Unit 4

Question 1

Developments that made transoceanic travel and trade possible and improved

Answer 1

the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns

Question 2

Caravel

Question 3

Carrack

Question 4

Fluyt

Question 5

European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds

Answer 5

lateen sail, compass, astronomical charts

Question 6

Portuguese development of marine technology and navigational skill led to

Answer 6

increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire

Question 7

Spanish _ dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade

Answer 7

sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific

Question 8

Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under

Answer 8

English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia

Question 9

Columbian Exchange

Question 10

European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of

Answer 10

disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria

Question 11

Some of the diseases brought to the Americas

Answer 11

substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas

Question 12

American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on

Answer 12

plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East

Question 13

Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by

Answer 13

African slaves like Okra and rice

Question 14

Domesticated animals introduced to the Americas

Answer 14

horses, pigs, cattle

Question 15

populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from

Answer 15

the increased diversity of American food crops

Question 16

Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the

Answer 16

rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks

Question 17

Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting

Answer 17

restrictive or isolationist trade policies

Question 18

Ming China restrictive or isolationist trade policies

Question 19

Tokugawa Japan restrictive or isolationist trade policies

Question 20

European empires established new maritime empires, driven largely by

Answer 20

political, religious, and economic rivalries; Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British

Question 21

Asante

Question 22

Kingdom of the Kongo

Question 23

Swahili Arabs

Question 24

Omanis

Question 25

Gujaratis

Question 26

Javanese

Question 27

Incan mit’a

Question 28

chattel slavery

Question 29

indentured servitude

Question 30

encomienda system

Question 31

hacienda system

Question 32

Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including

Answer 32

incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions

Question 33

Plantation economy

Question 34

Mercantilist policies

Question 35

Joint-stock companies

Question 36

Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean

Question 37

Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

Question 38

chartered European monopoly companies

Question 39

global flow of silver especially comes from

Answer 39

Spanish colonies in the Americas

Question 40

silver used to

Answer 40

purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver

Question 41

Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions

Answer 41

as the demand for food and consumer goods increased

Question 42

Western Europe increased peasant and artisan labor

Answer 42

wool and linen

Question 43

India increased peasant and artisan labor

Answer 43

cotton

Question 44

China increased peasant and artisan labor

Answer 44

silk

Question 45

social restructuring in Africa from slave trades

Answer 45

demographic changes

Question 46

The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor - including slaves - and the mixing of

Answer 46

African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis

Question 47

Pueblo Revolts

Question 48

Fronde

Question 49

Cossack revolts

Question 50

Maratha conflict with Mughals

Question 51

Ana Nzinga’s resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba)

Question 52

Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)

Question 53

the establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil

Question 54

North American slave resistance

Question 55

many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accomodate

Answer 55

the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups

Question 56

in other cases, states suppressed

Answer 56

diversity and limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy

Question 57

Exclusion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire

Question 58

Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China

Question 59

Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire

Question 60

Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including

Answer 60

in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system

Question 61

Ottoman timars

Question 62

Russian boyars

Question 63

European nobility