Unit 3 class notes Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
Metazoa definition
A
all animals collectively
2
Q
Animal characteristics
A
eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
most are mobile
no cell walls
most reproduce sexually
2
Q
Chanophlagellets
A
closest relative to animals, protists, unicellular or colonial species
2
Q
Porifera animal
A
sponges, basal clade of animals
3
Q
Porifera characteristics
A
-most primative
-no true tissues or organs
-no symmetry
-sexual or asexual reproduction
-mobile in larval form
-sessile (attached) in adult form
4
Q
Parazoa
A
contains porifera, simplest group of metazoa
5
Q
eumetazoa
A
all animals that arent sponges
6
Q
characteristics of eumetazoa
A
- true tissues
- symmetry
7
Q
Which groups have radial symmetry
A
cnidarians and ctenophores
8
Q
which groups are diploblastic
A
cnidarians and ctenophores
9
Q
cnidarian animals
A
jellyfish, corals, hydrozoans, sea anemones
10
Q
which animals are ctenophores
A
comb jellies
11
Q
Diploblastic definition
A
two tissue layers
- endoderm: gut lining
- ectoderm: outer covering
12
Q
Medusa body form
A
mobile, usually mouth down, in cnidarian
13
Q
Polyp body form
A
sessile, usually mouth up, in cnidarian
14
Q
cnidarian feeding
A
extracellular digestion, release enzymes to digest prey in gastrovascular cavity, absorb nutrients
15
Q
nematocytes
A
stinging cells in cnidarians on tenticles (shoot harpone out of)
16
Q
Chanocytes
A
flagellated cells that move water in sponges
17
Q
osculum
A
large opening in sponge through which water is expelled
18
Q
amebocytes
A
a mobile cell in invertebrates that clean up waste and distribute food
19
Q
ostia
A
pores in sponges that water moves through
20
Q
Classes of arthropoda
A
chelicerata, crustacea, hexapoda, myriapoda
21
Q
Characteristics of arthropoda
A
segmented, exoskelton, jointed appendages
22
Q
segmentation in arthropoda
A
may have tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen
23
exoskeleton in arthropoda
made of chitin and protein, shed through ecdysis
24
Which animals are chelicerata
spiders, ticks, scorpions, mites, horseshoe crab
25
chelicerata characteristics
-body in 2 tagmata
-6 pairs of appendages (chelicerae, 4 pairs of walking legs)
26
Opisthosoma
rear end in arthropod, specifically chelicerae, often unsegmented and contains reproductive organs
27
Pedipalps
pair of appendages for sensing, feeding, mating, located in front of the first pair of legs
28
crustacea animals
crabs, lobsters, crayfish, pill bugs
29
crustacea characteristics
- 3 tagmata, often cephalothorax
- 2 pairs of antennae, 3 pairs chewing appendages, lots of legs
- gas exchange through gills or across cuticle
- nauplius larvae
30
hexapoda animals
insects
31
hexapoda characteristics
- 6 jointed legs
- three body tagmata
- antennae
- exoskeleton
32
myriapoda animals
centipedes and millipedes
33
centipedes characteristics
two legs per segment, carnivorous
34
millipede characteristics
4 legs per segment, herbivores
35
ecdysozoans
contains arthropods and nematodes, molting skin
36
Which phylum are deuterostomes
echinodermata and chordata
37
deuterostomes characteristics
-coelomates
-anus develops first
38
coelom definition
fluid filled body cavity (gas in vertebrates)
39
Echinodermata animals
sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
40
Echinodermata characteristics
-endoskeleton of calcium carbonate ossicles
-marine
-bilateral symmetry in larvae
-tube feet
-water vascular system
41
water vascular system
hydraulic system for movement and other functions in Echinodermata
42
chordata animals
urchordata, cephalochordata, vertebrate
43
chordata characteristics
-hollow dorsal nerve cord
-notochord
-pharyngeal slits
-postanal tail
44
chordate subphyla
urochordate, cephalochordate, vertebrate
45
urochordate animals
sea squirts, tunicate
46
urochordate characteristics
have all 4 features as larvae, pharyngeal slits as adults
47
cephalochordate animals
lancelets
48
cephalochordate/lancelets characteristics
embed in sediment, filter feeders
49
vertebrate characteristics
-vertebral column (replaces notochord, encloses dorsal nerve cord)
-endoskeleton
-head/skull
50
what were the earliest vertebrates
fish
51
fish characteristics
-vertebral column
-jaws and paired appendages
-internal gills
-single loop blood circulation
-nutritional deficiencies
52
which fish lack jaws
hagfish and lampreys
53
how did jaws evolve
from anterior gill arches
54
Chondrichthyes animals
sharks, rays, skates
55
lateral line system
line of mechanosensory receptors, in sharks and bony fishes
56
what are the groups of bony fish
ray finned fish and lobe finned fish
57
what are the lobe finned fish
2 species of coelacanth, lungfishes
58
swim bladder
regulate buoyancy by secreting gasses, in bony fish
59
operculum
covers gills, helps to control water movement even when fish is stationary
60
tetrapod characteristics
4 limbs
61
groups of tetrapods
amphibians, amniotes
62
amphibian characteristics
-legs
-lungs and/or cutaneous respiration
-pulmonary veins
-3 chambered heart, double circulation
63
groups of amphibians
anura, caudata, apoda,
64
anura animals
frogs and toads
65
anura characteristics
-no tails
-legs modified for jumping
-most lay eggs in water
-tadpole: swimming larval form
66
caudata animals
salamanders
67
caudata characteristics
lay eggs in water, larvae similar to adults, predators in both life stages
68
apoda animals
caecilians
69
apoda characteristics
-tropical, burrowing amphibians
-legless
-tiny eyes and jaws with teeth
-internal fertilization
70
Amniotes characteristics
- water proof amniotic egg
- dry skin
- thoracic breathing
71
amniote groups
reptiles, aves, mammals
72
anapsids
0 hole behind eye (turtle)
73
Synapsids
1 hole behind eye (mammals)
74
diapsids
2 holes behind eye (reptiles, birds)
75
reptile characteristics
- double loop circulation
- ventricle partially divided
76
groups of reptiles
chelonia, lepidosauria, crocodilians
77
chelonia animals
turtles and tortices
78
lepidosauria animals
squamata (lizards and snakes)
Rhynchocephalia (tuataras)
79
crocodilian animals
alligators, crocodiles, caimans
80
aves characteristics
birds
-amniotic egg
-scales on legs
-no teeth
-flight adaptations
81
what are some flight adaptations of birds
no urinary bladder, wings and feathers, thin hollow bones, efficient respiration and circulation, rapid metabolism, endothermic
82
characteristics of mammals
-have hair
-produce milk
-endothermic
-4 chambered heart
83
groups of mammals
monotremes, viviparous (marsupials and placental)
84
monotremes animals
1 platypus species, 4 echidnas species
85
monotreme characteristics
lay eggs, single opening (cloaca), lack well developed nipples
86
viviparous characteristics
nipples, live birth, placents
87
characteristics of primates
binocular vision
grasping hands
group of mammals
88
anthropoid animals
monkeys, apes, humans
89
hominids animals
apes and humans
90
Bilateria characteristics
bilateral symmetry
triploblastic
91
which groups are protostomes
lophotrochozoans and ectozoans
92
characteristics of protostomes
blastopore forms mouth first, spiral cleavage, determinant early development
93
characteristics of deuterostomes
forms anus first, radial cleavage, indeterminate early development, coelomates
94
which groups are lophotrochozoans
platyhelminthes, bryoza, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelida
95
which animals are platyhelminthes
flatworms
96
trochophore
free swimming larvae in mollusca and annelids
97
groups of molluscs
gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves
98
radula
scraping, tonguelike tooth in molluscs
99
molluscs characteristics
head foot, mantle, visceral mass, small coelom
100
annelids characteristics
marine, trochophore, some cephalization, ventral nerve cord, closed circulatory system
101
annelids animals
leaches, bloodworms, earthworms
102
ectozoans groups
arthropods and nematodes
103
ectozoans characteristics
molting animals
104
hierarchical organization of vertebrate
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
105
tissue types in vertebrates
epithelial, nerve, connective, muscle
106
what does the ectoderm form in vertebrates
skin, nervous system, sense organs
107
what does endoderm form in vertebrates
digestive and respiratory tract lining, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid
108
what does mesoderm form in vertebrates
skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, heart, etc
109
epithelial tissue functions
secretion, absorption, transport, protection
110
squamous epithelial cell
flattened
111
cuboidal epithelial cell
cube shaped
112
columnar epithelial cell
column shaped
113
stratified epithelial layer
multiple layers
114
pseudostratified epithelial layer
columnar, all attached to basement but cells are different types
115
simple squamous function
diffusion, filtration, permeable (lungs, blood vessels)
116
stratified squamous function
protection (inside of mouth, esophagus, cervix)
117
cuboidal cell function
usually simple but can be stratified, secretion and absorption (simple: lines kidney tubules, small ducts of glands, Stratified: linings of sweat and mammary glands)
118
columnar function
absorption, secretion, protection (simple: digestive system, pseudostratified: respiratory passages)
119
how are glands formed
invaginations of epithelium
120
exocrine glands function
duct to the outside, secretions end up on surface of body or within tubes
121
endocrine glands function
no duct to outside, secretions to capillaries and circulated by the blood
122
cross-bridge cycle
1. start with myosin head in resting position (ATP attached to head)
2. break ATP molecule, myosin head is energized
3. myosin head binds to actin, forms cross bride
4. myosin releases ADP and P making myosin pull on actin (power stroke)
5. new ATP molecule binds to myosin head and causes it to release the actin
123
tropomyosin and troponin function
calcium binds, inhibits cross-bridge formation
124
motor neuron function
release acetylcholine, stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium inside the cell
125
3 types of neurons
sensory, interneurons, motor neurons
126
sensory neurons
peripheral nervous system, input neurons
127
interneurons
connect sensory and motor neurons, peripheral nervous system
128
motor neurons
output neurons, peripheral nervous system
129
resting membrane potential
-70 mv
130
how do channels open across membrane
sodium channels open first, potassium open second
131
action potential pumps
move against gradient
132
action potential leakage channels
slow drip
133
voltage-gated channels
open and close based on charge
134
neuroglia/glial cells
support functions for nerve cells
135
parts of a neuron cell
cell body (nucleus), dendrite (electrical impulse towards cell body), axon (electrical impulse away from cell)
136
peripheral nervous system
transmits signals to CNS
137
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
138
types of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, special connective tissue
139
loose connective tissue proper
lots of fluid ground substance, relatively few fibers with space between them, squishy and gelatinous
140
dense connective tissue proper
lots of collagen fibers in the matrix
141
regular dense connective tissue
collagen lined up in parallel (tendons and ligament)
142
irregular connective tissue
collagen oriented in different ways
143
special connective tissue
cartilage, blood, bone
144
cartilage
matrix contains collagen and chondroitin (protein)
145
blood
living cells are red/white cells, matrix is plasma
146
bone
ground substance hardened w calcium phosphate crystals
147
matrix
fluid with network of protein fibers (usually collagen), in connective tissue
148
muscle tissue types
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
149
smooth muscle tissue
used for involuntary movements
150
skeletal muscle tissue
striated, voluntary movement
151
cardiac muscle tissue
striated, heart
152
sliding filament mechanism
filaments stay the same length, thick pull thin, how muscles contract
153
water vascular system process
Madroporite - stone cannal - ring cannal - connected to radial cannals - connections to tube feet
