Unit 4 Flashcards
somatic cell
regular body cell, has 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
gamete
sex cell, has 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
X molecule
-bigger molecule–> has more genes
Y molecule
-lighter/faster molecule–> have better chance of reaching the egg
karyotype
number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus
sex-linked trait
determined by a gene carried on one of the sex chromosomes
pedigree
demonstrate transmission of a particular trait through a family
carrier
someone that carries the trait, it is just masked because it’s the recessive allele, doesn’t show up in phenotype
inbreeding
when two people with some of the same DNA reproduce
single-allele trait
trait controlled by 1 allele
multi-allele trait
trait controlled by 3 or more alleles
polygenic trait
trait controlled by 2 or more genes
sex influenced trait
trait whose expression is affected by the presence of male or female hormones
antigen
something that doesn’t let one type of blood accept another type
lethal mutation
cause death, even before birth
germ cell mutation
occurs in a gamete, does not affect individual- but could affect offspring
somatic cell mutation
occurs in somatic cell, could affect individual- but not offspring
mutation
any change in the original DNA sequence
deletion (chromosome)
loss of a piece of chromosome, portion missing
inversion
piece breaks off and reattaches to same chromosome in reverse direction
translocation
chromosome piece breaks of and reattaches to a non-homologous chromosome
nondisjunction
when pair of chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
substitution
one amino acid in protein changes, protein being produced is incorrect
insertion
the addition of extra of DNA or RNA into a section of genetic material
deletion (gene)
the loss of a section of genetic code from a nucleic acid or protein sequence
monosomy
missing one chromosome