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Science 9 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

antiparallel

A

two strands of DNA in a double helix run in opposite directions

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2
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzymes that assembles individual nucleotides into a new complementary strand of DNA using a template (gets correct nitrogenous base)

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3
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that separates hydrogen bond

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4
Q

lagging strand

A

strand of DNA template, requires a slight delay before it is replicated and it must be replicated discontinuously in small fragments

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5
Q

leading strand

A

strand of DNA template that is being replicated continuously

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6
Q

primer

A

short segment of RNA that is inserted in a strand of DNA to start the replication process and is later replaced with DNA

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7
Q

replisome

A

structure formed by proteins that carry out replication of a cell’s chromosomes

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8
Q

replication fork

A

point where two strands of DNA molecule separate so they can each be copied to form a new DNA molecule

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9
Q

replication

A

process in a cell to make an identical copy of DNA, prior to cell division

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10
Q

transcription

A

DNA of a gene is copied to a segment of RNA

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11
Q

translation

A

RNA moves to a ribosome, where it’s decoded

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12
Q

anaphase

A

DNA chromosomes become less condensed, centromeres divide (what hold sister chromatids together), spindle fibers pull sister chromatids towards opposite poles

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13
Q

centrioles

A

protein that holds DNA molecules together until it breaks down during anaphase

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14
Q

chromatin

A

loose form of DNA where codes can easily be copied for protein synthesis

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15
Q

chromosome

A

tightly coiled DNA, highly organized and condensed- suitable for cell division

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16
Q

cytokinesis

A

phase of cell cycle where cytoplasm is pinched in 2 to make 2 cells

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17
Q

metaphase

A

spindles pull chromosomes so they line up in center of the cell, centrioles migrate to opposite poles

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18
Q

prophase

A

phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane breaks down, chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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19
Q

spindle fibers

A

microtubules connected to sister chromatids that tug towards opposite poles of the cell

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20
Q

telophase

A

reverse of prophase: spindle fibers and centrioles break down, nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes; nucleoli reform, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, cell splits into 2 new daughter cells

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21
Q

G1 phase

A

cell grows and carries out normal metabolic activities, gap phase between cell division and synthesis

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22
Q

synthesis (S) phase

A

cell makes complete copies of all its chromosomes

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23
Q

G2 phase

A

cell becomes organized for cell division

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24
Q

somatic cells

A

body cell, not a gamete, always diploid, has 23 chromosomes

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25
Q

diploid

A

having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

26
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosome that has the same genes in the same location as another chromosome but may have different alleles

27
Q

allele

A

alternate version of gene, because of mutations in DNA

28
Q

gamete

A

haploid cell (sperm or egg) that carries one parent’s genes into the next generation

29
Q

haploid

A

having a single set of chromosomes

30
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell formed by the union of ovum and sperm

31
Q

dihybrid

A

organism that is heterozygous for two traits

32
Q

dominant

A

trait that is visible in the phenotype of both heterozygous and homozygous genotypes

33
Q

heredity

A

transmission of characteristics that are determined by a combination of alleles

34
Q

heterozygous

A

organism that has both a dominant and recessive trait, two different alleles

35
Q

homozygous

A

organism that has two recessive or two dominant traits, have to be two of the same

36
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup for a trait; described using two alleles

37
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics determined by a combination of alleles, external appearance

38
Q

Punnett square

A

tool used to predict how alleles will be inherited in the next generation

39
Q

recessive

A

trait that is present in an organism’s genotype but can be masked by the dominant allele for that trait

40
Q

test cross

A

experiment used to determine the genotype of one parent by crossing with a homozygous recessive organism and examining the offspring’s phenotypes

41
Q

P generation

A

parent generation in a genetic cross

42
Q

F1 generation

A

first generation of offspring in a genetic cross, first filial generation

43
Q

F2 generation

A

second generation of offspring in a genetic cross, second filial generation

44
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA that codes for a protein that produces a specific trait

45
Q

codon

A

set of three nitrogenous bases

46
Q

anti-codon

A

set of three bases that complement the codon

47
Q

centromere

A

what holds sister chromatids together

48
Q

meiosis I

A

first cell division of meiosis, in which a diploid parent cell produces two haploid daughter cells

49
Q

meiosis II

A

second cell division, in which the sister chromatids separate, that forms haploid gametes

50
Q

spermatogenesis

A

mechanism for forming sperm in testes —> through meiosis/differentiation

51
Q

oogenesis

A

process of forming ovum in ovary —> through meiosis/differentiation

52
Q

genetic recombination

A

shuffling of genes/gene combos in each parent before gamete production, and random fertilization of gametes from both parents

53
Q

translation

A

process of decoding the mRNA transcript into a chain of amino acids building a protein

54
Q

transcription

A

process of building mRNA transcript, complementary copy of a gene

55
Q

DNA

A

polymer of nucleotides arranged into a double helix

56
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus where two daughter cells are produced

57
Q

meiosis

A

variation of mitosis where daughter cells receive half the number of chromosomes in the parent cells

58
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, sugar is ribose, plays a role in protein synthesis

59
Q

template

A

strand of nucleic acid that serves as a guide for the synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA or RNA

60
Q

cell plate

A

forms during cytokinesis of plant cells but is absent in animal cell cytokinesis

61
Q

histone

A

the type of proteins around which DNA coils to effectively shorten its length

Science 9 (7 decks)

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