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Life 103 > Unit 3 class notes > Flashcards

Unit 3 class notes Flashcards

1
Q

Metazoa definition

A

all animals collectively

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2
Q

Animal characteristics

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
most are mobile
no cell walls
most reproduce sexually

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2
Q

Chanophlagellets

A

closest relative to animals, protists, unicellular or colonial species

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2
Q

Porifera animal

A

sponges, basal clade of animals

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3
Q

Porifera characteristics

A

-most primative
-no true tissues or organs
-no symmetry
-sexual or asexual reproduction
-mobile in larval form
-sessile (attached) in adult form

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4
Q

Parazoa

A

contains porifera, simplest group of metazoa

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5
Q

eumetazoa

A

all animals that arent sponges

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6
Q

characteristics of eumetazoa

A
  • true tissues
  • symmetry
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7
Q

Which groups have radial symmetry

A

cnidarians and ctenophores

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8
Q

which groups are diploblastic

A

cnidarians and ctenophores

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9
Q

cnidarian animals

A

jellyfish, corals, hydrozoans, sea anemones

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10
Q

which animals are ctenophores

A

comb jellies

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11
Q

Diploblastic definition

A

two tissue layers
- endoderm: gut lining
- ectoderm: outer covering

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12
Q

Medusa body form

A

mobile, usually mouth down, in cnidarian

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13
Q

Polyp body form

A

sessile, usually mouth up, in cnidarian

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14
Q

cnidarian feeding

A

extracellular digestion, release enzymes to digest prey in gastrovascular cavity, absorb nutrients

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15
Q

nematocytes

A

stinging cells in cnidarians on tenticles (shoot harpone out of)

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16
Q

Chanocytes

A

flagellated cells that move water in sponges

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17
Q

osculum

A

large opening in sponge through which water is expelled

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18
Q

amebocytes

A

a mobile cell in invertebrates that clean up waste and distribute food

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19
Q

ostia

A

pores in sponges that water moves through

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20
Q

Classes of arthropoda

A

chelicerata, crustacea, hexapoda, myriapoda

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21
Q

Characteristics of arthropoda

A

segmented, exoskelton, jointed appendages

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22
Q

segmentation in arthropoda

A

may have tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen

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23
Q

exoskeleton in arthropoda

A

made of chitin and protein, shed through ecdysis

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24
Q

Which animals are chelicerata

A

spiders, ticks, scorpions, mites, horseshoe crab

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25
Q

chelicerata characteristics

A

-body in 2 tagmata
-6 pairs of appendages (chelicerae, 4 pairs of walking legs)

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26
Q

Opisthosoma

A

rear end in arthropod, specifically chelicerae, often unsegmented and contains reproductive organs

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27
Q

Pedipalps

A

pair of appendages for sensing, feeding, mating, located in front of the first pair of legs

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28
Q

crustacea animals

A

crabs, lobsters, crayfish, pill bugs

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29
Q

crustacea characteristics

A
  • 3 tagmata, often cephalothorax
  • 2 pairs of antennae, 3 pairs chewing appendages, lots of legs
  • gas exchange through gills or across cuticle
  • nauplius larvae
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30
Q

hexapoda animals

A

insects

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31
Q

hexapoda characteristics

A
  • 6 jointed legs
  • three body tagmata
  • antennae
  • exoskeleton
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32
Q

myriapoda animals

A

centipedes and millipedes

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33
Q

centipedes characteristics

A

two legs per segment, carnivorous

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34
Q

millipede characteristics

A

4 legs per segment, herbivores

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35
Q

ecdysozoans

A

contains arthropods and nematodes, molting skin

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36
Q

Which phylum are deuterostomes

A

echinodermata and chordata

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37
Q

deuterostomes characteristics

A

-coelomates
-anus develops first

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38
Q

coelom definition

A

fluid filled body cavity (gas in vertebrates)

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39
Q

Echinodermata animals

A

sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

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40
Q

Echinodermata characteristics

A

-endoskeleton of calcium carbonate ossicles
-marine
-bilateral symmetry in larvae
-tube feet
-water vascular system

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41
Q

water vascular system

A

hydraulic system for movement and other functions in Echinodermata

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42
Q

chordata animals

A

urchordata, cephalochordata, vertebrate

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43
Q

chordata characteristics

A

-hollow dorsal nerve cord
-notochord
-pharyngeal slits
-postanal tail

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44
Q

chordate subphyla

A

urochordate, cephalochordate, vertebrate

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45
Q

urochordate animals

A

sea squirts, tunicate

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46
Q

urochordate characteristics

A

have all 4 features as larvae, pharyngeal slits as adults

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47
Q

cephalochordate animals

A

lancelets

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48
Q

cephalochordate/lancelets characteristics

A

embed in sediment, filter feeders

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49
Q

vertebrate characteristics

A

-vertebral column (replaces notochord, encloses dorsal nerve cord)
-endoskeleton
-head/skull

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50
Q

what were the earliest vertebrates

A

fish

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51
Q

fish characteristics

A

-vertebral column
-jaws and paired appendages
-internal gills
-single loop blood circulation
-nutritional deficiencies

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52
Q

which fish lack jaws

A

hagfish and lampreys

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53
Q

how did jaws evolve

A

from anterior gill arches

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54
Q

Chondrichthyes animals

A

sharks, rays, skates

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55
Q

lateral line system

A

line of mechanosensory receptors, in sharks and bony fishes

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56
Q

what are the groups of bony fish

A

ray finned fish and lobe finned fish

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57
Q

what are the lobe finned fish

A

2 species of coelacanth, lungfishes

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58
Q

swim bladder

A

regulate buoyancy by secreting gasses, in bony fish

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59
Q

operculum

A

covers gills, helps to control water movement even when fish is stationary

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60
Q

tetrapod characteristics

A

4 limbs

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61
Q

groups of tetrapods

A

amphibians, amniotes

62
Q

amphibian characteristics

A

-legs
-lungs and/or cutaneous respiration
-pulmonary veins
-3 chambered heart, double circulation

63
Q

groups of amphibians

A

anura, caudata, apoda,

64
Q

anura animals

A

frogs and toads

65
Q

anura characteristics

A

-no tails
-legs modified for jumping
-most lay eggs in water
-tadpole: swimming larval form

66
Q

caudata animals

A

salamanders

67
Q

caudata characteristics

A

lay eggs in water, larvae similar to adults, predators in both life stages

68
Q

apoda animals

A

caecilians

69
Q

apoda characteristics

A

-tropical, burrowing amphibians
-legless
-tiny eyes and jaws with teeth
-internal fertilization

70
Q

Amniotes characteristics

A
  • water proof amniotic egg
  • dry skin
  • thoracic breathing
71
Q

amniote groups

A

reptiles, aves, mammals

72
Q

anapsids

A

0 hole behind eye (turtle)

73
Q

Synapsids

A

1 hole behind eye (mammals)

74
Q

diapsids

A

2 holes behind eye (reptiles, birds)

75
Q

reptile characteristics

A
  • double loop circulation
  • ventricle partially divided
76
Q

groups of reptiles

A

chelonia, lepidosauria, crocodilians

77
Q

chelonia animals

A

turtles and tortices

78
Q

lepidosauria animals

A

squamata (lizards and snakes)
Rhynchocephalia (tuataras)

79
Q

crocodilian animals

A

alligators, crocodiles, caimans

80
Q

aves characteristics

A

birds
-amniotic egg
-scales on legs
-no teeth
-flight adaptations

81
Q

what are some flight adaptations of birds

A

no urinary bladder, wings and feathers, thin hollow bones, efficient respiration and circulation, rapid metabolism, endothermic

82
Q

characteristics of mammals

A

-have hair
-produce milk
-endothermic
-4 chambered heart

83
Q

groups of mammals

A

monotremes, viviparous (marsupials and placental)

84
Q

monotremes animals

A

1 platypus species, 4 echidnas species

85
Q

monotreme characteristics

A

lay eggs, single opening (cloaca), lack well developed nipples

86
Q

viviparous characteristics

A

nipples, live birth, placents

87
Q

characteristics of primates

A

binocular vision
grasping hands
group of mammals

88
Q

anthropoid animals

A

monkeys, apes, humans

89
Q

hominids animals

A

apes and humans

90
Q

Bilateria characteristics

A

bilateral symmetry
triploblastic

91
Q

which groups are protostomes

A

lophotrochozoans and ectozoans

92
Q

characteristics of protostomes

A

blastopore forms mouth first, spiral cleavage, determinant early development

93
Q

characteristics of deuterostomes

A

forms anus first, radial cleavage, indeterminate early development, coelomates

94
Q

which groups are lophotrochozoans

A

platyhelminthes, bryoza, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelida

95
Q

which animals are platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

96
Q

trochophore

A

free swimming larvae in mollusca and annelids

97
Q

groups of molluscs

A

gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves

98
Q

radula

A

scraping, tonguelike tooth in molluscs

99
Q

molluscs characteristics

A

head foot, mantle, visceral mass, small coelom

100
Q

annelids characteristics

A

marine, trochophore, some cephalization, ventral nerve cord, closed circulatory system

101
Q

annelids animals

A

leaches, bloodworms, earthworms

102
Q

ectozoans groups

A

arthropods and nematodes

103
Q

ectozoans characteristics

A

molting animals

104
Q

hierarchical organization of vertebrate

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

105
Q

tissue types in vertebrates

A

epithelial, nerve, connective, muscle

106
Q

what does the ectoderm form in vertebrates

A

skin, nervous system, sense organs

107
Q

what does endoderm form in vertebrates

A

digestive and respiratory tract lining, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid

108
Q

what does mesoderm form in vertebrates

A

skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, heart, etc

109
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A

secretion, absorption, transport, protection

110
Q

squamous epithelial cell

A

flattened

111
Q

cuboidal epithelial cell

A

cube shaped

112
Q

columnar epithelial cell

A

column shaped

113
Q

stratified epithelial layer

A

multiple layers

114
Q

pseudostratified epithelial layer

A

columnar, all attached to basement but cells are different types

115
Q

simple squamous function

A

diffusion, filtration, permeable (lungs, blood vessels)

116
Q

stratified squamous function

A

protection (inside of mouth, esophagus, cervix)

117
Q

cuboidal cell function

A

usually simple but can be stratified, secretion and absorption (simple: lines kidney tubules, small ducts of glands, Stratified: linings of sweat and mammary glands)

118
Q

columnar function

A

absorption, secretion, protection (simple: digestive system, pseudostratified: respiratory passages)

119
Q

how are glands formed

A

invaginations of epithelium

120
Q

exocrine glands function

A

duct to the outside, secretions end up on surface of body or within tubes

121
Q

endocrine glands function

A

no duct to outside, secretions to capillaries and circulated by the blood

122
Q

cross-bridge cycle

A
  1. start with myosin head in resting position (ATP attached to head)
  2. break ATP molecule, myosin head is energized
  3. myosin head binds to actin, forms cross bride
  4. myosin releases ADP and P making myosin pull on actin (power stroke)
  5. new ATP molecule binds to myosin head and causes it to release the actin
123
Q

tropomyosin and troponin function

A

calcium binds, inhibits cross-bridge formation

124
Q

motor neuron function

A

release acetylcholine, stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium inside the cell

125
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory, interneurons, motor neurons

126
Q

sensory neurons

A

peripheral nervous system, input neurons

127
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons, peripheral nervous system

128
Q

motor neurons

A

output neurons, peripheral nervous system

129
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mv

130
Q

how do channels open across membrane

A

sodium channels open first, potassium open second

131
Q

action potential pumps

A

move against gradient

132
Q

action potential leakage channels

A

slow drip

133
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

open and close based on charge

134
Q

neuroglia/glial cells

A

support functions for nerve cells

135
Q

parts of a neuron cell

A

cell body (nucleus), dendrite (electrical impulse towards cell body), axon (electrical impulse away from cell)

136
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

transmits signals to CNS

137
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

138
Q

types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper, special connective tissue

139
Q

loose connective tissue proper

A

lots of fluid ground substance, relatively few fibers with space between them, squishy and gelatinous

140
Q

dense connective tissue proper

A

lots of collagen fibers in the matrix

141
Q

regular dense connective tissue

A

collagen lined up in parallel (tendons and ligament)

142
Q

irregular connective tissue

A

collagen oriented in different ways

143
Q

special connective tissue

A

cartilage, blood, bone

144
Q

cartilage

A

matrix contains collagen and chondroitin (protein)

145
Q

blood

A

living cells are red/white cells, matrix is plasma

146
Q

bone

A

ground substance hardened w calcium phosphate crystals

147
Q

matrix

A

fluid with network of protein fibers (usually collagen), in connective tissue

148
Q

muscle tissue types

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

149
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

used for involuntary movements

150
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

striated, voluntary movement

151
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated, heart

152
Q

sliding filament mechanism

A

filaments stay the same length, thick pull thin, how muscles contract

153
Q

water vascular system process

A

Madroporite - stone cannal - ring cannal - connected to radial cannals - connections to tube feet

Life 103 (5 decks)

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