace and non-violence, reducing anxiety and stress.
S - Women employed; reduce social inequalities.
E - Develops trust between countries.
S - Preserve culture; more confidence and empowerment in the community.
Digital Technologies enable increased knowledge-sharing
More connected; rural and remote.
- Promotes communication.
- Sharing health-related info.
- Send alerts; about natural disasters.
- Connects people to resources.
Digital Technology PMSES
P - Engage individuals with healthcare; more aware or their health.
M - Phones used to issue warnings for emergencies reducing stress.
S - Connected with families and the community. + Online bullying.
E - Lead to online bullying; sadness and fear.
S - More connected with the community via communication online.
Digital Technology HS, BOD, HD
HS:
- Increased life expectancy; tech used for healthcare
- Decreased Mortality + Morbidity.
BOD:
- Decreased YLL + YLD
HD:
- Increased capabilities + knowledge.
