UNIT 4 AOS1 1A Flashcards
High Income:
$12536 and above.
- Australia.
- Canada.
- Japan.
- USA.
Upper-middle income:
$4046 - $12535.
- China.
- Turkey.
- Mexico.
- Cuba.
Lower-middle income:
$1036 - $4045.
- India.
- Indonesia.
- Pakistan.
- Bangladesh.
Low income:
$1035 or less.
- Chad.
- Nepal.
- Zimbabwe.
- Mali.
$$$ (economic) characteristics of High-Income
- Wide range of industries.
- Higher levels of debt.
- Low poverty.
- High-income earners.
Social characteristics of High-Income
- Higher Gender Equality.
- High Education and Employment.
- Strong Legal Systems.
- Access to Healthcare.
Environmental characteristics of High-Income
- Well-developed infrastructure.
- Safe water and sanitation.
- High food security.
- Adequate housing.
- More CO2 emissions.
$$$ characteristics of Middle-Income
- Higher levels of poverty.
- Increase opportunities for trade.
- Growing infrastructure.
Social characteristics of Middle-Income
- Greater levels of Gender equality.
- High birth rates.
- Limited access to technology.
- Greater education and employment.
Environmental characteristics of Middle-Income
- Process of building infrastructure.
- Safe water + sanitation.
- Lack of adequate housing in urban slums.
- CO2 emissions.
$$$ characteristics of Low-Income
- Limited range of industries.
- High levels of extreme poverty.
- Low levels of debt.
Social characteristics of Low-Income
- Low gender equality.
- Poor education system.
- No social security.
- Limited access to technology.
Environmental characteristics of Low-Income
- Limited access to safe water and sanitation,
- Food insecurity.
- Lack of adequate housing and ventilation.
HS + BOD In low income:
- Low life expectancy.
- Low HALE.
- Higher U5MR.
- High Mortality and Morbidity.
- High Infant Mortality.
HS+ BOD in middle income:
- Relatively low life expectancy and HALE.
- Higher U5MR
HS + BOD in high income:
- High life expectancy.
- High HALE.
- Low U5MR.
- Low Infant Mortality.
Similarities between high, middle and low countries. (HS + BOD)
- Life expectancy increasing among all groups.
- Infant Mortality and U5MR are decreasing for all groups.
- Non-communicable diseases account for the greatest proportion of deaths.
Differences between high, middle and low countries. (HS + BOD)
- Life expectancy fluctuates more in low-income countries.
- Mortality rates increase as income decreases.
- Middle/low experience double burden of disease.
Double Burden
Communicable and non communicable (life style diseases) co-exist in the same community.
Extreme poverty
People around the globe who earn US$I.90 a day, particularly in low-income countries.
Relative poverty
Individuals live on less than 50% of the national income rate.
Urban Slum
Settlement/neighbourhood comprised of housing that doesn’t provide essential conditions to live a healthy life.
GDP –> Gross Domestic Product
- Measure that reflects the economic state of a country.
- Values of the goods and services produced in a country over 12 months.
What is safe water?
Water that isn’t contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and chemicals (as a result of agriculture + industry).
Why is safe water an issue?
- Women + children spend hours collecting water.
- Poor and vulnerable are the most affected.
- Cannot grow crops or feed livestock.
- Increase in contaminated water being used.
Safe water Physical H+W
- Increase disease risk.
- Dehydration/Malnutrition.
- Lack of energy –> can’t participate in activities.
Safe water Mental H+W
- Increased stress and anxiety levels for women.
Safe water Social H+W
- Women collect water preventing participation in the community. –> isolation.
Safe water Emotional H+W
- Feel excluded + experience negative stress.
- Hopelessness + unfairness (excluded from education).
Safe water Spiritual H+W
- More confident in day-to-day life and focus on purpose in life.
No safe water impact on HS + BOD
- Increase infant mortality from communicable diseases.
- Increased risk of spread of disease. eg. Diarrhoea.
- Lower life expectancy.
- Increase U5MR.
- High DALY.
Access to Sanitation
Provision of facilities and services for safe disposal of human urine + faeces, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal.
Why is poor sanitation an issue?
- Spread of infectious disease.
- Reduces life expectancy.
- Over-urbanisation systems cannot cope.
- In schools with no toilets for girls, they won’t attend school.
(poor) Sanitation Physical H+W
- Increase waterborne disease. (diaorreha)
- Dehydration + Malnutrition.
(poor) Sanitation Mental H+W
- Increased stress/anxiety for women and girls.
(Unable to use toilets at school; sexual violence, and privacy).
(poor) Sanitation Social H+W
- Girls are excluded and don’t attend school.
- Public defecation may cause social anxiety for women.
(poor) Sanitation Emotional H+W
- Excluded and experiencing negative stress.
- Hopelessness + unfairness.
- Latrines (female bathroom) –> girls attend school.
(poor) Sanitation Spiritual H+W
- More confident in day-to-day life therefore focus on purpose in life.
poor Sanitation impact on HS + BOD
- High infancy mortality + morbity.
- Spead of disease increase.
- Lower life expectancy,
- Increase U5MR.
- Higher DALY.
What is poverty?
- Deprivation; a lack of income and resources such as food, clean water and healthcare.
–> Extreme and relative poverty.
Why is poverty an issue?
- The poorest people in the world have the poorest health outcomes, HS, BOD and H+W.
- Basic needs aren’t met.
Poverty National
- Lack of resoucres to build infastructure
- Level of GNI(gross national income).
Poverty in Families
- Lack of education opportunities; increased violence.
- Forced to make decisions that could potentially break up families.
- Don’t have access to basic requirements.
- Lack of access to food, safe water, education and healthcare.
Poverty in individuals.
- Abuse, violence, fear + higher rates of disease.
Poverty Physical H+W
- Increase disease risk.
- Malnutrition.
- Lack of energy.
Poverty Mental H+W
- Increase stress/anxiety.
- Feelings of inadequacy.
- Effects ability to think and reason.
Poverty Social H+W
- Isolation + exclusion.
- Social stigma + discrimination.
Poverty Emotional H+W
- Excluded.
- Hopelessness + fear (from violence).
- Increased anxiety
Poverty Sprititual H+W
- Not confident in day-to-day life losing purpose.
- Loss of spirit, hope and purpose.
Poverty impact on HS + BOD
- Increase double burden.
- Increase morbidity and infant mortality.
- Increase the spread of disease.
- Lowers life expectancy.
- Increases U5MR.
- Increase maternal mortality.
Inequality
State of not being equal (the same), especially in status, rights and opportunities.
Discrimination
A person/group of people are treated differently than other people often as a result of factors such as race, religion and sex.
Racial discrimination
A person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of race, colour, ethnic origin etc.
Inequality + discrimination may result in:
- Social exclusion; cannot participate in society
- People displaced from their homes.
- Lack of cultural understanding prevents access to healthcare.
Religious Discrimination
Distinctions made on a basis of expression of religious beliefs or membership in a religious group.
May experience feelings of:
- Depression.
- Anxeity.
- Stress.
- Fear for life.
- Tobacco smoking.
- Alcohol abuse.
- Decreased life satisfaction.
Sex(Gender) Discrimination.
Women + girls face exploitation and discrimination.
- Right to vote, education, income + legal rights.
- Forced into early marriage.
- Incredibly vulnerable + face high risk of sex trafficking and abuse.
Discrimination/Inequality Physical H+W
- Increase risk of disease, self-harm, suicide.
- Physical violence from others.
- Lack of sleep.
- Increase risk of illness.
Discrimination/Inequality Mental H+W
- Increased stress + distress levels; due to a restriction in rights.
- Feelings of inadequacy; effects ability to think + reason.
Discrimination/Inequality Social H+W
- Isolation and exlcusion = Bullying.
- Social stigma + discrimination.
- Unable to form relationships –> low levels of societal support.
Discrimination/Inequality Emotional H+W
- May feel excluded and experience negative stress.
- Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced.
- Increased anxiety and fear of ongoing negative reactions.
Discrimination/Inequality Spiritual H+W
- Loss of confidence in day-to-day life –> losing purpose.
- Loss of spirit and hope.
- Feelings of helplessness.
Discrimination/Inequality Impact on HS + BOD
- Increase BOD.
- Higher rates of mental health
- Increase infant mortality + U5MR.
- Lower life expectancy.
- Increased maternal mortality.
Global Marketing and Distribution
Improvements in technology have lead to a decrease in barriers to communication, trade and transport.
Global marketing: Advertising and selling of goods and services.
Globalisation
Process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act globally.
Reducing barriers to trade, communication and transport contribute to this process.
Marketing
Activities of a company associated with selling a product or service, including advertising, selling and delivering products to people.
Tobacco Global
- Higher rates of smoking in low-middle-income countries.
In High Income: - Increased laws and regulations prohibit smoking and lead to a reduction in smoking rates.
In Low Income: - No policies in place to regulate the tobacco industry.
Tobacco Impact on HS and BOD
- Increased BOD.
- Premature deaths from cancers.
- CVD.
- Increased mortality + morbidity.
- Infectious disease.
Alcohol global
Alcohol manufacturers have experienced a decrease in revenue in high income, so increased marketing in low income.
Marketing in Low income –> No restrictions.
Misuse –> dominates lives and decreases opportunities to lead healthy lives.
Alcohol impact on HS and BOD
- Prenatal development
- Traffic accidents.
- Liver cirrhosis.
- Low Life expectancy.
- High morbity.
- Increases BOD.
Processed foods global
Consumption and Availability of processed foods.
- Neglect Original Diets and opt for high-energy-dense food without the nutritional value of traditional cuisine.
Western –> High sugar, fat and salt.
Processed Foods’ Impact on HS and BOD
Increase lifestyle diseases; obesity, CVD, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cancer.
- Double burden (low income).
- Increased access and cheaper.
- Increased morbidity and mortality.
