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HHD 3/4 > UNIT 3 AOS1 Part 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 AOS1 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The BSE

A

Biological
Sociocultural
Environmental.

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2
Q

Biological Factors

A

Factors relating to the body that impact health and well-being:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Blood cholesterol.
- Glucose regulation.
- Birth weight.
- Genetics; Testosterone + Oestrogen.

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3
Q

Body weight

A

How much an individual weighs:
- High BMI (obesity + overweight) responsible oe variation of health outcomes.
- Increases chance of developing high blood pressure, cholesterol and impaired glucose regulation.
- Type II diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease.

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4
Q

Blood pressure

A

High blood pressure –> hypertension; blood does not flow through blood vessels as easy.
- Heart + kidneys need to work harder
- Blood flow can be restricted.
- Cardiovascular disease, heart attacks + strokes.
Risk factors: Smoking, High BMI, stress and poor diet.

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5
Q

Blood cholesterol

A

Cholesterol = Fat.
- Too much LDL(bad) cholesterol = cardiovascular disease.
Risk factors: smoking, genetic predisposition, lack of exercise.

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6
Q

Glucose regulation

A

Glucose; the preferred fuel for energy.
- Obtained through carbs.
- absorbed into the bloodstream.
Rise of glucose levels –> insulin released; allowing glucose to travel from bloodstream to cells for energy.

Resistance of insulin; prevents glucose from being absorbed into cells = impaired glucose regulation.
Risk factors: genetic predisposition, stress, pregnancy, smoking, high LDL, blood pressure.
- Higher rates of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease and premature death.

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7
Q

Birth weight

A

Low birth weight (>2.5kg) = undeveloped immune system; more susceptible to infections + premature death.
In adulthood; type II, cardiovascular, High blood pressure.
Causes:
- Premature death.
- Age of mother + nutrition.
- Smoking + drinking during pregnancy (and illness).

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8
Q

Genetics:

A

Blueprint determined at fertilisation.
Women - Breast cancer.
Men - Prostate cancer.

Oestrogen + Testosterone.

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9
Q

Genetics: Oestrogen

A
  • Regulates menstrual cycle.
  • Help maintain bone density.
  • In menopause it declines; loss of bone mass = osteoporosis
    (may have protective role in development of CVD, explaining lower rates prior to menopause).
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10
Q

Genetics: Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone; produces sperm.
- Increased risk-taking behaviours and aggression compared to females.
Contributes to a higher rate of injury and morality in males than females.

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11
Q

Sociocultural factors

A

Social and cultural conditions where people are born, grow, live and work in.
- Socioeconomic status.
- Unemployment.
- Social connection + exclusion.
- Social isolation.
- Cultural norms.
- Food security.
- Early life experiences.
- Access to healthcare.

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12
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

Income:
- Influences ability to access resources that assist in maintaining healthy wellbeing and preventing disease(access to healthcare).

Occupation:
- Manual jobs; increase risk of injury
- Low SES = occupational hazards.
- Desk jobs; low physical activity.

Education:
- Improve health literacy, to make decisions to make healthy decisions.
Low levels = smoking, poor nutrition(obesity), inactive.

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13
Q

Unemployment

A

“Unemployed have a higher chance of dying and suffering from more illness than those of similar age who are employed” AIHW 2006.
- Concerned about job security; elevated stress levels, income, and psychological factors.(sleep problems)
- ill health and unemployment are interrelated.

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14
Q

Social connection

A
  • Bonds between individuals and relations.
  • Ability to participate in society.
  • Connections; lower morbidity + increase life expectancy.
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15
Q

Social exclusion

A

Segregation was experienced; no participation.
- Disconnectedness; don’t get opportunities to make use of resources available in a society.
Caused by:
- Risk-taking.
- Disability.
- Homelessness.
- Low income.

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16
Q

Social Isolation

A

No regular contact with others:
- Disability, disease and lack of transport prevent socialisation.
- Regular social contact; promotes ALL dimensions.
- Having no one to turn to; depression + stress.

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17
Q

Cultural Norms

A

Ideas and customs are passed through generations of a particular society.
- Gender stereotypes.
- Dietary intake; change in traditional diet can lead to health status differences.
- Education –> health status.
- Alcohol consumption; increases injuries.

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18
Q

Food security

A

Healthy and obtainable food unavailable/unobtainable (food insecurity).
- Sociocultural, income + health literacy on nutrition have an effect.
- Unable to afford healthy foods; therefore buy processed foods, increasing obesity and cardiovascular.

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19
Q

Early life experiences

A

Shape individuals.
Pregnant behaviours:
- Smoking, drugs and alcohol.
- Nutrition.
- Viruses.
Can impact low birth weight and U5MR.

Optimal growth = positive dimensions of H&W.

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20
Q

Access to healthcare

A

Promotes and preserves health and well-being.

Not visiting healthcare = undiagnosed + untreated.
May not visit due to:
- Low socioeconomic status; low income.
- Proximity.
- Education.

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21
Q

Environmental factors

A

Physical surroundings we live, work and play.
- Housing.
- Urban design and infrastructure.
- Work environment
- Climate and climate change.

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22
Q

Housing

A

Concerns of home environment.
- Poor ventilation + hygiene; infectious diseases.
- Design and safety; not maintained can cause injury.
- Overcrowing; higher mental health issues; don;t have own personal space.
- Sleeping conditions.
- Pollutants; Tobacco smoke.
- Resources to eat nutritionally.
- Access to water and unhazardous facilities.

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23
Q

Work environment

A

Physical environment of workplace impacting health status.
- UV exposure.
- Dangerous conditions.
- Hazardous substances

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24
Q

Urban design and infrastructure
- Geographical location of resources.
- Infrastructure.

A

Features and structures of suburbs, towns, regions and cities.

Geographical:
- Access to goods and services.
- Close proximity to fast foods; obesity.
- Industrial sites; air + noise pollution.

Infrastructure:
- Good = promote health status and decrease morbidity + morality.
- Good roads = decrease road trauma.
- Public transport; access.
- Water.
- Electricity.
- Sanitation.
- Public spaces.

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25
Q

Climate + Climate Change.

A

Climate:
- Fires; infrastructure destroyed limiting the availability of goods and services.
- Access to water, food and healthcare can be affected; increasing mortality and morbidity.

Climate change:
- Changes to the environment; extreme temps, rising sea levels and natural disasters.
- Most vulnerable: remote, low-income and poor housing.
- Increased temp = bushfires.
- Floods; destroyed infrastructure limit access to resources. eg. water + healthcare.

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26
Q

Health status of population groups (BSE)

A
  • Males and females.
  • Indigenous and non-indigenous.
  • High and low socioeconomic status.
  • Remote vs city.
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27
Q

BSE Health status: Indigenous and non-Indigenous

A

Biological:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Glucose regulation.
- Birth weight.

Sociocultural:
- Socio-economic status.
- Unemployment.
- Social exclusion.
- Food insecurity.
- Early life experiences.
- Cultural factors.
- Homelessness.

Environmental:
- Housing.
- Water and sanitation.
- Access to healthcare.
- Infrastructure.

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28
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Body weight.
Indigenous.

A
  • A higher rate of BMI across all ages; 1.5x higher than non-indigenous.
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29
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood pressure
Indigenous.

A
  • Indigenous 1.2x more likely to experience hypertension.
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30
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Glucose regulation
Indigenous.

A
  • Indigenous experience higher rates of impaired glucose regulation, diabetes and kidney disease.
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31
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Birth weight
Indigenous.

A
  • Indigenous mothers are more likely to give birth to low-birth-weight babies.
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32
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Socioeconomic status
Indigenous.

A
  • Indigenous more likely to experience low SES.
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33
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Unemployment
Indigenous.

A
  • 4x as likely to be unemployed than any other Australian.
  • Unemployment increases smoking, alcohol, cardiovascular.
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34
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Social exclusion
Indigenous.

A
  • Discrimination and Racism.
  • Avoid seeking healthcare due to mistreatment.
  • Racism = high levels of psychological distress.
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35
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Food insecurity
Indigenous.

A
  • Indigenous 3.4x more likely to report food insecurity.
  • Higher rates of obesity.
  • European-influenced traditional diets that were full of proteins, are now filled with fat = increasing obesity.
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36
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Early life experiences
Indigenous.

A
  • Most indigenous smoke when pregnant; babies show the effects of maternal alcohol use.
  • Babies exposed to drugs in the uterus.
  • Low birth weight, FASD + U5MR.
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37
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Cultural factors
Indigenous.

A
  • Low indigenous access to Western medicine.
  • Due to it feeling culturally inappropriate + associate hospitals with death.
  • Conditions go unchecked; increasing mortality and morbidity.
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38
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Homelessness
Indigenous.

A

1/20 Indigenous experience homelessness.
- Increase psychological distress.
- Obesity.
- Type II and cardiovascular.
- Decreases morbidity.

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39
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Housing
Indigenous.

A
  • Absence of affordable housing –> homelessness.
  • Overcrowding –> unhygienic living conditions, injury and disease.
  • Exposure to tobacco smoke; respiratory diseases.
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40
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - water and sanitation
Indigenous.

A
  • 1/3 indigenous communties have drinking water supplies that failed testing.
  • Inadequate sewerage systems.
  • Lack of clean water –> risk of infectious diseases; increase morbidity + mortality.
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41
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Access to healthcare
Indigenous.

A
  • Lower access.
  • Live in remote areas; delivery + access more difficult.
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42
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Infrastructure
Indigenous.

A
  • Living outside of major cities are exposed to aspects of physical environment, increasing risk of injury and death.
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43
Q

BSE Health status: Males and females

A

Biological:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Glucose regulation.
- Genetics.

Sociocultural:
- Unemployment.
- SES.
- Cultural.

Environmental:

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44
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Body weight.
Male and female.

A
  • High BMI, more prevalent in males than females.
  • Proportion of overweight individuals higher in males; increased rates of hypertension, cardiovascular and type II.
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45
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood pressure
Male and female.

A
  • Males more likely to experience hypertension.
  • Higher rates of cardiovascular disease and kidney disease.
46
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Glucose regulation
Male and female.

A
  • Males are more likely to experience impaired glucose regulation; type II and kidney disease.
47
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Genetics
Male and female.

A
  • Males; more fat in abdomen = cardiovascular.
  • Decrease oestrogen associated with low bone density; osteoporosis.
  • Testosterone maintains bone density.
  • High levels of testosterone; risktaking and higher injury.
48
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Unemployment
Male and female.

A
  • Males feel a duty to provide; inability to = stress.
  • Males have higher morbidity and mortality
49
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - SES
Male and female.

A
  • Males have higher SES and usually earn more.
50
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Cultural factors
Male and female.

A
  • Stereotypes.
  • Males work, females care and look after children.
  • Males bottle up emotions.
  • Males; physical labour and contact sports.
  • Males are less likely to access healthcare.
51
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL -
Male and female.

A
  • Males are more likely to work in trades; which increases injury and death. Work outside + in transport.
  • Fatality rate 10x higher than women.
52
Q

BSE Health status: City and Remote

A

Biological, Sociocultural, Envrionmental.

53
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Body weight.
Remote

A
  • Higher rates of obesity; type II and cardiovascular.
54
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood cholesterol
Remote

A
  • High blood cholesterol.
55
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Glucose regulation
Remote

A
  • More likely to experience impaired glucose regulation; type II and kidney disease.
56
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Birth weight
Remote

A
  • Higher low birth rate in remote areas.
  • Higher maternal smoking rates.
  • Increase U5MR.
57
Q

Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood pressure
Remote

A
  • Higher hypertension, increasing cardiovascula.r
58
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - SES
Remote

A
  • Low SES.
  • Limited opportunities.
  • Risky behaviours.
  • Impacts access to adequate food supply and healthcare.
59
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Unemployment
Remote

A
  • Higher rates of unemployment.
60
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Access to healthcare
Remote

A
  • Difficult to access in remote.
  • Reduce access to GP –> higher mortality and morbidity.
  • Transport; increases costs.
61
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Food security
Remote

A
  • High costs and lack of access
  • Transporting foods; additional costs.
  • Consumption of cheap processed foods; obesity, type II and CVD.
62
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Early life experiences
Remote

A
  • 36% smoke during pregnancy.
  • Low birth weight, asthma, U5MR and infant mortality.
63
Q

Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Social isolation
Remote

A
  • Higher rates of community participation; provides feelings of belonging.
  • Isolated; geographical distances.
64
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Infrastructure
Remote

A
  • Poorer roads, long distances, poorly lit roads.
  • May not have access to main water supplies from towns and cities with fluoride.
65
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Geographic
Remote

A
  • Proximity to resources.
  • Geographical isolation –> social isolation.
  • Access to certain foods in remote areas, difficult to access fresh foods, therefore they rely on processed foods.
66
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Climate and climate change
Remote

A
  • Droughts, floods + fires disrupt farmers and unstable income.
  • Low SES and increase stress levels.
  • Natural disasters; increase injuries and MH disorders.
67
Q

Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Work environment
Remote

A
  • Common rural jobs; farming, mining, and fishing.
    –> high injury risk.
    –> more hazardous.
    Outdoors –> UV exposure.
68
Q

Modifiable factors

A
  • Smoking.
  • Alcohol.
  • High BMI.
  • Dietary risk.
69
Q

Smoking: Tobacco

A

Inhaled smoke is absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Affects all organs + physical fitness.
- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen; the heart works faster.

Cardiovascular:
- Coronary heart disease.
- Atherosclerosis; build-up of plaque in arteries.

Cancer:
- Mouth, Lungs and Stomach.
- Inflammation; reduces immune system response to infections and disease.

Reduces life expectancy.

70
Q

Smoking; population groups

A
  • Males have higher smoking rates.
  • Remote areas, more likely to smoke.
  • Low SES, more likely to smoke.
  • Aboriginals are more likely to smoke during pregnancy.
71
Q

Alcohol

A

Excessive alcohol consumption = harmful.
- Increases incidence and prevalence of injuries

Chronic diseases:
- Obesity.
- CVD.
- High blood pressure.
- Stroke.
- Cancers.
- MH conditions + self harm.
- Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
- Low birth weight.

72
Q

Alcohol; population groups.

A
  • Low SES, is less likely to exceed alcohol consumption compared to high SES.
  • Aboriginals are more likely to drink excessively.
  • Remote more likely to excessively drink.
73
Q

High BMI (Modifiable)

A

BMI = weight(kg)/height(m)
25-29.8 = overweight.
30+ = obese.

Increase prevalence of obesity.
Increase risk of chronic disease.
- Hypertension.
- Cholesterol.
- Osteoporosis.
- Type II.

74
Q

High BMI; population groups.

A
  • Males have higher BMI.
  • High BMI in rural aeeas.
  • Low SES have higher BMI.
  • High BMI for Aboriginals.
75
Q

Dietary risks

A
  • Underconsumption of vegetables.
  • Underconsumption of fruit.
  • Underconsumption of dairy foods.
  • Low Iron intake.
  • Low Fibre intake
  • High intake of Fat
  • High intake of Salt.
  • High intake of sugar.
76
Q

Underconsumption of vegetables
+ relate to population group

A
  • Reduces satiety; feeling of being fuller for longer.
    Increases:
  • Blood glucose regulation.
  • Colorectal cancer.
  • Cardiovascular.
  • Obesity.
  • Burden of disease.

Men have lower consumption than women.

77
Q

Vegetables provide:

A
  • Fibre.
  • Vitamins A, B, C and minerals.
  • Phytochemicals.
78
Q

Underconsumption of fruit
+ relate to population group

A

Reduces satiety.
Increases:
- Blood glucose regulation.
- Colorectal cancer.
- Cardiovascular disease.
- Overweight/Obesity.
- Burden of disease (BOD)

Low SES
Aboriginal
Rural/Remote.

79
Q

Fruit provides:

A
  • Fibre.
  • Complex carbohydrates.
  • Vitamins C + B.
  • Minerals; Folate.
80
Q

Underconsumption of dairy foods
+ relate to population group

A

Decrease bone density –> osteoporosis.
Increases:
- Tooth decay.
- Heart disease.
- Stroke.
- Hypertension.
- BOD.

Males increased intake compared to females.
Aboriginals low intake of dairy.

81
Q

Dairy provides:

A
  • Calcium.
  • Protein.
  • Phosphorus.
82
Q

Low intake of fibre
+ relate to population group

A

Increases constipation.
- Reduces satiety.
- Haemorrhoids.
- Colorectal cancer.
- Obesitty.
- CVD.
- Type II.
- Decrease life expectancy.

Low SES
Aboriginal
Rural and remote

83
Q

Fibre provides

A
  • Assists regulation of bowel movement.
  • Assists in removing bad cholesterol.
84
Q

Low intake of Iron
+ relate to population group

A

Increase risk of anaemia
–> Red blood cells need to work harder to get oxygen around the body.
- Fatigue.
- Low blood pressure.
- BOD.

More common in females due to menstruating and pregnancy.
Low SES groups have higher risk due to food affordability.

85
Q

Iron provides

A

Haemoglobin in red blood cells to and transportation of oxygen to every cell in the body.

86
Q

High intake of fat

A

Fats are the primary source of energy
- Risk factors for high BMI.
- Increase morbidity and mortality.
- CVD, type II.

87
Q

Good Fats

A
  • Monounsaturated.
  • Polyunsaturated.
88
Q

Monounsaturated Fats

A

Found in plant-based oils; olive and peanut.
High consumption; lowers LDL cholesterol without lowering HDL.

89
Q

Polyunsaturated Fats

A

Found in vegetable oils derived from plants.
Omega 3; regulates blood pressure and blood clotting and a healthy immune system.
Omega 6; is essential for growth, cell development and a strong immune system.

90
Q

Bad fats

A
  • Saturated
  • Trans.
91
Q

Saturated fats

A

Found in animal foods, and remains soild at room temp.
Overconsumption: raises LDL and cardiovascular disease.

92
Q

Trans fats

A

Manufactured fats.
High consumption: increases LDL cholesterol, and lowers HDL.

93
Q

Cholesterol

A

Required by the body for cell membranes and production of hormones.

94
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport fats
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL): bad cholesterol; deposits cholesterol on the artery walls.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL): good cholesterol; delivers cholesterol to the liver to be removed.

95
Q

Intake of fat: Obesity

A

High in fat + energy dense = obesity.
- Low in vitamins, minerals and fibre.
- Increase mortality and morbidity.

96
Q

Intake of fat: Type II.

A

Saturated fats increase cholesterol and increase body fat.
- Obese –> precursor of type II.
- Coronary heart disease.

97
Q

Intake of fat; CVD

A

Disease of heart and blood vessels.
- Increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

98
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardens and thickens arteries as a result of the build-up of plaque making it harder for blood to get through.

99
Q

Intake of fat; Colorectal cancer

A

Colon + rectum cancerr.
- Men at higher risk.

100
Q

Intake of fat in population groups

A
  • Men at higher risk of fat intake; abdominal fat.
  • Rural; increase high BMI.
  • Low SES; high BMI.
  • Indigenous; high BMI.
101
Q

High intake of salt

A

Sodium–> regulates blood pressure and volume.
- Too much = negative health outcomes.
Processed foods are a major source of sodium.

102
Q

High intake of salt; CVD

A
  • Increase blood volume –> hypertension.
  • High levels of sodium draw fluid out of cells.
  • Increase blood volume and hypertension.
  • Heart failure; insufficient supply of blood flow.
103
Q

High intake of salt; Osteoporosis

A

High sodium; calcium excreted in urine
–> decreases bone density, leading to osteoporosis.

104
Q

Demineralisation

A

Loss of calcium in bones.

105
Q

High intake of salt in population groups.

A
  • Rural increase hypertension.
  • Aboriginal increase hypertension.
  • More common in men.
  • Low SES.
106
Q

High intake of sugar

A

Sugar = carbohydrate
- Fuel for energy
- Excess stored as fat.

107
Q

2 types of carbs

A

Complex (starch) veggies and grains
Simple (sugar) fruit, honey + milk.

108
Q

High intake of sugar; Obesity

A

Intake of sugar –> gain weight over-time.
- CVD, type II.

109
Q

High intake of sugar; Dental caries

A

Source of energy for bacteria in the mouth.
- Bacteria produce acids leading to dental carries and decay.
- Poor oral health.
Decrease mental HW
- Reduced appearance.
- Poor self-esteem.

110
Q

High intake of sugar; Diabetes

A

Insulin production may be blocked by excess fat around cells or receptor sites that aren’t responding to insulin.
- Can produce more insulin + increase blood levels leading to damage to the pancreas.

111
Q

High intake of sugar; CVD

A

High sugar –> raises triglyceride.

112
Q

High intake of sugar in population groups

A
  • Males have a higher risk of impaired glucose regulation.
  • Low SES + Aboriginal –> impaired glucose regulation and poor dental health.

HHD 3/4 (7 decks)

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