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Life 103 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

which animals have intracellular digestion

A

porifera

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2
Q

which animals have extracellular digestion

A

advanced animals

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3
Q

which animal has one way movement of food but no specialization of digestive tract

A

round worm

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4
Q

which animals have one-way movement of food with a specialization of digestive tract

A

earthworms and up

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5
Q

what are the 4 steps of digestion

A
  1. physical fragmentation
  2. chemical digestion
  3. absorption
  4. excretion from anus
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6
Q

what is a gizzard

A

pebbles stored in mouth to break up food (earthworm and birds)

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7
Q

what are the mammalian accessory organs

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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8
Q

what does the pancreas secrete

A

pancreatic juice: digestive enzymes and bicarbonate buffer

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9
Q

what does the liver produce

A

bile

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10
Q

what does bile do

A

emulsifies fat

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11
Q

where is bile and pancreatic juice secreted

A

duodenum of small intestine

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12
Q

are pancreas and liver endocrine or exocrine

A

both

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13
Q

what does salivary amylase do

A

breaks down starch (polysaccharide -> maltose)

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14
Q

what does the mouth connect to

A

pharynx

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15
Q

bolus

A

mass of chewed food and saliva that moves down the esophagus

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16
Q

muscle type of the esophagus

A

top 1/3 is skeletal, bottom 2/3 is smooth muscle

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17
Q

peristalsis

A

wave of muscular contraction in the esophagus

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18
Q

sphincters

A

close and open to allow food through

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19
Q

what do parietal cells secrete

A

HCl: separates food cells, kills most bacteria, activates pepsin, pH of ~2

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20
Q

why are H ion and Cl ion secreted separately

A

because pH would kill the cell

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21
Q

Chief Cells secretion

A

pepsinogen: inactive form of pepsin, converted by HCl

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22
Q

Pepsin

A

a protease, breaks down proteins

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23
Q

Chyme

A

mixture of gastric juice and food in stomach

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24
Q

What gets absorbed in the stomach

A

some water, aspirin, alcohol

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25
Q

how long is the small intestine in humans

A

about 4.5m

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26
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ilium

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27
Q

lipase

A

breaks down fat

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28
Q

trypsin

A

protease

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29
Q

bile pigments

A

products of red blood cell breakdown

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30
Q

bile salts

A

emulsify/break down fat globules

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31
Q

bilirubin

A

build up of bile pigment leading to jaundice, broken down by UV light

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32
Q

where does most absorption happen

A

the small intestine

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33
Q

brush border cells

A

secrete enzymes lactase and sucrose

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34
Q

lactase

A

breaks lactose (disaccharide) into two simple sugars

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35
Q

where do proteins and carbs get absorbed

A

through brush boarder cells into capillaries, which go to hepatic portal vein

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36
Q

where does hepatic portal vein go

A

from small intestine capillaries to liver capillaries

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37
Q

where does fat get absorbed

A

breakdown goes through lymph system

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38
Q

sodium glucose cotransporter

A

cotransporter that moves two electons at once across epithelial lining

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39
Q

who discovered sodium glucose cotransporter

A

Dr. Rober Crane - makes moving water more efficient across epithelial, important for oral rehydration

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40
Q

why is gut bacteria important

A

helps in cell turnover, produce vitamins, help outcompete pathogenic bacteria

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41
Q

cecum

A

pouch in beginning of small intestine, used to digest cellulose in herbivores

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42
Q

ficks law of diffusion definition

A

the rate at which a substance diffuses through a medium is directly proportional to the concentration gradient

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43
Q

ficks law of diffusion equation

A

R = (DAP) / d

R: rate of diffusion
D: how easy it is to diffuse across or through the substance (permeability)
A: surface area
P: pressure difference
d: distance over which diffusion occurs

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44
Q

partial pressure measurment

A

concentration of gas (mm of Hg)

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45
Q

how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin

A

4 (4 polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups with iron)

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46
Q

what lowers the affinity for oxygen to bind to hemoglobin

A

high CO2 (low pH), high temperatures

47
Q

Bohr Shift

A

H+ binding to hemoglobin lowers oxygen affinity

48
Q

how is CO2 transported in the blood

A

8% in plasma, 20% bound to hemoglobin, 72% transported as bicarbonate

49
Q

how do marine mammals store oxygen

A

in muscles with a protein

50
Q

how is homeostasis usually maintained

A

negative feedback mechanisms

51
Q

how do endotherms usually maintain homeostasis

A

in narrow range using metabolism

52
Q

who uses more food

A

endotherms

53
Q

how do ectotherms maintain body temperature

A

using environment: basking, shivering, gaping

54
Q

countercurrent heat exchange

A

warmest blood from core is in the middle of appendage, returns on outside so radiating heat gets picked up by colder blood and not the environment

55
Q

hyperosmotic/hypertonic

A

more solutes in solution

56
Q

hyposomotic/hypotonic

A

less solutes in solution

57
Q

isosmotic/isotonic

A

same amount of solutes in both solutions

58
Q

osmoconformers

A

osmotic concentration regulated by environment (salt water marine animals)

59
Q

osmorgulators

A

control osmotic concentration with regulation, pump ions or water in or out (salt, fresh, terrestrial)

60
Q

what do most aquatic animals secrete

61
Q

what do reptiles and birds secrete

62
Q

what do mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fish secrete

63
Q

kidney role

A

maintains mammalian osmotic homeostasis

64
Q

components of the renal system

A

kidneys, ureters (connects kidneys to bladder), urinary bladder, urethra

65
Q

how many nephrons does the kidney have

A

about a million

66
Q

glomerulous

A

ball of capillaries blood enters first,, capillaries are porous to small solutes and water, but not cells and plasma proteins

67
Q

describe the initial filtrate in the kidneys

A

isotonic to blood plasma

68
Q

how much filtrate does the kidneys process a day

A

about 180L

69
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

second step, reabsorbs useful stuff (salt, water, glucose, amino acids), is still isotonic

70
Q

how is salt absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Na actively, Cl passively

71
Q

loop of henle

A

increases osmolarity in the medulla to reabsorb water

72
Q

descending loop of henle

A

lots of aquaporins, water is absorbed

73
Q

ascending loop of henle

A

salts are absorbed but not water

74
Q

how does the loop of henle reabsorb substances

A

diffusion, liquid gets more hypotonic, longer loops increase concentration

75
Q

describe the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule

A

filtrate is hypotonic

76
Q

collecting duct

A

strong osmotic gradient reabsorbs more water

77
Q

kidney functions

A

filtration of blood, reabsorption of water and solutes, secretion of excess or toxic substances for removal

78
Q

parts of the kidney

A

renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

79
Q

lamellae

A

raised parts in gill filament that contain capillaries, blood flows across to pick up oxygen

80
Q

gill filament

A

feathery structure attached to gill arch for gas exchange

81
Q

mammalian oxygen absorption path

A

trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - capillaries

82
Q

how does blood flow through the heart

A

right atrium - right ventricle - lungs - left atrium - left ventricle - body tissues

83
Q

systemic veins

A

from the body

84
Q

pulmonary veins

A

from lungs

85
Q

pulmonary artery

86
Q

systemic artery

87
Q

atmospheric pressure at sea level

88
Q

Oxygen partial pressure at sea level

A

21%, 159.2 mmHg

89
Q

Carbon dioxide partial pressure at sea level

A

.03% 0.2 mmHg

90
Q

Nitrogen partial pressure at sea level

A

78% 601mmHg

91
Q

ecology

A

study of living things and their interaction with their environment

92
Q

Life history

A

chronology of events in an organisms life

93
Q

slow life history

A

organism lives for a long time but reproduces slowly

94
Q

fast life history

A

organism lives for a short time but reproduces quickly

95
Q

measure of life history success in a population

A

population growth rate

96
Q

density independent factors

A

not dependent on number of individuals their right now (exponential growth)

97
Q

Density dependent factors

A

incorporates limit on population size - usually competition

98
Q

Carrying capacity

A

K
largest species size environment can maintain

99
Q

competition

A

negative density dependent

100
Q

niche

A

set of resources a species uses and how they access those resources

101
Q

fundamental niche

A

set of circumstances species could survive in in ideal conditions

102
Q

realized niche

A

set of circumstances we actually find species in

103
Q

what usually limits realized niche from fundamental niche

A

competition

104
Q

competitive exclusion

A

when one species drives another species to extinction due to competition

105
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between two species

106
Q

niche partitioning

A

species use resources slightly differently to divide niche (can lead to evolutionary changes)

107
Q

character displacement

A

change in physical characteristic because of niche partitioning

108
Q

primary succession

A

plants colonize bear rock (starting from ground zero) (usually lichen first)

109
Q

pioneer plants

A

first plants to establish an area

110
Q

format of succession

A

pioneer plants - early successional plants - late successional plants

111
Q

secondary succession

A

when a disturbance knocks out some community, but not starting at ground zero

112
Q

disturbance regimes

A

removes individuals from the community

113
Q

what determines succession

A

establishment, life history traits, facilitation and inhibition environment

Life 103 (5 decks)

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