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Life 103 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny Definition

A

representation of evolutionary history between groups and organisms

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study of categorizing living things

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3
Q

List Linnaean system in order

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

(dear king philip came over for good soup)

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4
Q

Linnaean system definition

A

a hierarchical system for naming and organizing living things

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5
Q

natural selection definition

A

organisims better adapted to an environment survive to reproduce

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6
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequency of an existing gene due to chance (more common in smaller populations)

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7
Q

mutation

A

a change in dna due to errors in replication, damage, etc.

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8
Q

immigration

A

movement of an organism into another area

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9
Q

gene flow

A

any movement of individuals and their genes from one population to another

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10
Q

shared derived characteristics definition

A

a trait unique to a clade

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11
Q

Ancestral trait definition

A

a trait inherited from an ancestor of two or more clades

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12
Q

homoplasies definition

A

when two or more species develop a similar trait but don’t come from the same ancestor

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13
Q

how do homoplasies occur?

A

convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal

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14
Q

Principle of parsimony definition

A

the fewer evolutionary changes needed to get to a result, the more likely that phylogeny is to be true

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15
Q

Monophyletic (clade) group definition

A

contains all descendants and common ancestor

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16
Q

Paraphyletic group definition

A

contains common ancestor and some, but not all, descendants

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17
Q

polyphyletic group definition

A

a group that doesn’t share a common ancestor with a trait, despite sharing a trait

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18
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

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19
Q

Who was Carl Woese

A

American microbiologist who used RNA molecule to find evolutionary relationships and discover that Archaea and Eukaryotes are more closely related than bacteria

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20
Q

what are the 5 kindgoms?

A

animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea

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21
Q

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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22
Q

Are eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

either

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23
Q

What is prokaryotes DNA like?

A

circular DNA

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24
Q

What is eukaryotes DNA like?

A

stored in chromosomes

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25
Q

How do eukaryotes reproduce?

A

sexually, asexually, or bot

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26
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

asexually

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27
Q

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) definition

A

movement of genetic information between two organisms

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28
Q

HGT - transformation definition

A

bacteria take up DNA from environment and incorporate it into their genome

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29
Q

HGT - conjunction definition

A

DNA is transferred between bacteria through direct contact

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30
Q

HGT - transduction definition

A

Transfer of DNA between bacteria through a virus

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31
Q

cyanobacteria metabolism

A

photoautotrophic

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32
Q

what is the ancestor of chloroplasts?

A

cyanobacteria

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33
Q

What forms biological soil crusts

A

cyanobacteria, fungi, lichens, algae

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34
Q

what is a biological soil crust?

A

assembly of living organisms on rocks or soil

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35
Q

what are stromatolites?

A

layers of cyanobacteria growing on top of each other (usually in shallow water)

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36
Q

what is a thermophile

A

archaea living in extreme heat

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37
Q

what is a halophile

A

archaea living in extreme salt

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38
Q

what is archaea lipid membrane made of?

A

isoprenoids (ether bond: stronger bent chain)

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39
Q

which domain primarily produces methane?

A

archaea

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40
Q

vertical gene transmission definition

A

gene transmission from parents to offspring

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41
Q

what is a protist

A

common ancestor of all eukaryotes, eukaryotes that aren’t plants or animals, unicellular, free-living organisms

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42
Q

How was the endoplasmic reticulum thought to be formed?

A

infolding of plasma membranes

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43
Q

Which domain is plasma membranes most similar to?

A

bacteria

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44
Q

which domain are eukaryotes most closely related to?

A

archaea

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45
Q

how was mitochondria formed

A

engulfment and endosymbiosis of prokaryote

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46
Q

how many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2, one from engulfment, one from original prokaryote

47
Q

how do mitochondria divide?

A

similar to binary fission

48
Q

which organelles have their own genomes?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

49
Q

where do protists usually live

A

aquatic environments

50
Q

how do protists reproduce

A

asexual or sexual reproduction

51
Q

what is a diatom

A

single-celled algae, SAR, 40% of ocean primary production

52
Q

what is a diatom’s cell wall made of

A

silica

53
Q

what classifies a diatom

A

single-celled, protist, eucaryote

54
Q

dinoflagellates definition

A

unicellular protist containing 2 flagella, has characteristics of both plants and animals

55
Q

Life cycle of a slime mold

A

contains a free living stage and a formation of spores. Formation of spores is often formed through aggregation or fusion

56
Q

what is another name for a slime mold

A

social amoeba

57
Q

slime mold definition

A

blobs of unicellular organisms not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. They form multicellular organisms when resources are scarce

58
Q

heterotroph

A

carbon from other living things

59
Q

autotroph

A

carbon from carbon dioxide

60
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction that produces a daughter cell that grows up

61
Q

Archeplastida

A

land plants and algae

62
Q

amoebozoa

A

amoebas and slime molds (social)

63
Q

opisthokonta

A

fungi and animals

64
Q

fungi evolutionary relationship

A

most closely related to animals, eukaryotic

65
Q

yeast definition

A

unicellular fungi

66
Q

multicellular fungi

A

usually filamentous

67
Q

Plasgomy

A

hyphae of different mating types fuse together, forming dikaryotic cell

68
Q

Karyogomy

A

nuclei from dikaryotic cells from plasgomy fuse to form diploid cells that can divide by meiosis to form haploid cells

69
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of

A

chitin

70
Q

hyphae definition

A

filaments that make up multicellular fungi, 1 cell in diameter, high surface area to volume ratio

71
Q

Septate hyphae definition

A

still have cell wall between adjacent cells, cell has hole allowing for quick cytoplasm movement

72
Q

aseptate or coenocytic hyphae definition

A

no well wall between adjacent cells

73
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

cytoplasm flows from one cell to another for quick growth

74
Q

haustorium

A

modified hyphae to penetrate host tissue (ie. wheat stem rust)

75
Q

What is fungi’s form of nutrition

A

heterotrophs, decomposers

76
Q

fungi reproduction

A

asexual, sexual, or both

77
Q

budding definition

A

asexual reproduction where new organism develops from bud of existing organism

78
Q

Mycorrhizae definition

A

mutulaistic relationship between mycelium and plant roots, plant provides sugar and fungi absorbs nutrients for plant

79
Q

mycelium definition

A

a network of hyphae

80
Q

endophyte definiton

A

fungi that live inside plants

81
Q

Lichen

A

mutualistic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organism that is not a plant, often used to break down rock as primary colonizers

82
Q

What are the 5 groups of eukaryotes?

A

SAR (diatoms, dinoflagellates), archaeplastida, amoebozoa, opisthoknta, excavata

83
Q

cuticle definition

A

waxy coating to prevent plant from drying out

84
Q

stomata definition

A

allows gas exchange through tissue

85
Q

pigment function

A

help to prevent against UV damage

86
Q

First land plants characteristics

A

didn’t have efficient vascular tissue (no true roots, leaves, stems), restricted to small size/thickness

87
Q

Bryophytes definition

A

modern non-vascular plants, paraphyletic group, gametophyte is dominant generation

88
Q

3 phyla of bryophytes

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

89
Q

hornwort features

A

photosynthetic sporophyte

90
Q

liverwort features

A

asexual reproduction in gemmae cups

91
Q

two types of gametangia

A

archegonia: female, makes eggs
antheridia: male, makes sperm

92
Q

archegonia

A

female, makes eggs

93
Q

antheridia

A

male, makes sperm, sperm needs water to swim to archegonia

94
Q

Sporangium (moss) definition

A

where spores are formed (meiosis)

95
Q

homologous structure

A

structures share a common ancestor, even if the function is different

96
Q

analogous structure

A

structures with similar function, but didn’t evolve from a common ancestor

97
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

ancesteral trait shared by two or more lineages

98
Q

synapomorphy

A

a derived trait from a common ancestor, and is present in some taxa but not others

99
Q

common body forms of bacteria

A

rod-shaped, spherical, helical

100
Q

gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria

A

both have peptidoglycan membrane, but gram positive’s is thicker

101
Q

primary vs secondary mycelium

A

primary is the original haploid form, secondary is the fused dikaryotic form

102
Q

ascomycete

A

fungus whose spores develop within a sac

103
Q

desiccation

A

removal of moisture

104
Q

tracheids

A

long, tapered cells that transport water through the plants xylem

105
Q

bryophytes

A

modern non-vascular plants (liverworts, hornworts, mosses)
paraphyletic

106
Q

embrophytes

A

all land plants

107
Q

tracheophytes

A

vascular tissue

108
Q

xylem

A

transport water

109
Q

phloem

A

transport sugar and other nutrients

110
Q

lycophytes

A

club mosses and spike mosses

111
Q

pterophytes

A

ferns and their relatives

112
Q

sori

A

grow on underside of fronds, is a clump of sporangia, sporangia eject spores when ready

113
Q

fern gametophyte

A

heartshaped, independent, photosynthetic, contains antheridia and archegonia

Life 103 (5 decks)

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