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Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialist cells that detect sensory stimuli and convert them into neural impulses

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1
Q

Sensation vs. perception

A

Sensation is the process by which we receive stimuli that impinge on our sensory organs and transform them into neural important or signals that the brain uses to create experience of vision hearing taste smell touch and so on, whereas perception is your brain trying to make sense of the outside world

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2
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of how physical sources of stimulation like light,sound,odors and so on, relate to our experience of the stimuli is in form of sensation. Gustav Fechner wrote the elements of psychophysics.

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3
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The smallest amount of stimulus that person can reliably detect. Stimuli detected less than 50% of the time I considered the absolute threshold

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4
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimal difference in the magnitude of energy needed for people to detect the difference between two stimuli.

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5
Q

Webbers law

A

According to this law the amount you must change a stimulus to detect the difference is given by a constant affection or proportion called a constant of the original stimulus for example Webbers constant for noticing a difference in weight is about 1/50 or 2% this means you’re lifting a 50 pound weight you would probably not notice a difference unless the weights were increased by 2%

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

According to this theory the threshold for detecting a signal depends not only on the properties of the stimulus itself such as its intensity but also on the level of background stimulation, or noise, and, importantly on the biological and psychological characteristic of the perceiver.

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7
Q

Sensory adaption

A

The process in which sensory systems become less sensitive to constant or unchanging stimuli, for example when wearing socks on your feet after while you were unaware of the sensation of the pressure on your feet/skin

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8
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent covering of the eyes surface through which light enters

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9
Q

Pupil

A

The black opening inside the iris that allows light to enter the eyes

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10
Q

Iris

A

The circular muscle in the eye that regulates the size of the pupil

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11
Q

Lens

A

The structure in the eye that focuses light rays on the retina changes shapes sometimes

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12
Q

Retina

A

The light-sensitive layer of the inner surface of I that contains a photo receptor cells. Receives the images

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13
Q

Fovea

A

The part of the eye that contains only cones, can see fine detail

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14
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve that carries neural impulses generated by light stimulation (made up of ganglion(transmit neural impulses))

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15
Q

Path of light

A

Light enters the cornea the iris adjusts reflexively to control the size of the pupil the lens focuses the light on the retina specially on the fovea, the point of central focus that gives the rise and the clearest vision, and then leaves to the optic nerve and then eventually to the visual cortex near the occipital lobe

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16
Q

Feature detectors

A

Specialized neurons in the visual cortex that respond only to particular features of visual stimuli, like horizontal/vertical lines

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17
Q

Eardrum

A

Tight layer that vibrates

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18
Q

Ossicles

A

Middke ear made our of three bones (hammer, anvil,stirrup)

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19
Q

Oval window

A

Attaches middle ear to cochkea

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20
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail like, that contains sensory receptors

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21
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

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22
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

The belief that a neural gate in the spinal cord opens to allow pain messages reach the brain

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23
Q

Kinthesis

A

Sense that keeps us informed about movement of the parts of the body and their position in relation to eachother

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24
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense that keeps us informed about bakance

25
Q

Perceptual set

A

The tendency for perceptions to be influenced by one ps expectations

26
Q

Bottom up

A

Meaningful patterns but in pieces

27
Q

Top down

A

Meaningful wholes

28
Q

Gestalts principles of perception

A

Similarity, closure, connectedness, proximity, continuity

29
Q

Perceptual contancies

A

Tendency to perceive things the sane even when image casts on retina changes (shape constancy, size constancy, color constancy, brightness constancy)

30
Q

Binocular cues

A

Cues for depth that involve both eyes (include retinal disparity and convergence)

31
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Distance based on slight differences on both eyes

32
Q

Convergence

A

Distance based on the degree of tension required to focus two eyes on the same object

33
Q

Monocular cues

A

One eye (relative size, interposition, relative clarity, texture gradient, shadowing, linear perspective)

34
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Perception of stimuli that are presented below the threshold of conscious awareness. The sixth sense

35
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

Perception that occurs without benefit of the known senses

36
Q

Parapsychology

A

The of the paranormal phenomena

37
Q

Communication of dots from one line to another that occurs without using the known senses

A

Telepathy

38
Q

Clairvoyance

A

The ability to perceive objects and events without using the known senses

39
Q

Precognition

A

Ability to foretell the future

40
Q

Psychokinesis

A

Ability to move objects by mental effort alone

41
Q

Focused awarness

A

State of heightened alertness in which one is fully absorbed at the task at hand.

42
Q

Drifting consciousness

A

State characterized by drifting thoughts or mental imagery

43
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes occur regularly each day like sleep wake cycles.

44
Q

Beta waves

A

Awake and alert

45
Q

Alpha waves

A

Slower, rythmic cycles

46
Q

Stage 1

A

Small and irregular with varying frequencies

47
Q

Stage 2

A

Deeper than stage 1, but can still be eqsily wakened

48
Q

Stage 3

A

Delta waves occur, deep sleep.

49
Q

Stage four

A

Stage before rem

50
Q

Why sleep

A

Wear and tear, replenish protein, consolidate newly learned info, lasting memories, conserves energy

51
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleepnattacks

52
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemical substances that act on the brain

53
Q

Depressants

A

Slow cns (alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiods)

54
Q

Stimulants

A

Fast cns ( Ecstasy, amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine)

55
Q

Hallucinagens

A

Drugs that alter sensory experience and produce hallucinations. (LSD, PCO, Marijuana).

56
Q

Delirium

A

Mental state characterized by confusion,disorientation, and difficulty in focusing attention.

57
Q

Narcotics

A

Drugs with sleeping properties

58
Q

Divided consciousness

A

A state of awareness characterized by divided attention to two or more tasks or activities performed at the same time

59
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Theory if color vision, involving two sets of of color receptors, red green and blue yellow, and another set it black white

60
Q

After image

A

Visual image that remains after removed stimulus

61
Q

Trichimatic thoery

A

Young. 3 colors,green, bluebiolet, and red

Psychology (6 decks)

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