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HHD 3/4 > UNIT 4 AOS1 1A > Flashcards

UNIT 4 AOS1 1A Flashcards

1
Q

High Income:

A

$12536 and above.
- Australia.
- Canada.
- Japan.
- USA.

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2
Q

Upper-middle income:

A

$4046 - $12535.
- China.
- Turkey.
- Mexico.
- Cuba.

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3
Q

Lower-middle income:

A

$1036 - $4045.
- India.
- Indonesia.
- Pakistan.
- Bangladesh.

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4
Q

Low income:

A

$1035 or less.
- Chad.
- Nepal.
- Zimbabwe.
- Mali.

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5
Q

$$$ (economic) characteristics of High-Income

A
  • Wide range of industries.
  • Higher levels of debt.
  • Low poverty.
  • High-income earners.
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6
Q

Social characteristics of High-Income

A
  • Higher Gender Equality.
  • High Education and Employment.
  • Strong Legal Systems.
  • Access to Healthcare.
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7
Q

Environmental characteristics of High-Income

A
  • Well-developed infrastructure.
  • Safe water and sanitation.
  • High food security.
  • Adequate housing.
  • More CO2 emissions.
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8
Q

$$$ characteristics of Middle-Income

A
  • Higher levels of poverty.
  • Increase opportunities for trade.
  • Growing infrastructure.
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9
Q

Social characteristics of Middle-Income

A
  • Greater levels of Gender equality.
  • High birth rates.
  • Limited access to technology.
  • Greater education and employment.
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10
Q

Environmental characteristics of Middle-Income

A
  • Process of building infrastructure.
  • Safe water + sanitation.
  • Lack of adequate housing in urban slums.
  • CO2 emissions.
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11
Q

$$$ characteristics of Low-Income

A
  • Limited range of industries.
  • High levels of extreme poverty.
  • Low levels of debt.
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12
Q

Social characteristics of Low-Income

A
  • Low gender equality.
  • Poor education system.
  • No social security.
  • Limited access to technology.
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13
Q

Environmental characteristics of Low-Income

A
  • Limited access to safe water and sanitation,
  • Food insecurity.
  • Lack of adequate housing and ventilation.
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14
Q

HS + BOD In low income:

A
  • Low life expectancy.
  • Low HALE.
  • Higher U5MR.
  • High Mortality and Morbidity.
  • High Infant Mortality.
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15
Q

HS+ BOD in middle income:

A
  • Relatively low life expectancy and HALE.
  • Higher U5MR
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16
Q

HS + BOD in high income:

A
  • High life expectancy.
  • High HALE.
  • Low U5MR.
  • Low Infant Mortality.
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17
Q

Similarities between high, middle and low countries. (HS + BOD)

A
  • Life expectancy increasing among all groups.
  • Infant Mortality and U5MR are decreasing for all groups.
  • Non-communicable diseases account for the greatest proportion of deaths.
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18
Q

Differences between high, middle and low countries. (HS + BOD)

A
  • Life expectancy fluctuates more in low-income countries.
  • Mortality rates increase as income decreases.
  • Middle/low experience double burden of disease.
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19
Q

Double Burden

A

Communicable and non communicable (life style diseases) co-exist in the same community.

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20
Q

Extreme poverty

A

People around the globe who earn US$I.90 a day, particularly in low-income countries.

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21
Q

Relative poverty

A

Individuals live on less than 50% of the national income rate.

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22
Q

Urban Slum

A

Settlement/neighbourhood comprised of housing that doesn’t provide essential conditions to live a healthy life.

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23
Q

GDP –> Gross Domestic Product

A
  • Measure that reflects the economic state of a country.
  • Values of the goods and services produced in a country over 12 months.
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24
Q

What is safe water?

A

Water that isn’t contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and chemicals (as a result of agriculture + industry).

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25
Q

Why is safe water an issue?

A
  • Women + children spend hours collecting water.
  • Poor and vulnerable are the most affected.
  • Cannot grow crops or feed livestock.
  • Increase in contaminated water being used.
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26
Q

Safe water Physical H+W

A
  • Increase disease risk.
  • Dehydration/Malnutrition.
  • Lack of energy –> can’t participate in activities.
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27
Q

Safe water Mental H+W

A
  • Increased stress and anxiety levels for women.
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28
Q

Safe water Social H+W

A
  • Women collect water preventing participation in the community. –> isolation.
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29
Q

Safe water Emotional H+W

A
  • Feel excluded + experience negative stress.
  • Hopelessness + unfairness (excluded from education).
30
Q

Safe water Spiritual H+W

A
  • More confident in day-to-day life and focus on purpose in life.
31
Q

No safe water impact on HS + BOD

A
  • Increase infant mortality from communicable diseases.
  • Increased risk of spread of disease. eg. Diarrhoea.
  • Lower life expectancy.
  • Increase U5MR.
  • High DALY.
32
Q

Access to Sanitation

A

Provision of facilities and services for safe disposal of human urine + faeces, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal.

33
Q

Why is poor sanitation an issue?

A
  • Spread of infectious disease.
  • Reduces life expectancy.
  • Over-urbanisation systems cannot cope.
  • In schools with no toilets for girls, they won’t attend school.
34
Q

(poor) Sanitation Physical H+W

A
  • Increase waterborne disease. (diaorreha)
  • Dehydration + Malnutrition.
35
Q

(poor) Sanitation Mental H+W

A
  • Increased stress/anxiety for women and girls.
    (Unable to use toilets at school; sexual violence, and privacy).
36
Q

(poor) Sanitation Social H+W

A
  • Girls are excluded and don’t attend school.
  • Public defecation may cause social anxiety for women.
37
Q

(poor) Sanitation Emotional H+W

A
  • Excluded and experiencing negative stress.
  • Hopelessness + unfairness.
  • Latrines (female bathroom) –> girls attend school.
38
Q

(poor) Sanitation Spiritual H+W

A
  • More confident in day-to-day life therefore focus on purpose in life.
39
Q

poor Sanitation impact on HS + BOD

A
  • High infancy mortality + morbity.
  • Spead of disease increase.
  • Lower life expectancy,
  • Increase U5MR.
  • Higher DALY.
40
Q

What is poverty?

A
  • Deprivation; a lack of income and resources such as food, clean water and healthcare.
    –> Extreme and relative poverty.
41
Q

Why is poverty an issue?

A
  • The poorest people in the world have the poorest health outcomes, HS, BOD and H+W.
  • Basic needs aren’t met.
42
Q

Poverty National

A
  • Lack of resoucres to build infastructure
  • Level of GNI(gross national income).
43
Q

Poverty in Families

A
  • Lack of education opportunities; increased violence.
  • Forced to make decisions that could potentially break up families.
  • Don’t have access to basic requirements.
  • Lack of access to food, safe water, education and healthcare.
44
Q

Poverty in individuals.

A
  • Abuse, violence, fear + higher rates of disease.
45
Q

Poverty Physical H+W

A
  • Increase disease risk.
  • Malnutrition.
  • Lack of energy.
46
Q

Poverty Mental H+W

A
  • Increase stress/anxiety.
  • Feelings of inadequacy.
  • Effects ability to think and reason.
47
Q

Poverty Social H+W

A
  • Isolation + exclusion.
  • Social stigma + discrimination.
48
Q

Poverty Emotional H+W

A
  • Excluded.
  • Hopelessness + fear (from violence).
  • Increased anxiety
49
Q

Poverty Sprititual H+W

A
  • Not confident in day-to-day life losing purpose.
  • Loss of spirit, hope and purpose.
50
Q

Poverty impact on HS + BOD

A
  • Increase double burden.
  • Increase morbidity and infant mortality.
  • Increase the spread of disease.
  • Lowers life expectancy.
  • Increases U5MR.
  • Increase maternal mortality.
51
Q

Inequality

A

State of not being equal (the same), especially in status, rights and opportunities.

52
Q

Discrimination

A

A person/group of people are treated differently than other people often as a result of factors such as race, religion and sex.

53
Q

Racial discrimination

A

A person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of race, colour, ethnic origin etc.

54
Q

Inequality + discrimination may result in:

A
  • Social exclusion; cannot participate in society
  • People displaced from their homes.
  • Lack of cultural understanding prevents access to healthcare.
55
Q

Religious Discrimination

A

Distinctions made on a basis of expression of religious beliefs or membership in a religious group.
May experience feelings of:
- Depression.
- Anxeity.
- Stress.
- Fear for life.
- Tobacco smoking.
- Alcohol abuse.
- Decreased life satisfaction.

56
Q

Sex(Gender) Discrimination.

A

Women + girls face exploitation and discrimination.
- Right to vote, education, income + legal rights.
- Forced into early marriage.
- Incredibly vulnerable + face high risk of sex trafficking and abuse.

57
Q

Discrimination/Inequality Physical H+W

A
  • Increase risk of disease, self-harm, suicide.
  • Physical violence from others.
  • Lack of sleep.
  • Increase risk of illness.
58
Q

Discrimination/Inequality Mental H+W

A
  • Increased stress + distress levels; due to a restriction in rights.
  • Feelings of inadequacy; effects ability to think + reason.
59
Q

Discrimination/Inequality Social H+W

A
  • Isolation and exlcusion = Bullying.
  • Social stigma + discrimination.
  • Unable to form relationships –> low levels of societal support.
60
Q

Discrimination/Inequality Emotional H+W

A
  • May feel excluded and experience negative stress.
  • Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced.
  • Increased anxiety and fear of ongoing negative reactions.
61
Q

Discrimination/Inequality Spiritual H+W

A
  • Loss of confidence in day-to-day life –> losing purpose.
  • Loss of spirit and hope.
  • Feelings of helplessness.
62
Q

Discrimination/Inequality Impact on HS + BOD

A
  • Increase BOD.
  • Higher rates of mental health
  • Increase infant mortality + U5MR.
  • Lower life expectancy.
  • Increased maternal mortality.
63
Q

Global Marketing and Distribution

A

Improvements in technology have lead to a decrease in barriers to communication, trade and transport.

Global marketing: Advertising and selling of goods and services.

64
Q

Globalisation

A

Process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act globally.
Reducing barriers to trade, communication and transport contribute to this process.

65
Q

Marketing

A

Activities of a company associated with selling a product or service, including advertising, selling and delivering products to people.

66
Q

Tobacco Global

A
  • Higher rates of smoking in low-middle-income countries.
    In High Income:
  • Increased laws and regulations prohibit smoking and lead to a reduction in smoking rates.
    In Low Income:
  • No policies in place to regulate the tobacco industry.
67
Q

Tobacco Impact on HS and BOD

A
  • Increased BOD.
  • Premature deaths from cancers.
  • CVD.
  • Increased mortality + morbidity.
  • Infectious disease.
68
Q

Alcohol global

A

Alcohol manufacturers have experienced a decrease in revenue in high income, so increased marketing in low income.
Marketing in Low income –> No restrictions.
Misuse –> dominates lives and decreases opportunities to lead healthy lives.

69
Q

Alcohol impact on HS and BOD

A
  • Prenatal development
  • Traffic accidents.
  • Liver cirrhosis.
  • Low Life expectancy.
  • High morbity.
  • Increases BOD.
70
Q

Processed foods global

A

Consumption and Availability of processed foods.
- Neglect Original Diets and opt for high-energy-dense food without the nutritional value of traditional cuisine.
Western –> High sugar, fat and salt.

71
Q

Processed Foods’ Impact on HS and BOD

A

Increase lifestyle diseases; obesity, CVD, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cancer.
- Double burden (low income).
- Increased access and cheaper.
- Increased morbidity and mortality.

HHD 3/4 (7 decks)

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