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Science 9 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

somatic cell

A

regular body cell, has 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

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2
Q

gamete

A

sex cell, has 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

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3
Q

X molecule

A

-bigger molecule–> has more genes

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4
Q

Y molecule

A

-lighter/faster molecule–> have better chance of reaching the egg

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5
Q

karyotype

A

number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus

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6
Q

sex-linked trait

A

determined by a gene carried on one of the sex chromosomes

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7
Q

pedigree

A

demonstrate transmission of a particular trait through a family

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8
Q

carrier

A

someone that carries the trait, it is just masked because it’s the recessive allele, doesn’t show up in phenotype

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9
Q

inbreeding

A

when two people with some of the same DNA reproduce

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10
Q

single-allele trait

A

trait controlled by 1 allele

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11
Q

multi-allele trait

A

trait controlled by 3 or more alleles

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12
Q

polygenic trait

A

trait controlled by 2 or more genes

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13
Q

sex influenced trait

A

trait whose expression is affected by the presence of male or female hormones

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14
Q

antigen

A

something that doesn’t let one type of blood accept another type

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15
Q

lethal mutation

A

cause death, even before birth

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16
Q

germ cell mutation

A

occurs in a gamete, does not affect individual- but could affect offspring

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17
Q

somatic cell mutation

A

occurs in somatic cell, could affect individual- but not offspring

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18
Q

mutation

A

any change in the original DNA sequence

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19
Q

deletion (chromosome)

A

loss of a piece of chromosome, portion missing

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20
Q

inversion

A

piece breaks off and reattaches to same chromosome in reverse direction

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21
Q

translocation

A

chromosome piece breaks of and reattaches to a non-homologous chromosome

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22
Q

nondisjunction

A

when pair of chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

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23
Q

substitution

A

one amino acid in protein changes, protein being produced is incorrect

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24
Q

insertion

A

the addition of extra of DNA or RNA into a section of genetic material

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25
deletion (gene)
the loss of a section of genetic code from a nucleic acid or protein sequence
26
monosomy
missing one chromosome
27
trisomy
have an extra copy of chromosome
28
genetic screening
sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic mutations
29
genetic counseling
giving of advice to prospective parents concerning the chances of genetic disorders in a future child
30
amniocentesis
amniotic fluid extracted by thin needle inserted into uterus
31
chorion villi sampling
tissue sample between uterus and placenta is taken
32
gene therapy
transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders
33
cell differentiation
creates multicellular organism with specialized cells from the same set of DNA
34
homeotic genes
- master genes that control other genes that determine the overall body plan - made up of multiple homeoboxes
35
homeobox
180-nucleotide sequence that produces proteins that regulate development
36
cancer
disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and can invade other tissues
37
tumor
masses of cells that proliferate regardless of the normal environmental cues to stay in interphase and not divide
38
benign
tumor where cells remain in a mass
39
malignant
tumor where cells continue to grow and possibly leave tumor to invade other healthy tissues
40
metastasis
spread of malignant cells from original site
41
carcinomas
most prevalent type of cancer, attacks skin/tissues that line organs
42
sarcomas
attacks bone and muscle tissue
43
lymphomas
solid tumors in tissue that forms blood cells
44
DNA cloning
process of producing multiple copies of a fragment of DNA
45
restriction enzymes
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence; used in genetic engineering to clone DNA
46
sticky ends
overhangs of DNA that allow two pieces of DNA that have been cut by the same enzyme to recognize each other, form complementary base pairs
47
plasmid
small circular strand of DNA located outside chromosome that can reproduce independently; carries genes for nonessential functions; common in prokaryotes
48
recombinant DNA
genetically engineered strand of DNA that contains sequences that don't normally occur together
49
transformation
process in which new genetic material is introduced into bacterial cells, resulting in a change in the cell's activity or appearance
50
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technique for making multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA
51
gel electrophoresis
separates fragments within a DNA sample by size for comparison of different samples
52
stem cells
undifferentiated cells present in both the embryo and adult forms of humans
53
genetic engineering
process of introducing genetic material from one species into an organism from another species to change one or more characteristics of that organism
54
somatic cell nuclear transfer
process of cloning where nucleus of somatic cell is moved to enucleated sex cell and placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother
55
embryo
earliest stage of organism
56
proto-oncogene
code for proteins that help regulate cell division, control replication/cell death
57
oncogene
when mutation happens to proto-oncogene, genes that cause cancer
58
DNA fingerprint
identification obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs
59
apoptosis
process of self destruction that cell undergoes when it is attacked by a virus or damaged in some way
60
tumor-suppressor genes
code for proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell division
61
pluripotency
ability to develop into various specialized cell types
62
totipotency
ability to become any cell type | eg. embryonic stem cells
63
frameshift mutation
mutation that affects every amino acid following the mutation
64
in vivo
naturally during sex, fertilization inside organism
65
in vitro
outside of a living organism, done in a lab
66
morphogenesis
homeobox genes signal when body to start differentiating

Science 9 (7 decks)

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