UNIT 3 AOS1 Part 2 Flashcards
The BSE
Biological
Sociocultural
Environmental.
Biological Factors
Factors relating to the body that impact health and well-being:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Blood cholesterol.
- Glucose regulation.
- Birth weight.
- Genetics; Testosterone + Oestrogen.
Body weight
How much an individual weighs:
- High BMI (obesity + overweight) responsible oe variation of health outcomes.
- Increases chance of developing high blood pressure, cholesterol and impaired glucose regulation.
- Type II diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease.
Blood pressure
High blood pressure –> hypertension; blood does not flow through blood vessels as easy.
- Heart + kidneys need to work harder
- Blood flow can be restricted.
- Cardiovascular disease, heart attacks + strokes.
Risk factors: Smoking, High BMI, stress and poor diet.
Blood cholesterol
Cholesterol = Fat.
- Too much LDL(bad) cholesterol = cardiovascular disease.
Risk factors: smoking, genetic predisposition, lack of exercise.
Glucose regulation
Glucose; the preferred fuel for energy.
- Obtained through carbs.
- absorbed into the bloodstream.
Rise of glucose levels –> insulin released; allowing glucose to travel from bloodstream to cells for energy.
Resistance of insulin; prevents glucose from being absorbed into cells = impaired glucose regulation.
Risk factors: genetic predisposition, stress, pregnancy, smoking, high LDL, blood pressure.
- Higher rates of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease and premature death.
Birth weight
Low birth weight (>2.5kg) = undeveloped immune system; more susceptible to infections + premature death.
In adulthood; type II, cardiovascular, High blood pressure.
Causes:
- Premature death.
- Age of mother + nutrition.
- Smoking + drinking during pregnancy (and illness).
Genetics:
Blueprint determined at fertilisation.
Women - Breast cancer.
Men - Prostate cancer.
Oestrogen + Testosterone.
Genetics: Oestrogen
- Regulates menstrual cycle.
- Help maintain bone density.
- In menopause it declines; loss of bone mass = osteoporosis
(may have protective role in development of CVD, explaining lower rates prior to menopause).
Genetics: Testosterone
Male sex hormone; produces sperm.
- Increased risk-taking behaviours and aggression compared to females.
Contributes to a higher rate of injury and morality in males than females.
Sociocultural factors
Social and cultural conditions where people are born, grow, live and work in.
- Socioeconomic status.
- Unemployment.
- Social connection + exclusion.
- Social isolation.
- Cultural norms.
- Food security.
- Early life experiences.
- Access to healthcare.
Socioeconomic status
Income:
- Influences ability to access resources that assist in maintaining healthy wellbeing and preventing disease(access to healthcare).
Occupation:
- Manual jobs; increase risk of injury
- Low SES = occupational hazards.
- Desk jobs; low physical activity.
Education:
- Improve health literacy, to make decisions to make healthy decisions.
Low levels = smoking, poor nutrition(obesity), inactive.
Unemployment
“Unemployed have a higher chance of dying and suffering from more illness than those of similar age who are employed” AIHW 2006.
- Concerned about job security; elevated stress levels, income, and psychological factors.(sleep problems)
- ill health and unemployment are interrelated.
Social connection
- Bonds between individuals and relations.
- Ability to participate in society.
- Connections; lower morbidity + increase life expectancy.
Social exclusion
Segregation was experienced; no participation.
- Disconnectedness; don’t get opportunities to make use of resources available in a society.
Caused by:
- Risk-taking.
- Disability.
- Homelessness.
- Low income.
Social Isolation
No regular contact with others:
- Disability, disease and lack of transport prevent socialisation.
- Regular social contact; promotes ALL dimensions.
- Having no one to turn to; depression + stress.
Cultural Norms
Ideas and customs are passed through generations of a particular society.
- Gender stereotypes.
- Dietary intake; change in traditional diet can lead to health status differences.
- Education –> health status.
- Alcohol consumption; increases injuries.
Food security
Healthy and obtainable food unavailable/unobtainable (food insecurity).
- Sociocultural, income + health literacy on nutrition have an effect.
- Unable to afford healthy foods; therefore buy processed foods, increasing obesity and cardiovascular.
Early life experiences
Shape individuals.
Pregnant behaviours:
- Smoking, drugs and alcohol.
- Nutrition.
- Viruses.
Can impact low birth weight and U5MR.
Optimal growth = positive dimensions of H&W.
Access to healthcare
Promotes and preserves health and well-being.
Not visiting healthcare = undiagnosed + untreated.
May not visit due to:
- Low socioeconomic status; low income.
- Proximity.
- Education.
Environmental factors
Physical surroundings we live, work and play.
- Housing.
- Urban design and infrastructure.
- Work environment
- Climate and climate change.
Housing
Concerns of home environment.
- Poor ventilation + hygiene; infectious diseases.
- Design and safety; not maintained can cause injury.
- Overcrowing; higher mental health issues; don;t have own personal space.
- Sleeping conditions.
- Pollutants; Tobacco smoke.
- Resources to eat nutritionally.
- Access to water and unhazardous facilities.
Work environment
Physical environment of workplace impacting health status.
- UV exposure.
- Dangerous conditions.
- Hazardous substances
Urban design and infrastructure
- Geographical location of resources.
- Infrastructure.
Features and structures of suburbs, towns, regions and cities.
Geographical:
- Access to goods and services.
- Close proximity to fast foods; obesity.
- Industrial sites; air + noise pollution.
Infrastructure:
- Good = promote health status and decrease morbidity + morality.
- Good roads = decrease road trauma.
- Public transport; access.
- Water.
- Electricity.
- Sanitation.
- Public spaces.
Climate + Climate Change.
Climate:
- Fires; infrastructure destroyed limiting the availability of goods and services.
- Access to water, food and healthcare can be affected; increasing mortality and morbidity.
Climate change:
- Changes to the environment; extreme temps, rising sea levels and natural disasters.
- Most vulnerable: remote, low-income and poor housing.
- Increased temp = bushfires.
- Floods; destroyed infrastructure limit access to resources. eg. water + healthcare.
Health status of population groups (BSE)
- Males and females.
- Indigenous and non-indigenous.
- High and low socioeconomic status.
- Remote vs city.
BSE Health status: Indigenous and non-Indigenous
Biological:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Glucose regulation.
- Birth weight.
Sociocultural:
- Socio-economic status.
- Unemployment.
- Social exclusion.
- Food insecurity.
- Early life experiences.
- Cultural factors.
- Homelessness.
Environmental:
- Housing.
- Water and sanitation.
- Access to healthcare.
- Infrastructure.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Body weight.
Indigenous.
- A higher rate of BMI across all ages; 1.5x higher than non-indigenous.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Blood pressure
Indigenous.
- Indigenous 1.2x more likely to experience hypertension.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Glucose regulation
Indigenous.
- Indigenous experience higher rates of impaired glucose regulation, diabetes and kidney disease.
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Birth weight
Indigenous.
- Indigenous mothers are more likely to give birth to low-birth-weight babies.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Socioeconomic status
Indigenous.
- Indigenous more likely to experience low SES.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Unemployment
Indigenous.
- 4x as likely to be unemployed than any other Australian.
- Unemployment increases smoking, alcohol, cardiovascular.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Social exclusion
Indigenous.
- Discrimination and Racism.
- Avoid seeking healthcare due to mistreatment.
- Racism = high levels of psychological distress.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Food insecurity
Indigenous.
- Indigenous 3.4x more likely to report food insecurity.
- Higher rates of obesity.
- European-influenced traditional diets that were full of proteins, are now filled with fat = increasing obesity.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Early life experiences
Indigenous.
- Most indigenous smoke when pregnant; babies show the effects of maternal alcohol use.
- Babies exposed to drugs in the uterus.
- Low birth weight, FASD + U5MR.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Cultural factors
Indigenous.
- Low indigenous access to Western medicine.
- Due to it feeling culturally inappropriate + associate hospitals with death.
- Conditions go unchecked; increasing mortality and morbidity.
Variations in health status:
SOCIOCULTURAL - Homelessness
Indigenous.
1/20 Indigenous experience homelessness.
- Increase psychological distress.
- Obesity.
- Type II and cardiovascular.
- Decreases morbidity.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Housing
Indigenous.
- Absence of affordable housing –> homelessness.
- Overcrowding –> unhygienic living conditions, injury and disease.
- Exposure to tobacco smoke; respiratory diseases.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - water and sanitation
Indigenous.
- 1/3 indigenous communties have drinking water supplies that failed testing.
- Inadequate sewerage systems.
- Lack of clean water –> risk of infectious diseases; increase morbidity + mortality.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Access to healthcare
Indigenous.
- Lower access.
- Live in remote areas; delivery + access more difficult.
Variations in health status:
ENVIRONMENTAL - Infrastructure
Indigenous.
- Living outside of major cities are exposed to aspects of physical environment, increasing risk of injury and death.
BSE Health status: Males and females
Biological:
- Body weight.
- Blood pressure.
- Glucose regulation.
- Genetics.
Sociocultural:
- Unemployment.
- SES.
- Cultural.
Environmental:
Variations in health status:
BIOLOGICAL - Body weight.
Male and female.
- High BMI, more prevalent in males than females.
- Proportion of overweight individuals higher in males; increased rates of hypertension, cardiovascular and type II.