Unit 4 Flashcards
Cognitive psychology
The branch of psychology that focuses on mental process, such as thinking, problem solving, decision making, use of language
Thinking
The mental representation and manipulation of information.
Mental image
A mental image picture or representation of an object or event.
Concepts
Mental categories for classifying event, objects, and ideas due to their features/properties
Logical concepts
Concepts with clearly define rules of membership
Natural concepts
Poorly defined or fuzzy concepts. Everyday concepts
Negative instance
An object that does not fit particular concept (tuxedo cat- dog)
Positive instance
An object that fits a particular concept (dog-terrier)
Algorithm
Step-by-step set of rules that will always lead to correct solution to a problem
Heuristic
Rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgements or decisions
Divergent thinking
The ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and uses for familiar objects
Convergent thinking
Attempt to narrow down a range of alternatives to converge on the one correct answer to a problem
Semantics
Rules of meaning of words
Syntax
Rules of how words are ordered to form meaningful sentences
Noam chomsky
Language acquisition device
Language acquisition device
Chomskys concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows chikdren ro acquire language naturally
Benjamin Whorf
Linguistic relativity hypothesis/worfian hypothesis
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
The proposition that the language we use determines how we think/perceive the world
ALLEN Gardner
Trained chimp 160 signs
Intelligence
The capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment and pursing ones goals
Crazy galton
Eugenics
Mental age
A representation of a persons intelligence based on the age of people who are capable of performing at the same level of ability
Intelligence quotient
BINET. A measure of intelligence based on performance on tests of mental abilities, expressed as a ratio between one’s mental age and chronological age or derived from the deviation of ones scores from the norms for those of ones age group.(mental age/ chronological age)
Norms
The standards used to compare an individuals performance on a test with the performance of others
Standardization
The process of establishing norms for a test by administering the test to large numbers of peoplw who constitute a standardization sample
Reloability
The stability of test scores
Valididity
The degree to which a test measures what its purports to measure. Example (invalid): head size does not measure intelligence.
Predictive validity
Degree to which test scores accurately predict future behavior or performance (SAT)
Mental retardation
Generalized or impairment in intellectual and social skills (autism)
Mainstrwaming
Kids in special needs in regular classroom environment
Primary mental abilities
7 basic mental abilities that THURSTONE believed constitute intelligence.
7 mental abilities
Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, memory, inductive reasoning, perceptual speed, verbal fluency, and spatial relations.
Multiple intelligences
HOWARD GARDNER’S teem for the distinct types of intelligence that characterize different forms of intelligent behavior. 8( linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist)
Triarchic theory of intelligence
STEENBERGS theory of intelligence 3 aspects (analytical, creative, practical)
Encoding
Converting information into form usable memory
Storage
Retaining info in memory
Retrieval
Brining to mind info stored in memory
Memory
System that allows us to retain information and bring it to mind
Process of memory
Encoding-storage-retrieval
Retrieval cues
Cues to retrieve memory
Encoding specificity principle
Belief that memory is easier to recall with cues from how it was originally learned
How do we memorize better auditory or visual.
Auditory
Context dependent memory effect
Tendency for information to be better recalled in the same context in which it was originally learned.
Behavior modification
The systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and maladaptive behavior. SKINNER
Insight learning
Process of mentally working a problem until sudden realization.
Latent learning
Learning not displayed until reinforcement is provided. Type of learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement.
Cognitive map
A mental representation of an area that helpsc an organism navigate its way from one point to another
Behavioral learning
Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Modeling, is better when reinforced.
Implicit learning
Learning without knowing
Thordike
Puzzle box/ law of effect
Law of effect
THRONDIKES principle that responses that have satisfying effect are more likely to occur, and unpleasant effects are less likely.
Operant conditioning
Founded by SKINNER. the process of learning in which the manipulation of the consequences of a response influences the likelihood or probability of the response occurring.
Skinner box
An experimental apparatus for studying reinforcement and behavior
Superstitious behavior
Coincidental reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement
Strengthening a response through the introduction of a stimulus following the response
Negative reinforcement
The strengthening of a response though the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs
Primary reinforcers
Reinforcers such as food or sexual stimulation that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives
Secondary reinforcer
Learned reinforcers like money that develop the reinforcing properties because their association with primary reinforcers
Shaping
The process of learning that involves the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response.
Method of successive approximation of the desired respomse
Method used to shape behavior that involves reinforcing ever closer approximations of desired response
Schedule of continuous reinforcement
Predetermined plans for timing the delivery or reinforcement
Schedule of partial reinforcement
A system of dispensing a reinforcement for only a portion of responses
State dependent memory effect
Tendency for info to be better recalled in the same psychological or physiological state
3 stage model
sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory.
Iconic memory
Sensory store for holding a mental representation of a visual image for a fraction of a second. George sperling
Sensory memory
The storage system that holds memory of sensory impressions for a very short time
Short term mem
30 sec
Working memory
Mem syst that allows u to hold and manipulate info in for mind for brief periods of time
Maintenance rehearsal
Process of extending info held in short term memory by consciously repeating information
Ltm
Mem sub syst responsible for long term storage info days weeks, forever
Consolidation
Process of converting stm to ltm
Levels of processing
The belief that how well or how long info is re,e,bered depends on the depth od encoding or processing
Semantic network model
A representation of the organizational structuee of long term memory in teems odpf network associated concept
Implicit mem
Without effort
Explicit mem
With effor
Elizabeth loftus
Car accident video thingy
Misinformation effect
A form of mem distortion that affect eyewitness testimony and that is cause by misinformation provided during retention
Decay thoery
Theory or forgetting that posits that memories consist od traces laid down in the brain that gradually deteriorate and fade away over time
Savings method
A method of testinf mem retention by comparinf the numbers of trials needed to learn material with the number if trails needed to relearn the mat,
EBBINGHAUS
Savings method
Repression
FREUD a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety invoking material.
