UNIT 3 AOS1 Part 2 Flashcards
The BSE
Biological
Sociocultural
Environmental.
Biological Factors
Factors relating to the body that impact health and well-being:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Blood cholesterol.
- Glucose regulation.
- Birth weight.
- Genetics; Testosterone + Oestrogen.
Body weight
How much an individual weighs:
- High BMI (obesity + overweight) responsible oe variation of health outcomes.
- Increases chance of developing high blood pressure, cholesterol and impaired glucose regulation.
- Type II diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease.
Blood pressure
High blood pressure –> hypertension; blood does not flow through blood vessels as easy.
- Heart + kidneys need to work harder
- Blood flow can be restricted.
- Cardiovascular disease, heart attacks + strokes.
Risk factors: Smoking, High BMI, stress and poor diet.
Blood cholesterol
Cholesterol = Fat.
- Too much LDL(bad) cholesterol = cardiovascular disease.
Risk factors: smoking, genetic predisposition, lack of exercise.
Glucose regulation
Glucose; the preferred fuel for energy.
- Obtained through carbs.
- absorbed into the bloodstream.
Rise of glucose levels –> insulin released; allowing glucose to travel from bloodstream to cells for energy.
Resistance of insulin; prevents glucose from being absorbed into cells = impaired glucose regulation.
Risk factors: genetic predisposition, stress, pregnancy, smoking, high LDL, blood pressure.
- Higher rates of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease and premature death.
Birth weight
Low birth weight (>2.5kg) = undeveloped immune system; more susceptible to infections + premature death.
In adulthood; type II, cardiovascular, High blood pressure.
Causes:
- Premature death.
- Age of mother + nutrition.
- Smoking + drinking during pregnancy (and illness).
Genetics:
Blueprint determined at fertilisation.
Women - Breast cancer.
Men - Prostate cancer.
Oestrogen + Testosterone.
Genetics: Oestrogen
- Regulates menstrual cycle.
- Help maintain bone density.
- In menopause it declines; loss of bone mass = osteoporosis
(may have protective role in development of CVD, explaining lower rates prior to menopause).
Genetics: Testosterone
Male sex hormone; produces sperm.
- Increased risk-taking behaviours and aggression compared to females.
Contributes to a higher rate of injury and morality in males than females.
Sociocultural factors
Social and cultural conditions where people are born, grow, live and work in.
- Socioeconomic status.
- Unemployment.
- Social connection + exclusion.
- Social isolation.
- Cultural norms.
- Food security.
- Early life experiences.
- Access to healthcare.
Socioeconomic status
Income:
- Influences ability to access resources that assist in maintaining healthy wellbeing and preventing disease(access to healthcare).
Occupation:
- Manual jobs; increase risk of injury
- Low SES = occupational hazards.
- Desk jobs; low physical activity.
Education:
- Improve health literacy, to make decisions to make healthy decisions.
Low levels = smoking, poor nutrition(obesity), inactive.
Unemployment
“Unemployed have a higher chance of dying and suffering from more illness than those of similar age who are employed” AIHW 2006.
- Concerned about job security; elevated stress levels, income, and psychological factors.(sleep problems)
- ill health and unemployment are interrelated.
Social connection
- Bonds between individuals and relations.
- Ability to participate in society.
- Connections; lower morbidity + increase life expectancy.
Social exclusion
Segregation was experienced; no participation.
- Disconnectedness; don’t get opportunities to make use of resources available in a society.
Caused by:
- Risk-taking.
- Disability.
- Homelessness.
- Low income.
Social Isolation
No regular contact with others:
- Disability, disease and lack of transport prevent socialisation.
- Regular social contact; promotes ALL dimensions.
- Having no one to turn to; depression + stress.
Cultural Norms
Ideas and customs are passed through generations of a particular society.
- Gender stereotypes.
- Dietary intake; change in traditional diet can lead to health status differences.
- Education –> health status.
- Alcohol consumption; increases injuries.
Food security
Healthy and obtainable food unavailable/unobtainable (food insecurity).
- Sociocultural, income + health literacy on nutrition have an effect.
- Unable to afford healthy foods; therefore buy processed foods, increasing obesity and cardiovascular.
Early life experiences
Shape individuals.
Pregnant behaviours:
- Smoking, drugs and alcohol.
- Nutrition.
- Viruses.
Can impact low birth weight and U5MR.
Optimal growth = positive dimensions of H&W.
Access to healthcare
Promotes and preserves health and well-being.
Not visiting healthcare = undiagnosed + untreated.
May not visit due to:
- Low socioeconomic status; low income.
- Proximity.
- Education.
Environmental factors
Physical surroundings we live, work and play.
- Housing.
- Urban design and infrastructure.
- Work environment
- Climate and climate change.
Housing
Concerns of home environment.
- Poor ventilation + hygiene; infectious diseases.
- Design and safety; not maintained can cause injury.
- Overcrowing; higher mental health issues; don;t have own personal space.
- Sleeping conditions.
- Pollutants; Tobacco smoke.
- Resources to eat nutritionally.
- Access to water and unhazardous facilities.
Work environment
Physical environment of workplace impacting health status.
- UV exposure.
- Dangerous conditions.
- Hazardous substances
Urban design and infrastructure
- Geographical location of resources.
- Infrastructure.
Features and structures of suburbs, towns, regions and cities.
Geographical:
- Access to goods and services.
- Close proximity to fast foods; obesity.
- Industrial sites; air + noise pollution.
Infrastructure:
- Good = promote health status and decrease morbidity + morality.
- Good roads = decrease road trauma.
- Public transport; access.
- Water.
- Electricity.
- Sanitation.
- Public spaces.
Climate + Climate Change.
Climate:
- Fires; infrastructure destroyed limiting the availability of goods and services.
- Access to water, food and healthcare can be affected; increasing mortality and morbidity.
Climate change:
- Changes to the environment; extreme temps, rising sea levels and natural disasters.
- Most vulnerable: remote, low-income and poor housing.
- Increased temp = bushfires.
- Floods; destroyed infrastructure limit access to resources. eg. water + healthcare.
Health status of population groups (BSE)
- Males and females.
- Indigenous and non-indigenous.
- High and low socioeconomic status.
- Remote vs city.
BSE Health status: Indigenous and non-Indigenous
Biological:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Glucose regulation.
- Birth weight.
Sociocultural:
- Socio-economic status.
- Unemployment.
- Social exclusion.
- Food insecurity.
- Early life experiences.
- Cultural factors.
- Homelessness.
Environmental:
- Housing.
- Water and sanitation.
- Access to healthcare.
- Infrastructure.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Body weight.
Indigenous.
- A higher rate of BMI across all ages; 1.5x higher than non-indigenous.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood pressure
Indigenous.
- Indigenous 1.2x more likely to experience hypertension.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Glucose regulation
Indigenous.
- Indigenous experience higher rates of impaired glucose regulation, diabetes and kidney disease.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Birth weight
Indigenous.
- Indigenous mothers are more likely to give birth to low-birth-weight babies.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Socioeconomic status
Indigenous.
- Indigenous more likely to experience low SES.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Unemployment
Indigenous.
- 4x as likely to be unemployed than any other Australian.
- Unemployment increases smoking, alcohol, cardiovascular.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Social exclusion
Indigenous.
- Discrimination and Racism.
- Avoid seeking healthcare due to mistreatment.
- Racism = high levels of psychological distress.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Food insecurity
Indigenous.
- Indigenous 3.4x more likely to report food insecurity.
- Higher rates of obesity.
- European-influenced traditional diets that were full of proteins, are now filled with fat = increasing obesity.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Early life experiences
Indigenous.
- Most indigenous smoke when pregnant; babies show the effects of maternal alcohol use.
- Babies exposed to drugs in the uterus.
- Low birth weight, FASD + U5MR.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Cultural factors
Indigenous.
- Low indigenous access to Western medicine.
- Due to it feeling culturally inappropriate + associate hospitals with death.
- Conditions go unchecked; increasing mortality and morbidity.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Homelessness
Indigenous.
1/20 Indigenous experience homelessness.
- Increase psychological distress.
- Obesity.
- Type II and cardiovascular.
- Decreases morbidity.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Housing
Indigenous.
- Absence of affordable housing –> homelessness.
- Overcrowding –> unhygienic living conditions, injury and disease.
- Exposure to tobacco smoke; respiratory diseases.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - water and sanitation
Indigenous.
- 1/3 indigenous communties have drinking water supplies that failed testing.
- Inadequate sewerage systems.
- Lack of clean water –> risk of infectious diseases; increase morbidity + mortality.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Access to healthcare
Indigenous.
- Lower access.
- Live in remote areas; delivery + access more difficult.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Infrastructure
Indigenous.
- Living outside of major cities are exposed to aspects of physical environment, increasing risk of injury and death.
BSE Health status: Males and females
Biological:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Glucose regulation.
- Genetics.
Sociocultural:
- Unemployment.
- SES.
- Cultural.
Environmental:
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Body weight.
Male and female.
- High BMI, more prevalent in males than females.
- Proportion of overweight individuals higher in males; increased rates of hypertension, cardiovascular and type II.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood pressure
Male and female.
- Males more likely to experience hypertension.
- Higher rates of cardiovascular disease and kidney disease.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Glucose regulation
Male and female.
- Males are more likely to experience impaired glucose regulation; type II and kidney disease.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Genetics
Male and female.
- Males; more fat in abdomen = cardiovascular.
- Decrease oestrogen associated with low bone density; osteoporosis.
- Testosterone maintains bone density.
- High levels of testosterone; risktaking and higher injury.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Unemployment
Male and female.
- Males feel a duty to provide; inability to = stress.
- Males have higher morbidity and mortality
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - SES
Male and female.
- Males have higher SES and usually earn more.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Cultural factors
Male and female.
- Stereotypes.
- Males work, females care and look after children.
- Males bottle up emotions.
- Males; physical labour and contact sports.
- Males are less likely to access healthcare.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL -
Male and female.
- Males are more likely to work in trades; which increases injury and death. Work outside + in transport.
- Fatality rate 10x higher than women.
BSE Health status: City and Remote
Biological, Sociocultural, Envrionmental.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Body weight.
Remote
- Higher rates of obesity; type II and cardiovascular.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood cholesterol
Remote
- High blood cholesterol.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Glucose regulation
Remote
- More likely to experience impaired glucose regulation; type II and kidney disease.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Birth weight
Remote
- Higher low birth rate in remote areas.
- Higher maternal smoking rates.
- Increase U5MR.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood pressure
Remote
- Higher hypertension, increasing cardiovascula.r
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - SES
Remote
- Low SES.
- Limited opportunities.
- Risky behaviours.
- Impacts access to adequate food supply and healthcare.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Unemployment
Remote
- Higher rates of unemployment.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Access to healthcare
Remote
- Difficult to access in remote.
- Reduce access to GP –> higher mortality and morbidity.
- Transport; increases costs.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Food security
Remote
- High costs and lack of access
- Transporting foods; additional costs.
- Consumption of cheap processed foods; obesity, type II and CVD.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Early life experiences
Remote
- 36% smoke during pregnancy.
- Low birth weight, asthma, U5MR and infant mortality.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Social isolation
Remote
- Higher rates of community participation; provides feelings of belonging.
- Isolated; geographical distances.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Infrastructure
Remote
- Poorer roads, long distances, poorly lit roads.
- May not have access to main water supplies from towns and cities with fluoride.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Geographic
Remote
- Proximity to resources.
- Geographical isolation –> social isolation.
- Access to certain foods in remote areas, difficult to access fresh foods, therefore they rely on processed foods.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Climate and climate change
Remote
- Droughts, floods + fires disrupt farmers and unstable income.
- Low SES and increase stress levels.
- Natural disasters; increase injuries and MH disorders.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Work environment
Remote
- Common rural jobs; farming, mining, and fishing.
–> high injury risk.
–> more hazardous.
Outdoors –> UV exposure.
Modifiable factors
- Smoking.
- Alcohol.
- High BMI.
- Dietary risk.
Smoking: Tobacco
Inhaled smoke is absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Affects all organs + physical fitness.
- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen; the heart works faster.
Cardiovascular:
- Coronary heart disease.
- Atherosclerosis; build-up of plaque in arteries.
Cancer:
- Mouth, Lungs and Stomach.
- Inflammation; reduces immune system response to infections and disease.
Reduces life expectancy.
Smoking; population groups
- Males have higher smoking rates.
- Remote areas, more likely to smoke.
- Low SES, more likely to smoke.
- Aboriginals are more likely to smoke during pregnancy.
Alcohol
Excessive alcohol consumption = harmful.
- Increases incidence and prevalence of injuries
Chronic diseases:
- Obesity.
- CVD.
- High blood pressure.
- Stroke.
- Cancers.
- MH conditions + self harm.
- Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
- Low birth weight.
Alcohol; population groups.
- Low SES, is less likely to exceed alcohol consumption compared to high SES.
- Aboriginals are more likely to drink excessively.
- Remote more likely to excessively drink.
High BMI (Modifiable)
BMI = weight(kg)/height(m)
25-29.8 = overweight.
30+ = obese.
Increase prevalence of obesity.
Increase risk of chronic disease.
- Hypertension.
- Cholesterol.
- Osteoporosis.
- Type II.
High BMI; population groups.
- Males have higher BMI.
- High BMI in rural aeeas.
- Low SES have higher BMI.
- High BMI for Aboriginals.
Dietary risks
- Underconsumption of vegetables.
- Underconsumption of fruit.
- Underconsumption of dairy foods.
- Low Iron intake.
- Low Fibre intake
- High intake of Fat
- High intake of Salt.
- High intake of sugar.
Underconsumption of vegetables
+ relate to population group
- Reduces satiety; feeling of being fuller for longer.
Increases: - Blood glucose regulation.
- Colorectal cancer.
- Cardiovascular.
- Obesity.
- Burden of disease.
Men have lower consumption than women.
Vegetables provide:
- Fibre.
- Vitamins A, B, C and minerals.
- Phytochemicals.
Underconsumption of fruit
+ relate to population group
Reduces satiety.
Increases:
- Blood glucose regulation.
- Colorectal cancer.
- Cardiovascular disease.
- Overweight/Obesity.
- Burden of disease (BOD)
Low SES
Aboriginal
Rural/Remote.
Fruit provides:
- Fibre.
- Complex carbohydrates.
- Vitamins C + B.
- Minerals; Folate.
Underconsumption of dairy foods
+ relate to population group
Decrease bone density –> osteoporosis.
Increases:
- Tooth decay.
- Heart disease.
- Stroke.
- Hypertension.
- BOD.
Males increased intake compared to females.
Aboriginals low intake of dairy.
Dairy provides:
- Calcium.
- Protein.
- Phosphorus.
Low intake of fibre
+ relate to population group
Increases constipation.
- Reduces satiety.
- Haemorrhoids.
- Colorectal cancer.
- Obesitty.
- CVD.
- Type II.
- Decrease life expectancy.
Low SES
Aboriginal
Rural and remote
Fibre provides
- Assists regulation of bowel movement.
- Assists in removing bad cholesterol.
Low intake of Iron
+ relate to population group
Increase risk of anaemia
–> Red blood cells need to work harder to get oxygen around the body.
- Fatigue.
- Low blood pressure.
- BOD.
More common in females due to menstruating and pregnancy.
Low SES groups have higher risk due to food affordability.
Iron provides
Haemoglobin in red blood cells to and transportation of oxygen to every cell in the body.
High intake of fat
Fats are the primary source of energy
- Risk factors for high BMI.
- Increase morbidity and mortality.
- CVD, type II.
Good Fats
- Monounsaturated.
- Polyunsaturated.
Monounsaturated Fats
Found in plant-based oils; olive and peanut.
High consumption; lowers LDL cholesterol without lowering HDL.
Polyunsaturated Fats
Found in vegetable oils derived from plants.
Omega 3; regulates blood pressure and blood clotting and a healthy immune system.
Omega 6; is essential for growth, cell development and a strong immune system.
Bad fats
- Saturated
- Trans.
Saturated fats
Found in animal foods, and remains soild at room temp.
Overconsumption: raises LDL and cardiovascular disease.
Trans fats
Manufactured fats.
High consumption: increases LDL cholesterol, and lowers HDL.
Cholesterol
Required by the body for cell membranes and production of hormones.
Lipoproteins
Transport fats
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL): bad cholesterol; deposits cholesterol on the artery walls.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL): good cholesterol; delivers cholesterol to the liver to be removed.
Intake of fat: Obesity
High in fat + energy dense = obesity.
- Low in vitamins, minerals and fibre.
- Increase mortality and morbidity.
Intake of fat: Type II.
Saturated fats increase cholesterol and increase body fat.
- Obese –> precursor of type II.
- Coronary heart disease.
Intake of fat; CVD
Disease of heart and blood vessels.
- Increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
atherosclerosis
hardens and thickens arteries as a result of the build-up of plaque making it harder for blood to get through.
Intake of fat; Colorectal cancer
Colon + rectum cancerr.
- Men at higher risk.
Intake of fat in population groups
- Men at higher risk of fat intake; abdominal fat.
- Rural; increase high BMI.
- Low SES; high BMI.
- Indigenous; high BMI.
High intake of salt
Sodium–> regulates blood pressure and volume.
- Too much = negative health outcomes.
Processed foods are a major source of sodium.
High intake of salt; CVD
- Increase blood volume –> hypertension.
- High levels of sodium draw fluid out of cells.
- Increase blood volume and hypertension.
- Heart failure; insufficient supply of blood flow.
High intake of salt; Osteoporosis
High sodium; calcium excreted in urine
–> decreases bone density, leading to osteoporosis.
Demineralisation
Loss of calcium in bones.
High intake of salt in population groups.
- Rural increase hypertension.
- Aboriginal increase hypertension.
- More common in men.
- Low SES.
High intake of sugar
Sugar = carbohydrate
- Fuel for energy
- Excess stored as fat.
2 types of carbs
Complex (starch) veggies and grains
Simple (sugar) fruit, honey + milk.
High intake of sugar; Obesity
Intake of sugar –> gain weight over-time.
- CVD, type II.
High intake of sugar; Dental caries
Source of energy for bacteria in the mouth.
- Bacteria produce acids leading to dental carries and decay.
- Poor oral health.
Decrease mental HW
- Reduced appearance.
- Poor self-esteem.
High intake of sugar; Diabetes
Insulin production may be blocked by excess fat around cells or receptor sites that aren’t responding to insulin.
- Can produce more insulin + increase blood levels leading to damage to the pancreas.
High intake of sugar; CVD
High sugar –> raises triglyceride.
High intake of sugar in population groups
- Males have a higher risk of impaired glucose regulation.
- Low SES + Aboriginal –> impaired glucose regulation and poor dental health.
