Unit 4 AOS 1

Question 1

What is NWC?

Answer 1

• Awareness of thoughts, feelings and behaviours

- Including internal and external events

Question 2

What is ASC?

Answer 2

• Any state characteristically different from NWC

- In terms of awareness, thoughts, feelings and behaviours

Question 3

What is consciousness?

Answer 3

• Awareness of our own thoughts, feelings and perceptions at any given time

Question 4

What is a psychological construct?

Answer 4

• Used to understand/explain things that we believe exist but cannot see, touch or measure

Question 5

What is the stream of consciousness?

Answer 5

• Continuous
• Ever changing
• Personal experience
• Selective
• Active

Question 6

Continuum of Awareness

Answer 6

• Total awareness
• Focused attention
• Ordinary wakefulness
• Day dreaming
• Meditation
• Hypnosis
• Sleep
• Anaesthetised
• Coma
• Total lack of awareness

Question 7

What is an EEG?

Answer 7

• Device that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain
• In the form of brain waves

Question 8

What is an EOG?

Answer 8

• Device that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity in the muscles that allow the eye to move

Question 9

What is an EMG?

Answer 9

• Device commonly used to measure the stages of sleep
• H/R
• Body temperature
• Galvanic skin response

Question 10

Behavioural/cognitive measures of consciousness

Answer 10

• Speed and accuracy on tasks such as thinking, problem solving
• Changes in state of consciousness

Question 11

Subjective reporting to measure consciousness

Answer 11

• Self reporting

- Video monitoring

Question 12

What is self reporting?

Answer 12

• Statements and answers to questions made by participants

- Concerning psychological experiences

Question 13

What is video monitoring?

Answer 13

• Can provide an insight into how we behave in different states of consciousness

Question 14

Advantages/disadvantages of subjective reporting

Answer 14

• Gives insight into actual thoughts

- Open to interpretation

Question 15

NWC vs ASC: Levels of awareness

Answer 15

NWC:
- Awake and aware of external events
ASC:
- Can either increase or decrease

Question 16

NWC vs ASC: Controlled/automatic processes

Answer 16

NWC:
- Can perform controlled/automatic processes within normal limits
ASC:
- Difficult to carry out controlled processes
- Automatic processes can be impaired

Question 17

NWC vs ASC: Content limitations

Answer 17

NWC:
- Limited compared to ASC
- Realistic info is within our conscious control
ASC:
- May increase/decrease content of thoughts
- Dreams may be broader

Question 18

NWC vs ASC: Perceptual and cognitive distortions

Answer 18

NWC:

• Perceptions are realistic and normal
• Effective control of memory/thought process

Question 19

NWC vs ASC: Emotional awareness

Answer 19

NWC:
- Greater awareness and control of emotions
ASC:
- Could be less emotional/more emotional
e.g. affectionate/aggressive

Question 20

NWC vs ASC: Self control

Answer 20

NWC:
- More control over actions/movements
ASC:
- Less control over actions/movements

Question 21

NWC vs ASC: Time orientation

Answer 21

NWC:
- Clear sense of time, past, present, future
ASC:
- Disturbed sense of tie; sped up, slowed down

Question 22

Characteristics of beta brainwaves

Answer 22

• High frequency
• Low amplitude
• Awake and alert

Question 23

Characteristics of alpha brainwaves

Answer 23

• Slightly lower frequency
• Higher amplitude
• Relaxed

Question 24

Characteristics of theta brainwaves

Answer 24

• Medium frequency
• High/low amplitude
• Early stage of sleep

Question 25

Characteristics of delta brainwaves

Answer 25

- Low frequency - High amplitude - Deep sleep

Question 26

Brainwaves as a result of stimulants

Answer 26

- Beta | - Gamma

Question 27

Brainwaves as a result of depressants

Answer 27

- Alpha

Question 28

Affective effects total sleep deprivation

Answer 28

- Mood changes - Irritability - Lack of motivation

Question 29

Behavioural effects of total sleep deprivation

Answer 29

- Slower reactions - Clumsiness - Risk taking

Question 30

Cognitive effects of total sleep deprivation

Answer 30

- Lack of concentration - Illogical thoughts - Poor decision making

Question 31

What is a circadian rhythm?

Answer 31

- Physical, mental and behavioural patterns that follow a 24 hour cycle - Largely related to light/dark cycles

Question 32

What is an ultradian rhythm?

Answer 32

- Recurrent cycle that is repeated in a 24 hour cycle | e. g. REM/NREM

Question 33

What is NREM stage 1?

Answer 33

- Lasts 5/10 mins | - Hypnogogic jerk may occur

Question 34

What is NREM stage 2?

Answer 34

- Truly asleep - Everything continues slow - Lasts 10/15 mins - Sleep spindles may occur

Question 35

What is NREM stage 3?

Answer 35

- Deeper sleep - Body function slowing - Lasts 20/25 mins - Start of slow/wake sleep - Difficult to wake

Question 36

What is NREM stage 4?

Answer 36

- Deepest sleep - Hard to wake - No eye movement - Lasts 20/25 mins - Sleep walking may occur/sleep talking

Question 37

What is REM sleep?

Answer 37

- Lighter sleep than stage 3/4 NREM | - Necessary for replenishment of brain

Question 38

Sleep by age: Babies

Answer 38

- 16 hours per day | - 50% REM/50% NREM

Question 39

Sleep by age: Teenagers

Answer 39

- Need 9/10 hours per day | - 20% REM/80% NREM

Question 40

Sleep by age: Adults

Answer 40

- Require approx. 8 hours sleep

Question 41

Sleep by age: Elderly

Answer 41

- Need only 5/7 hours - 15% REM - 85% NREM

Question 42

Purpose and function of Evolutionary Theory

Answer 42

- Sleep is an evolutionary response | - Adapts based on demands of how much food we need, our energy requirements and our safety when we sleep

Question 43

Purpose and function of Restoration Theory

Answer 43

- Sleep replenishes our bodies and allows us to recharge depleted energy resources

Question 44

Supporting theory of Restorative Theory

Answer 44

- Sleep activates growth and increase immunity

Question 45

Criticisms against Restorative Theory

Answer 45

- People who are bed-ridden still experience same proportions of NREM sleep - Brain is active when replenishing

Question 46

Supporting theory of Evolutionary theory

Answer 46

- Sleep conserves energy therefore hibernation is important when food is scarce

Question 47

Criticisms against Evolutionary theory

Answer 47

- While asleep animals are vulnerable to predators | - Doesn't explain why we must have so much sleep

Question 48

Characteristics of a sleep-wake cycle

Answer 48

- Our bodies are tuned into a 24 hour sleep-wake cycle which is a regular circadian rhythm - Determined by our hypothalamus (internal body clock)

Question 49

Circadian phase disorders

Answer 49

- Refers to a sleep disruption as a result of the internal circadian rhythm - Characterised by the inability to fall asleep or remain asleep - Caused by lifestyle, genetics, shift work - Can result in insomnia or social/occupational functioning

Question 50

Adolescence sleep wake cycle

Answer 50

- During adolescents sleep/wake pattern shifts toward evening - Melatonin production can be delayed for up to 2 hours - Melatonin release is controlled by circadian rhythms/can be affected by light

Question 51

What is a dysomnia?

Answer 51

- A problem getting to sleep or staying asleep, or excessive sleepiness

Question 52

What is a parasomnia?

Answer 52

- Sleep disorders that involve abnormal movement - Emotions - Perceptions - Behaviours - Dreams - While asleep - Between stages or falling or waking from sleep

Question 53

Causes of insomnia

Answer 53

- Emotional or social disturbances (death in the family, upcoming major event) - Medical problems - Excessive use of drugs and alcohol that disrupt sleep-wake cycle

Question 54

Cognitive behavioural therapy in treating insomnia

Answer 54

- Refers to replacing unwanted thoughts with more desirable ones - Includes use of meditation, relaxation and visual imagery

Question 55

Parasomnia: sleep-walking

Answer 55

- Involves walking while asleep or performing usual routine activities - Occur more in children or adults in high times of stress - Occurs in stage 3/4 NREM

Question 56

What is CBT-I?

Answer 56

- CBT for insomnia - Assumes behaviours and cogntions influence sleep patterns - Aims to change