Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

somatic cell

A

regular body cell, has 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

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2
Q

gamete

A

sex cell, has 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

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3
Q

X molecule

A

-bigger molecule–> has more genes

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4
Q

Y molecule

A

-lighter/faster molecule–> have better chance of reaching the egg

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5
Q

karyotype

A

number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus

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6
Q

sex-linked trait

A

determined by a gene carried on one of the sex chromosomes

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7
Q

pedigree

A

demonstrate transmission of a particular trait through a family

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8
Q

carrier

A

someone that carries the trait, it is just masked because it’s the recessive allele, doesn’t show up in phenotype

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9
Q

inbreeding

A

when two people with some of the same DNA reproduce

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10
Q

single-allele trait

A

trait controlled by 1 allele

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11
Q

multi-allele trait

A

trait controlled by 3 or more alleles

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12
Q

polygenic trait

A

trait controlled by 2 or more genes

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13
Q

sex influenced trait

A

trait whose expression is affected by the presence of male or female hormones

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14
Q

antigen

A

something that doesn’t let one type of blood accept another type

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15
Q

lethal mutation

A

cause death, even before birth

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16
Q

germ cell mutation

A

occurs in a gamete, does not affect individual- but could affect offspring

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17
Q

somatic cell mutation

A

occurs in somatic cell, could affect individual- but not offspring

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18
Q

mutation

A

any change in the original DNA sequence

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19
Q

deletion (chromosome)

A

loss of a piece of chromosome, portion missing

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20
Q

inversion

A

piece breaks off and reattaches to same chromosome in reverse direction

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21
Q

translocation

A

chromosome piece breaks of and reattaches to a non-homologous chromosome

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22
Q

nondisjunction

A

when pair of chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

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23
Q

substitution

A

one amino acid in protein changes, protein being produced is incorrect

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24
Q

insertion

A

the addition of extra of DNA or RNA into a section of genetic material

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25
Q

deletion (gene)

A

the loss of a section of genetic code from a nucleic acid or protein sequence

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26
Q

monosomy

A

missing one chromosome

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27
Q

trisomy

A

have an extra copy of chromosome

28
Q

genetic screening

A

sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic mutations

29
Q

genetic counseling

A

giving of advice to prospective parents concerning the chances of genetic disorders in a future child

30
Q

amniocentesis

A

amniotic fluid extracted by thin needle inserted into uterus

31
Q

chorion villi sampling

A

tissue sample between uterus and placenta is taken

32
Q

gene therapy

A

transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders

33
Q

cell differentiation

A

creates multicellular organism with specialized cells from the same set of DNA

34
Q

homeotic genes

A
  • master genes that control other genes that determine the overall body plan
  • made up of multiple homeoboxes
35
Q

homeobox

A

180-nucleotide sequence that produces proteins that regulate development

36
Q

cancer

A

disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and can invade other tissues

37
Q

tumor

A

masses of cells that proliferate regardless of the normal environmental cues to stay in interphase and not divide

38
Q

benign

A

tumor where cells remain in a mass

39
Q

malignant

A

tumor where cells continue to grow and possibly leave tumor to invade other healthy tissues

40
Q

metastasis

A

spread of malignant cells from original site

41
Q

carcinomas

A

most prevalent type of cancer, attacks skin/tissues that line organs

42
Q

sarcomas

A

attacks bone and muscle tissue

43
Q

lymphomas

A

solid tumors in tissue that forms blood cells

44
Q

DNA cloning

A

process of producing multiple copies of a fragment of DNA

45
Q

restriction enzymes

A

enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence; used in genetic engineering to clone DNA

46
Q

sticky ends

A

overhangs of DNA that allow two pieces of DNA that have been cut by the same enzyme to recognize each other, form complementary base pairs

47
Q

plasmid

A

small circular strand of DNA located outside chromosome that can reproduce independently; carries genes for nonessential functions; common in prokaryotes

48
Q

recombinant DNA

A

genetically engineered strand of DNA that contains sequences that don’t normally occur together

49
Q

transformation

A

process in which new genetic material is introduced into bacterial cells, resulting in a change in the cell’s activity or appearance

50
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

technique for making multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA

51
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

separates fragments within a DNA sample by size for comparison of different samples

52
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells present in both the embryo and adult forms of humans

53
Q

genetic engineering

A

process of introducing genetic material from one species into an organism from another species to change one or more characteristics of that organism

54
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

process of cloning where nucleus of somatic cell is moved to enucleated sex cell and placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother

55
Q

embryo

A

earliest stage of organism

56
Q

proto-oncogene

A

code for proteins that help regulate cell division, control replication/cell death

57
Q

oncogene

A

when mutation happens to proto-oncogene, genes that cause cancer

58
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

identification obtained by examining a person’s unique sequence of DNA base pairs

59
Q

apoptosis

A

process of self destruction that cell undergoes when it is attacked by a virus or damaged in some way

60
Q

tumor-suppressor genes

A

code for proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell division

61
Q

pluripotency

A

ability to develop into various specialized cell types

62
Q

totipotency

A

ability to become any cell type

eg. embryonic stem cells

63
Q

frameshift mutation

A

mutation that affects every amino acid following the mutation

64
Q

in vivo

A

naturally during sex, fertilization inside organism

65
Q

in vitro

A

outside of a living organism, done in a lab

66
Q

morphogenesis

A

homeobox genes signal when body to start differentiating