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Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The branch of psychology that focuses on mental process, such as thinking, problem solving, decision making, use of language

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1
Q

Thinking

A

The mental representation and manipulation of information.

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2
Q

Mental image

A

A mental image picture or representation of an object or event.

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3
Q

Concepts

A

Mental categories for classifying event, objects, and ideas due to their features/properties

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4
Q

Logical concepts

A

Concepts with clearly define rules of membership

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5
Q

Natural concepts

A

Poorly defined or fuzzy concepts. Everyday concepts

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6
Q

Negative instance

A

An object that does not fit particular concept (tuxedo cat- dog)

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7
Q

Positive instance

A

An object that fits a particular concept (dog-terrier)

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8
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step set of rules that will always lead to correct solution to a problem

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9
Q

Heuristic

A

Rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgements or decisions

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10
Q

Divergent thinking

A

The ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and uses for familiar objects

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11
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Attempt to narrow down a range of alternatives to converge on the one correct answer to a problem

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12
Q

Semantics

A

Rules of meaning of words

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13
Q

Syntax

A

Rules of how words are ordered to form meaningful sentences

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14
Q

Noam chomsky

A

Language acquisition device

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15
Q

Language acquisition device

A

Chomskys concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows chikdren ro acquire language naturally

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16
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A

Linguistic relativity hypothesis/worfian hypothesis

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17
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

The proposition that the language we use determines how we think/perceive the world

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18
Q

ALLEN Gardner

A

Trained chimp 160 signs

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19
Q

Intelligence

A

The capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment and pursing ones goals

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20
Q

Crazy galton

A

Eugenics

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21
Q

Mental age

A

A representation of a persons intelligence based on the age of people who are capable of performing at the same level of ability

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22
Q

Intelligence quotient

A

BINET. A measure of intelligence based on performance on tests of mental abilities, expressed as a ratio between one’s mental age and chronological age or derived from the deviation of ones scores from the norms for those of ones age group.(mental age/ chronological age)

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23
Q

Norms

A

The standards used to compare an individuals performance on a test with the performance of others

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24
Q

Standardization

A

The process of establishing norms for a test by administering the test to large numbers of peoplw who constitute a standardization sample

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25
Q

Reloability

A

The stability of test scores

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26
Q

Valididity

A

The degree to which a test measures what its purports to measure. Example (invalid): head size does not measure intelligence.

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27
Q

Predictive validity

A

Degree to which test scores accurately predict future behavior or performance (SAT)

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28
Q

Mental retardation

A

Generalized or impairment in intellectual and social skills (autism)

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29
Q

Mainstrwaming

A

Kids in special needs in regular classroom environment

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30
Q

Primary mental abilities

A

7 basic mental abilities that THURSTONE believed constitute intelligence.

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31
Q

7 mental abilities

A

Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, memory, inductive reasoning, perceptual speed, verbal fluency, and spatial relations.

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32
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

HOWARD GARDNER’S teem for the distinct types of intelligence that characterize different forms of intelligent behavior. 8( linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist)

33
Q

Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

STEENBERGS theory of intelligence 3 aspects (analytical, creative, practical)

34
Q

Encoding

A

Converting information into form usable memory

35
Q

Storage

A

Retaining info in memory

36
Q

Retrieval

A

Brining to mind info stored in memory

37
Q

Memory

A

System that allows us to retain information and bring it to mind

38
Q

Process of memory

A

Encoding-storage-retrieval

39
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Cues to retrieve memory

40
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

Belief that memory is easier to recall with cues from how it was originally learned

41
Q

How do we memorize better auditory or visual.

A

Auditory

42
Q

Context dependent memory effect

A

Tendency for information to be better recalled in the same context in which it was originally learned.

43
Q

Behavior modification

A

The systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and maladaptive behavior. SKINNER

44
Q

Insight learning

A

Process of mentally working a problem until sudden realization.

45
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning not displayed until reinforcement is provided. Type of learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement.

46
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of an area that helpsc an organism navigate its way from one point to another

47
Q

Behavioral learning

A

Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Modeling, is better when reinforced.

48
Q

Implicit learning

A

Learning without knowing

49
Q

Thordike

A

Puzzle box/ law of effect

50
Q

Law of effect

A

THRONDIKES principle that responses that have satisfying effect are more likely to occur, and unpleasant effects are less likely.

51
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Founded by SKINNER. the process of learning in which the manipulation of the consequences of a response influences the likelihood or probability of the response occurring.

52
Q

Skinner box

A

An experimental apparatus for studying reinforcement and behavior

53
Q

Superstitious behavior

A

Coincidental reinforcement.

54
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Strengthening a response through the introduction of a stimulus following the response

55
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The strengthening of a response though the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs

56
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Reinforcers such as food or sexual stimulation that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives

57
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Learned reinforcers like money that develop the reinforcing properties because their association with primary reinforcers

58
Q

Shaping

A

The process of learning that involves the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response.

59
Q

Method of successive approximation of the desired respomse

A

Method used to shape behavior that involves reinforcing ever closer approximations of desired response

60
Q

Schedule of continuous reinforcement

A

Predetermined plans for timing the delivery or reinforcement

61
Q

Schedule of partial reinforcement

A

A system of dispensing a reinforcement for only a portion of responses

62
Q

State dependent memory effect

A

Tendency for info to be better recalled in the same psychological or physiological state

63
Q

3 stage model

A

sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory.

64
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sensory store for holding a mental representation of a visual image for a fraction of a second. George sperling

65
Q

Sensory memory

A

The storage system that holds memory of sensory impressions for a very short time

66
Q

Short term mem

A

30 sec

67
Q

Working memory

A

Mem syst that allows u to hold and manipulate info in for mind for brief periods of time

68
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Process of extending info held in short term memory by consciously repeating information

69
Q

Ltm

A

Mem sub syst responsible for long term storage info days weeks, forever

70
Q

Consolidation

A

Process of converting stm to ltm

71
Q

Levels of processing

A

The belief that how well or how long info is re,e,bered depends on the depth od encoding or processing

72
Q

Semantic network model

A

A representation of the organizational structuee of long term memory in teems odpf network associated concept

73
Q

Implicit mem

A

Without effort

74
Q

Explicit mem

A

With effor

75
Q

Elizabeth loftus

A

Car accident video thingy

76
Q

Misinformation effect

A

A form of mem distortion that affect eyewitness testimony and that is cause by misinformation provided during retention

77
Q

Decay thoery

A

Theory or forgetting that posits that memories consist od traces laid down in the brain that gradually deteriorate and fade away over time

78
Q

Savings method

A

A method of testinf mem retention by comparinf the numbers of trials needed to learn material with the number if trails needed to relearn the mat,

79
Q

EBBINGHAUS

A

Savings method

80
Q

Repression

A

FREUD a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety invoking material.

Psychology (6 decks)

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