Unit 1 Flashcards
Phylogeny Definition
representation of evolutionary history between groups and organisms
Taxonomy
Study of categorizing living things
List Linnaean system in order
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
(dear king philip came over for good soup)
Linnaean system definition
a hierarchical system for naming and organizing living things
natural selection definition
organisims better adapted to an environment survive to reproduce
genetic drift
change in frequency of an existing gene due to chance (more common in smaller populations)
mutation
a change in dna due to errors in replication, damage, etc.
immigration
movement of an organism into another area
gene flow
any movement of individuals and their genes from one population to another
shared derived characteristics definition
a trait unique to a clade
Ancestral trait definition
a trait inherited from an ancestor of two or more clades
homoplasies definition
when two or more species develop a similar trait but don’t come from the same ancestor
how do homoplasies occur?
convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal
Principle of parsimony definition
the fewer evolutionary changes needed to get to a result, the more likely that phylogeny is to be true
Monophyletic (clade) group definition
contains all descendants and common ancestor
Paraphyletic group definition
contains common ancestor and some, but not all, descendants
polyphyletic group definition
a group that doesn’t share a common ancestor with a trait, despite sharing a trait
What are the three domains of life?
Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria
Who was Carl Woese
American microbiologist who used RNA molecule to find evolutionary relationships and discover that Archaea and Eukaryotes are more closely related than bacteria
what are the 5 kindgoms?
animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea
Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
Are eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
either
What is prokaryotes DNA like?
circular DNA
What is eukaryotes DNA like?
stored in chromosomes
How do eukaryotes reproduce?
sexually, asexually, or bot
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
asexually
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) definition
movement of genetic information between two organisms
HGT - transformation definition
bacteria take up DNA from environment and incorporate it into their genome
HGT - conjunction definition
DNA is transferred between bacteria through direct contact
HGT - transduction definition
Transfer of DNA between bacteria through a virus
cyanobacteria metabolism
photoautotrophic
what is the ancestor of chloroplasts?
cyanobacteria
What forms biological soil crusts
cyanobacteria, fungi, lichens, algae
what is a biological soil crust?
assembly of living organisms on rocks or soil
what are stromatolites?
layers of cyanobacteria growing on top of each other (usually in shallow water)
what is a thermophile
archaea living in extreme heat
what is a halophile
archaea living in extreme salt
what is archaea lipid membrane made of?
isoprenoids (ether bond: stronger bent chain)
which domain primarily produces methane?
archaea
vertical gene transmission definition
gene transmission from parents to offspring
what is a protist
common ancestor of all eukaryotes, eukaryotes that aren’t plants or animals, unicellular, free-living organisms
How was the endoplasmic reticulum thought to be formed?
infolding of plasma membranes
Which domain is plasma membranes most similar to?
bacteria
which domain are eukaryotes most closely related to?
archaea
how was mitochondria formed
engulfment and endosymbiosis of prokaryote
how many membranes do mitochondria have?
2, one from engulfment, one from original prokaryote
how do mitochondria divide?
similar to binary fission
which organelles have their own genomes?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
where do protists usually live
aquatic environments
how do protists reproduce
asexual or sexual reproduction
what is a diatom
single-celled algae, SAR, 40% of ocean primary production
what is a diatom’s cell wall made of
silica
what classifies a diatom
single-celled, protist, eucaryote
dinoflagellates definition
unicellular protist containing 2 flagella, has characteristics of both plants and animals
Life cycle of a slime mold
contains a free living stage and a formation of spores. Formation of spores is often formed through aggregation or fusion
what is another name for a slime mold
social amoeba
slime mold definition
blobs of unicellular organisms not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. They form multicellular organisms when resources are scarce
heterotroph
carbon from other living things
autotroph
carbon from carbon dioxide
binary fission
asexual reproduction that produces a daughter cell that grows up
Archeplastida
land plants and algae
amoebozoa
amoebas and slime molds (social)
opisthokonta
fungi and animals
fungi evolutionary relationship
most closely related to animals, eukaryotic
yeast definition
unicellular fungi
multicellular fungi
usually filamentous
Plasgomy
hyphae of different mating types fuse together, forming dikaryotic cell
Karyogomy
nuclei from dikaryotic cells from plasgomy fuse to form diploid cells that can divide by meiosis to form haploid cells
what are fungi cell walls made of
chitin
hyphae definition
filaments that make up multicellular fungi, 1 cell in diameter, high surface area to volume ratio
Septate hyphae definition
still have cell wall between adjacent cells, cell has hole allowing for quick cytoplasm movement
aseptate or coenocytic hyphae definition
no well wall between adjacent cells
cytoplasmic streaming
cytoplasm flows from one cell to another for quick growth
haustorium
modified hyphae to penetrate host tissue (ie. wheat stem rust)
What is fungi’s form of nutrition
heterotrophs, decomposers
fungi reproduction
asexual, sexual, or both
budding definition
asexual reproduction where new organism develops from bud of existing organism
Mycorrhizae definition
mutulaistic relationship between mycelium and plant roots, plant provides sugar and fungi absorbs nutrients for plant
mycelium definition
a network of hyphae
endophyte definiton
fungi that live inside plants
Lichen
mutualistic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organism that is not a plant, often used to break down rock as primary colonizers
What are the 5 groups of eukaryotes?
SAR (diatoms, dinoflagellates), archaeplastida, amoebozoa, opisthoknta, excavata
cuticle definition
waxy coating to prevent plant from drying out
stomata definition
allows gas exchange through tissue
pigment function
help to prevent against UV damage
First land plants characteristics
didn’t have efficient vascular tissue (no true roots, leaves, stems), restricted to small size/thickness
Bryophytes definition
modern non-vascular plants, paraphyletic group, gametophyte is dominant generation
3 phyla of bryophytes
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
hornwort features
photosynthetic sporophyte
liverwort features
asexual reproduction in gemmae cups
two types of gametangia
archegonia: female, makes eggs
antheridia: male, makes sperm
archegonia
female, makes eggs
antheridia
male, makes sperm, sperm needs water to swim to archegonia
Sporangium (moss) definition
where spores are formed (meiosis)
homologous structure
structures share a common ancestor, even if the function is different
analogous structure
structures with similar function, but didn’t evolve from a common ancestor
symplesiomorphy
ancesteral trait shared by two or more lineages
synapomorphy
a derived trait from a common ancestor, and is present in some taxa but not others
common body forms of bacteria
rod-shaped, spherical, helical
gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria
both have peptidoglycan membrane, but gram positive’s is thicker
primary vs secondary mycelium
primary is the original haploid form, secondary is the fused dikaryotic form
ascomycete
fungus whose spores develop within a sac
desiccation
removal of moisture
tracheids
long, tapered cells that transport water through the plants xylem
bryophytes
modern non-vascular plants (liverworts, hornworts, mosses)
paraphyletic
embrophytes
all land plants
tracheophytes
vascular tissue
xylem
transport water
phloem
transport sugar and other nutrients
lycophytes
club mosses and spike mosses
pterophytes
ferns and their relatives
sori
grow on underside of fronds, is a clump of sporangia, sporangia eject spores when ready
fern gametophyte
heartshaped, independent, photosynthetic, contains antheridia and archegonia
