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Life 103 > Final :( > Flashcards

Final :( Flashcards

1
Q

phylogeny definition

A

representation of evolutionary history between groups and organisms

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2
Q

taxonomy

A

study of categorizing living things

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3
Q

list linnaean system in order

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

(dear king philip came over for good soup)

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4
Q

Linnaean system definition

A

a hierarchical system for naming and organizing living things

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5
Q

natural selection definition

A

organisms better adapted to an environment survive to reproduce

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6
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequency of an existing gene due to chance (more common in smaller populations)

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7
Q

mutation

A

a change in dna to errors in replication, damage, etc.

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8
Q

immigration

A

movement of an organism into another area

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9
Q

gene flow

A

any movement of individuals and their genes from one population to another

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10
Q

shared derived characteristics definition

A

a trait unique to a clade

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11
Q

ancestral trait definition

A

a trait inherited from an ancestor of two or more clades

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12
Q

homoplasies definition

A

when two or more species develop a similar trait but don’t come from the same ancestor

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13
Q

how do homoplasies occur

A

convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal

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14
Q

principle of parsimony definition

A

the fewer evolutionary changes needed to get to a result, the more likely that phylogeny is to be true

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15
Q

monophyletic (clade) group definition

A

contains all descendants and common ancestor

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16
Q

paraphyletic group definition

A

contains common ancestor and some, but not all, descendants

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17
Q

polyphyletic group definition

A

a group that doesn’t share a common ancestor with a trait, despite sharing a trait

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18
Q

what are the three domains of life?

A

archaea, eukarya, bacteria

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19
Q

who was carl woese

A

american microbiologist who used RNA molecule to find evolutionary relationships and discover that Archaea and Eukaryotes are more closely related than bacteria

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20
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea

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21
Q

are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular

A

unicellular

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22
Q

are eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular

A

either

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23
Q

what is prokaryotes DNA like

A

circular DNA

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24
Q

what is eukaryotes DNA like

A

stored in chromosomes

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25
Q

how do eukaryotes reproduce

A

sexually, asexually, or both

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26
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

asexually

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27
Q

horizontal gene transfer definition

A

movement of genetic information between two organisms

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28
Q

HGT - transformation definition

A

bacteria take up DNA from environment and incorporate it into their genome

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29
Q

HGT - conjunction definition

A

DNA is transferred between bacteria through direct contact

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30
Q

HGT - transduction definition

A

Transfer of DNA between bacteria through a virus

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31
Q

cyanobacteria metabolism

A

photoautotrophic

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32
Q

what is the ancestor of chloroplasts

A

cyanobacteria

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33
Q

what forms biological soil crusts

A

cyanobacteria, fungi, lichens, algae

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34
Q

what is a biological soil crust

A

assembly of living organisms on rocks or soil

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35
Q

what are stromatolites

A

layers of cyanobacteria growing on top of each other (usually in shallow water)

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36
Q

what is a thermophile

A

archaea living in extreme heat

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37
Q

what is a halophile

A

archaea living in extreme salt

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38
Q

what is archaea lipid membrane made of

A

isoprenoids (ether bond: stronger bent chain)

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39
Q

which domain primarily produces methane

A

archaea

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40
Q

vertical gene transmission definition

A

gene transmission from parents to offspring

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41
Q

what is a protist

A

common ancestor of all eukaryotes, eukaryotes that aren’t plants or animals, unicellular, free-living organisims

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42
Q

how was the endoplasmic reticulum thought to be formed

A

infolding of plasma membranes

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43
Q

which domain is plasma membranes most similar to

A

bacteria

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44
Q

which domain are eukaryotes most closely related to

A

archaea

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45
Q

how was mitochondria formed

A

engulfment and endosymbiosis of prokaryote

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46
Q

how many membranes do mitochondria have

A

2, one from engulfment, one from original prokaryote

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47
Q

how do mitochondria divide

A

similar to binary fission

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48
Q

which organelles have their own genomes

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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49
Q

where do protists usually live

A

aquatic environments

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50
Q

how do protists reproduce

A

asexual or sexual reproduction

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51
Q

what is a diatom

A

single-celled algae, SAR, 40% of ocean primary production

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52
Q

what is a diatom’s cell wall made of

A

silica

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53
Q

what classifies a diatom

A

single-celled, protist, eukaryote

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54
Q

dinoflagellates definition

A

unicellular protist containing 2 flagella, has characteristics of both plants and animals

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55
Q

life cycle of a slime mold

A

contains a free living stage and a formation of spores. formation of spores is often formed through aggregation or fusion

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56
Q

what is another name for a slime mold

A

social amoeba

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57
Q

slime mold definition

A

blobs of unicellular organisms not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. they form multicellular organisms when resources are scarce

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58
Q

heterotroph

A

carbon from other living things

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59
Q

autotroph

A

carbon from carbon dioxide

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60
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction that produces a daughter cell that grows up

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61
Q

archeplastida

A

land plants and algae

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62
Q

amoebozoa

A

amoebas and slime molds (social)

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63
Q

opisthokonta

A

fungi and animals

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64
Q

fungi evolutionary relationship

A

most closely related to animals, eukaryotic

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65
Q

yeast definition

A

unicellular fungi

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66
Q

multicellular fungi

A

usually filamentous

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67
Q

plasgomy

A

hyphae of different mating types fuse together, forming dikaryotic cell

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68
Q

karyogomy

A

nuclei from dikaryotic cells from plasgomy fuse to form diploid cells that can divide by meiosis to form haploid cells

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69
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of

A

chitin

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70
Q

hyphae definition

A

filaments that make up multicellular fungi, 1 cell in diameter, high surface area to volume ratio

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71
Q

septate hyphae definition

A

still have cell wall between adjacent cells, cell has hole allowing for quick cytoplasm movement

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72
Q

aseptate or coenocytic hyphae definition

A

no cell wall between adjacent cells

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73
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

cytoplasm flows from one cell to another for quick growth

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74
Q

haustorium

A

modified hyphae to penetrate host tissue (ie. wheat stem rust)

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75
Q

what is fungi’s form of nutrition

A

heterotrophs, decomposers

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76
Q

fungi reproduction

A

asexual, sexual, or both

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77
Q

budding definition

A

asexual reproduction where new organism develops from bud of existing organisms

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78
Q

mycorrhizae definition

A

mutualistic relationship between mycelium and plant roots, plant provides sugar and fungi absorbs nutrients for plant

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79
Q

mycelium definition

A

a network of hyphae

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80
Q

endophyte definition

A

fungi that lives inside plants

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81
Q

lichen

A

mutualistic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organism that is not a plant, often used to break down rock as primary colonizers

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82
Q

what are the 5 groups of eukaryotes

A

SAR (diatoms, dinoflagellates), archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, opisthoknta, excavata

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83
Q

cuticle definition

A

waxy coating to prevent plant from drying out

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84
Q

stomata definition

A

allows gas exchange through tissue

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85
Q

pigment function

A

help to prevent against UV damage

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86
Q

first land plants characteristics

A

didn’t have efficient vascular tissue (no true roots, leaves, stems), restricted to small size/thickness

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87
Q

bryophytes definition

A

modern non-vascular plants, paraphyletic group, gametophyte is domiant generation

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88
Q

3 phyla of bryophytes

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

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89
Q

hornwort fratures

A

photosynthetic sporophyte

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90
Q

liverwort features

A

asexual reproduction in gemmae cups

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91
Q

two types of gametangia

A

archegonia: female, makes eggs
antheridia: male, makes sperm

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92
Q

archegonia

A

female, makes eggs

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93
Q

antheridia

A

male, makes sperm, sperm needs water to swim to archegonia

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94
Q

sporangium (moss) definition

A

where spores are formed (meiosis)

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95
Q

homologous structure

A

structures share a common ancestor, even if the function is different

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96
Q

analogous structure

A

structures with similar function, but didn’t evolve from a common ancestor

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97
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

ancestral trait shared by two or more lineages

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98
Q

synapomorphy

A

a derived train from a common ancestor, and is present in some taxa but not others

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99
Q

common body forms of bacteria

A

rod-shaped, spherical, helical

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100
Q

gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria

A

both have peptidoglycan membrane, but gram positive’s is thicker

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101
Q

primary vs secondary mycelium

A

primary is the original haploid form, secondary is the fused dikaryotic form

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102
Q

ascomycete

A

fungus whose spores develop within a sac

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103
Q

desiccation

A

removal of moisture

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104
Q

tracheids

A

long, tapered cells that transport water through the plants xylem

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105
Q

bryophytes

A

modern non-vascular plant (liverworts, hornworts, mosses) paraphyletic

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106
Q

embrophytes

A

all land plants

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107
Q

tracheophytes

A

vascular tissue

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108
Q

xylem

A

transport water

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109
Q

phloem

A

transport sugar and other nutrients

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110
Q

lycophytes

A

club mosses and spike mosses

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111
Q

pterophytes

A

ferns and their relatives

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112
Q

sori

A

grow on underside of fronds, is a clump of sporangia, sporangia eject spores when ready

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113
Q

fern gametophyte

A

heart shaped, independent, photosynthetic, contains antheridia and archegonia

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114
Q

what is the dominant generation of gymnosperms

A

sporophyte

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115
Q

what does heterosporous mean

A

produces microspores and megaspores

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116
Q

where does the female gametophyte develop

A

inside the ovule

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117
Q

what are the 4 gymnosperm phyla

A

conifers, cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes

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118
Q

when did seed plants first appear

A

305-465 MYA

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119
Q

progymnosperm definition

A

extinct group of woody, spore bearing plants
shared secondary vascular tissues with modern gymnosperms

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120
Q

integument definition

A

tough outer protective layer, extra layer of sporophyte tissue hardens to produce seed coat

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121
Q

what is the carpel

A

female parts, contains stigma, style, ovule, and ovary

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122
Q

what is the stamen

A

male parts, contains anther and filament

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123
Q

what is in the ovule

A

megasporangium with diploid megaspore mother cell, where the female gametophyte develops

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124
Q

Forensic palynology definition

A

analyze pollen grains and where they come from to solve crimes

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125
Q

describe the megasporangium in angiosperms

A

-8 haploid nuclei in 7 cells
-cell closest to microphye is egg
-double fertilization

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126
Q

microphye definition

A

small opening in integument that allows sperm into ovule

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127
Q

double fertilization definition

A

in angiosperms, 2 sperm cells delivered to form diploid zygote (sperm + egg) and triploid endosperm (sperm +central cell)

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128
Q

endosperm definition

A

tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo, made up of triploid endosperm (sperm and central cell)

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129
Q

when did angiosperms first appear

A

about 208-145 MYA

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130
Q

what is a flower

A

modified steams bearing modified leaves for reproduction

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131
Q

primordium definition

A

organ, structure, or tissue in earliest stage of development

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132
Q

pedicel definition

A

stalk or stem that supports a single plant

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133
Q

receptacle definition

A

part of flower stalk where parts of flower are attached

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134
Q

what are the outer parts of a flower (attached in 4 whorls)?

A

sepals, petals, stamens (androecium), gynoecium

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135
Q

sepals definition

A

green, leaflike, enclose petals

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136
Q

petals definition

A

colored to attract pollinators

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137
Q

stamen definition

A

where pollen is produced

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138
Q

anther definition

A

pollen bearing, at tip of filament (stalk)

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139
Q

gynoecium

A

female part of the flower, contains one or more carpels

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140
Q

stigma definition

A

tip of carpel, pollen grains land there

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141
Q

ovary definition

A

swollen base, contains ovules, develops into a fruit

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142
Q

pollination definition

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

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143
Q

fertilization definition

A

fusion of male and female gamete

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144
Q

what is selfing/self-fertilization

A

sexual reproduction, doesn’t need another plant

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145
Q

dioecious definition

A

male and female parts on separate flowers or plants to prevent selfing

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146
Q

apomixis definition

A

plant is able to make seeds asexually

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147
Q

traits of a monocot

A

parallel leaf vein, multiples of 3 flower parts

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148
Q

traits of a dicot

A

branched leaf vein, multiples of 4 or 5 flower parts

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149
Q

three types of plant tissue

A

dermal, vascular, ground

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150
Q

node definition

A

a bud and its leaf

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151
Q

internode definition

A

the space between nodes

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152
Q

axillary bud definition

A

buds on side of stem at nodes

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153
Q

apical bud definition

A

buds at tip of stem

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154
Q

what is a meristem

A

undifferentiated cells that can divide by mitosis, produces one meristematic cell and one differentiated cell

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155
Q

where is the apical meristme

A

tips of stems and roots, protected by apical bud

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156
Q

what are the primary meristems produced by the apical meristem

A

protoderm, procambium, ground meristem

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157
Q

what does protoderm produce

A

dermal tissue

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158
Q

what does procambium produce

A

vascular tissue

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159
Q

what does ground meristem produce

A

ground tissue

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160
Q

intercalary meristem definition

A

promotes growth and elongation, located at base of leaves, usually only in monocots

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161
Q

lateral meristems definition

A

produce secondary growth (vascular cambium and cork cambium)

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162
Q

vascular cambium definition

A

makes secondary vascular tissues, secondary xylem and phloem

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163
Q

cork cambium definition

A

makes secondary dermal tissue (periderm)

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164
Q

parts of dermal tissue

A

epidermis, periderm, lenticels, root hairs, trichomes, stomata

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165
Q

epidermis definition

A

outer most layer of cells covering plants, alive at maturity, usually squishy and flexible, from embryo

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166
Q

periderm definition

A

secondary tissue, protective layer on some stems and roots, hard, usually dead at maturity

167
Q

lenticels definition

A

spongy plug between cells in periderm for gas exchange

168
Q

trichomes definition

A

extension of epidermal cell, hair/spike on plant surface, can provide protection, trap food

169
Q

root hairs definition

A

outgrowth of epidermal cells for absorption, in root zone of maturity

170
Q

xylem definition

A

transports water and nutrients up plants

171
Q

two types of cells in xylem for transporting water

A

vessels and tracheids

172
Q

vessels definition

A

cylinder with flat ends for transporting water, dead at maturity

173
Q

tracheids definition

A

narrow, pointed, dead cells for transporting water

174
Q

phloem definition

A

transports sugars and organic molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

175
Q

sieve tube definition

A

conducting cells in phloem made of sieve tube members, alive, mostly empty inside, utilizes companion cell, lack nucleus at maturity

176
Q

3 cell types of ground tissues

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

177
Q

collenchyma definition

A

support of flexible growing organisms, alive

178
Q

parenchyma definition

A

type of ground tissue, living, squishiest, specialized for storage and metabolism, can dedifferentiate

179
Q

sclerenchyma definition

A

crunchiest, dead, used for cell wall, contain ligin and high cellulose content, have fibers and sclereids

180
Q

fibers definition

A

type of sclerenchyma cell, long elongated cells that form bundles

181
Q

sclereids definition

A

type of sclerenchyma cell, hard, found in fruit walls (stone fruit)

182
Q

four zones of a root

A

zone of maturation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division

183
Q

what does the root cap do

A

gravitropism, covers apical meristem

184
Q

pericycle definition

A

layer of plant cells between phloem and endodermis, can become meristematic for branching, inside casparian strip

185
Q

casparian strip definition

A

waxy layer in endodermis to help prevent cells from entering vascular tissue

186
Q

epiphytic definition

A

plant uses other plant for physical support

187
Q

buttress and prop roots definition

A

roots from a few inches out of the ground for support

188
Q

pneumatophores definition

A

roots that come out of water for air (like a snorkel)

189
Q

pith definition

A

tissue in vascular tissue of stems, made of soft spongy parenchyma cells, helps store and transport nutrients

190
Q

cortex definition

A

a layer of tissue that is located between the epidermis and the vascular tissues of the stems and roots, stores carbs and other substances

191
Q

heartwood definition

A

inner, dead part of tree for support

192
Q

sapwood definition

A

outer, living part of tree for transport of water and minerals

193
Q

lenticel

A

spongy opening to allow oxygen in and out of periderm

194
Q

cladophyll definition

A

modified stem, resembles and functions as a leaf

195
Q

palisade definition

A

layer of closely packed cells on upper epidermis of leaf, contains chlorophyll

196
Q

mesophyll definition

A

spongy parenchyma cells in lower epidermis of leaf for gas exchange

197
Q

indeterminate growth definition

A

plants add structures to their bodies throughout life

198
Q

root function

A

anchors plant, absorbs water and ions

199
Q

cellular structure of meristems

A

cluster of small cells, have dense cytoplasm and large nuclei

200
Q

dermal tissue function

A

on external surfaces, provides protection, regulates gas exchange

201
Q

ground tissue function

A

storage, photosynthesis, support

202
Q

parenchyma cellular structure

A

large vacuoles, thin walls, functional nuclei, most abundant cells of primary tissues

203
Q

transpiration definition

A

diffusion of water vapor from the plant

204
Q

columella cells

A

function in sensing gravity, contain amyloplasts

205
Q

amyloplast definition

A

plant plastid for storing starch

206
Q

stele definition

A

central core of root or stem containing vascular system

207
Q

phyllotaxy definition

A

arrangement of leaves on a stem, usually at 137.5 degrees (golden mean)

208
Q

rhizome definition

A

modified stem, horizontal stem that grows underground close to surface

209
Q

runners and stolon definition

A

modified stem, horizontal stems with long internodes, grows underground

210
Q

tubers definition

A

carbohydrates accumulate at tips of rhizomes, swells to become tuber

211
Q

microphyll leaf definition

A

small leaf with one vein branching from vascular cylinder, doesn’t extend full length of leaf

212
Q

megaphylls leaf definition

A

large leaf with complex vascular system and many veins

213
Q

stipules definition

A

small, leaf like appendage that grows at the base of a petiole

214
Q

petiole definition

A

stalk that connects leaf blade to stem of plant

215
Q

chlorenchyma definition

A

parenchyma with chloroplasts, usually close to upper epidermis

216
Q

window leaves definition

A

modified leaf, cone-shaped leaves with transparent tips for admitting light

217
Q

what are the 4 pathways that regulate flowering

A

light-dependent, temperature dependent, gibberellin dependent, autonomous

218
Q

vernalization definition

A

dependence of a shoot on a period of chilling

219
Q

pollen tube definition

A

hollow tube that develops when pollen lands on stigma, gets sperm to ovule

220
Q

list the common pollinators

A

bees, birds, bats, butterflies, moths, other insects

221
Q

what type of flowers attract bees

A

yellow or blue flowers

222
Q

what type of flowers attract butterflies

A

flat flowers, long tubes

223
Q

what type of flowers attract moths

A

white or pale flowers

224
Q

what type of flowers attract bats

A

large, open at night, pale, lots of nectar

225
Q

diffusion definition

A

areas of more molecules go to areas with less molecules (higher potential energy to lower potential energy)

226
Q

passive transport definition

A

doesn’t need energy (osmosis symport, ion channel)

227
Q

aquaporin definition

A

channel for water molecules (passive)

228
Q

active transport definition

A

use energy to move things across membrane (proton pump, uses ATP)

229
Q

plasmodesmata

A

gap in cell wall between cytoplasms for water movement

230
Q

pressure potential numbers

A

0 no pressure
negative: suction
positive: squeezing

231
Q

solute potential numbers

A

more negative: more solutes
less negative: less solutes
0: pure water

232
Q

plasmolysis definition

A

cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall when dehydrated for a long time

233
Q

turgor pressure definition

A

outward pressure on cell created by water

234
Q

apoplastic route definition

A

solutes of water move between plant cells but never into the cell

235
Q

simplistic route definition

A

water moves into a cell and moves between cells via plasmodesmata

236
Q

transmembrane route definition

A

water moves in and out of cells or between cells

237
Q

guttation definition

A

if root pressure is high enough, pushes water up and forces it out of cells on leaves

238
Q

cohesion-tension theory

A

transpiration, cohesion, and adhesion to cell walls move water

239
Q

cohesion definition

A

water molecules stick to eachother

240
Q

adhesion definition

A

water molecules stick to walls of tracheid or xylem vessels

241
Q

osmosis definition

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration

242
Q

water potential usage

A

predict direction of water movement, measured in megapascals (MPa)

243
Q

hypotonic solution definition

A

solution has lower concentration of solutes than the cell

244
Q

hypertonic solution definition

A

solution has higher concentration of solutes than the cell

245
Q

pressure potential (Wp)

A

turgor pressure resulting from pressure against the cell wall

246
Q

tonicity definition

A

measure of the solute concentration of a solution

247
Q

solute potential (Ws) definition

A

amount of osmotic pressure arising from the presence of a solute or solutes in water

248
Q

what are the three transport routes of roots

A

apoplastic, symplastic, transmembrane

249
Q

what is the casparian strip made of

A

suberin

250
Q

root pressure

A

caused by accumulation of ions in the roots at times when transpiration from the leaves is low or absent

251
Q

cavitation definition

A

gas bubble expands and blocks tracheid or vessel

252
Q

sap definition

A

carbs and other nutrient rich fluids in a plant body

253
Q

auxin definition

A

plant hormone, responsible for elongation, organizing body plan, phototropism

254
Q

cytokinins definition

A

plant hormone, stimulate cell division and differentiation, produced in root apical meristem

255
Q

gibberellins definition

A

plant hormone, enhances plant growth and nutrient utilization, stem elongation

256
Q

ethylene definition

A

plant hormone, induces fruit ripening and aids plant defenses

257
Q

abscisic acid definition

A

plant hormone, suppresses growth and induces dormancy

258
Q

abscission definition

A

fruit dropping

259
Q

metazoa

A

all animals collectively

260
Q

animal characteristic

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, most are mobile, no cell walls, most reproduce sexually

261
Q

chanophlagellets

A

closest relative to animals, protists, unicellular or colonial species

262
Q

porifera animal

A

sponges, basal clade of animals

263
Q

porifera characteristics

A

most primative
no true tissues of organs
no symmetry
sexual or asexual reproduction
mobile in larval form
sessile (attached) in adult form

264
Q

parazoa

A

contains porifera, simplest group of metazoa

265
Q

eumetazoa

A

all animals that arent sponges

266
Q

characteristics of eumetazoa

A

true tissues, symmetry

267
Q

which groups have radial symmetry

A

cnidarians and ctenophores

268
Q

which groups are diploblastic

A

cnidarians and ctenophores

269
Q

cnidarian animals

A

jellyfish, corals, hydrozoans, sea anemones

270
Q

which animals are ctenophores

A

comb jellies

271
Q

diploblastic

A

two tissue layers
-endoderm: gut lining
-ectoderm: outer covering

272
Q

medusa body form

A

mobile, usually mouth down, in cnidarian

273
Q

polyp body form

A

sessile, usually mouth up, in cnidarian

274
Q

cnidarian feeding

A

extracellular digestion, release enzymes to digest prey in gastrovascular cavity, absorb nutrients

275
Q

nematocytes

A

stinging cells in cnidarians on tenticles (shoot harpone out of)

276
Q

chanocytes

A

flagellated cells that move water in sponges

277
Q

osculum

A

large opening in sponge through which water is expelled

278
Q

amebocytes

A

a mobile cell in invertebrates that clean up waste and distribute food

279
Q

ostia

A

pores in sponges that water moves through

280
Q

classes of arthropoda

A

chelicerata, crustacea, hexapoda, myriapoda

281
Q

characteristics of arthropoda

A

segmented, exoskeleton, jointed appendages

282
Q

segmentation in arthropoda

A

may have tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen

283
Q

exoskeleton in arthropoda

A

made of chitin and protein, shed through ecdysis

284
Q

which animals are chelicerata

A

spiders, ticks, scorpions, mites, horseshoe crab

285
Q

chelicerata characteristics

A

-body in 2 tagmata
-6 pairs of appendages (chelicerae, 4 pairs of walking legs)

286
Q

opisthosoma

A

rear end in arthropod, specifically chelicerae, often unsegmented and contains reproductive organs

287
Q

pedipalps

A

pair of appendages for sensing, feeding, mating, located in front of the first pair of legs

288
Q

crustacea animals

A

crabs, lobsters, crayfish, pill bugs

289
Q

crustacea characteristics

A
  • 3 tagmata, often cephalothorax
  • 2 pairs of antennae, 3 pairs chewing appendages, lots of legs
  • gas exchange through gills or across cuticle
  • nauplius larvae
290
Q

hexapoda animals

A

insects

291
Q

hexapoda characteristics

A
  • 6 jointed legs
  • three body tagmata
  • antennae
  • exoskeleton
292
Q

myriapoda animals

A

centipedes and millipedes

293
Q

centipedes characteristics

A

two legs per segment, carnivorous

294
Q

millipede characteristics

A

4 legs per segment, herbivores

295
Q

ecdysozoans

A

contains arthropods and nematodes, molting skin

296
Q

which phylum are deuterostomes

A

echinodermata and chordata

297
Q

deuterostomes characteristics

A

-coelomates
-anus develops first

298
Q

coelom definition

A

fluid filled body cavity (gas in vertebrates)

299
Q

echinodermata animals

A

sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

300
Q

echinodermata characteristics

A

-endoskeleton of calcium carbonate ossicles
-marine
-bilateral symmetry in larvae
-tube feet
-water vascular system

301
Q

water vascular system

A

hydraulic system for movement and other functions in echinodermata

302
Q

chordata animals

A

urchordata, cephalochordata, vertebrate

303
Q

chordata characteristics

A

-hollow dorsal nerve cord
-notochord
-pharyngeal slits
-postanal tail

304
Q

chordate subphyla

A

urochordate, cephalochordate, vertebrate

305
Q

urochordate animals

A

sea squirts, tunicate

306
Q

urochordate characteristics

A

have all 4 features as larvae, pharyngeal slits as adults

307
Q

cephalochordate animals

A

lancelets

308
Q

cephalochordate/lancelets characteristics

A

embed in sediment, filter feeders

309
Q

vertebrate characteristics

A

-vertebral column (replaces notochord, encloses dorsal nerve cord)
-endoskeleton
-head/skull

310
Q

what were the earliest vertebrates

A

fish

311
Q

fish characteristics

A

-vertebral column
-jaws and paired appendages
-internal gills
-single loop blood circulation
-nutritional deficiencies

312
Q

which fish lack jaws

A

hagfish and lampreys

313
Q

how did jaws evolve

A

from anterior gill arches

314
Q

chondrichthyes animals

A

sharks, rays, skates

315
Q

lateral line system

A

line of mechanosensory receptors, in sharks and bony fishes

316
Q

what are the groups of bony fish

A

ray finned fish and lobe finned fish

317
Q

what are the lobe finned fish

A

2 species of coelacanth, lungfishes

318
Q

swim bladder

A

regulate buoyancy by secreting gasses, in bony fish

319
Q

operculum

A

covers gills, helps to control water movement even when fish is stationary

320
Q

tetrapod characteristics

A

4 limbs

321
Q

groups of tetrapods

A

amphibians, amniotes

322
Q

amphibian characteristics

A

-legs
-lungs and/or cutaneous respiration
-pulmonary veins
-3 chambered heart, double circulation

323
Q

groups of amphibians

A

anura, caudata, apoda

324
Q

anura animals

A

frogs and toads

325
Q

anura characteristics

A

-no tails
-legs modified for jumping
-most lay eggs in water
-tadpole: swimming larval form

326
Q

caudata animals

A

salamanders

327
Q

caudata characteristics

A

lay eggs in water, larvae similar to adults, predators in both life stages

328
Q

apoda animals

A

caecilians

329
Q

apoda characteristics

A

-tropical, burrowing amphibians
-legless
-tiny eyes and jaws with teeth
-internal fertiliation

330
Q

amniotes characteristics

A

-water proof amniotic egg
-dry skin
-thoracic breathing

331
Q

amniote groups

A

reptiles, aves, mammals

332
Q

anapsids

A

0 hole behind eye (turtle)

332
Q

synapsids

A

1 hole behind eye (mammals)

332
Q

diapsids

A

2 holes behind eye (reptiles, birds)

333
Q

reptile characteristics

A

-double loop circulation
-ventricle partially divided

334
Q

groups of reptiles

A

chelonia, lepidosauria, crocodilians

335
Q

chelonia animals

A

turtles and tortices

336
Q

lepidosauria animals

A

squamata (lizards and snakes)
Rhynchocephalia (tuataras)

337
Q

crocodilian animals

A

alligators, crocodiles, caimans

338
Q

aves characteristics

A

birds
-amniotic egg
-scales on legs
-no teeth
-flight adaptations

339
Q

what are some flight adaptations of birds

A

no urinary bladder, wings and feathers, thin hollow bones, efficient respiration and circulation, rapid metabolism, endothermic

340
Q

characteristics of mammals

A

-have hair
-produce milk
-endothermic
-4 chambered heart

341
Q

groups of mammals

A

monotremes, viviparous (marsupials and placental)

342
Q

monotremes animals

A

1 platypus species, 4 echidnas species

343
Q

monotreme characteristics

A

lay eggs, single opening (cloaca), lack well developed nipples

344
Q

viviparous characteristics

A

nipples, live birth, placents

345
Q

characteristics of primates

A

binocular vision
grasping hands
group of mammals

346
Q

anthropoid animals

A

monkeys, apes, humans

347
Q

hominids animals

A

apes and humans

348
Q

bilateria characteristics

A

bilateral symmetry triploblastic

349
Q

which groups are protostomes

A

lophotrochozoans and ectozoans

350
Q

characteristics of protostomes

A

blastopore forms mouth first, spiral cleavage, determinant early development

351
Q

characteristics of deuterostomes

A

forms anus first, radial cleavage, indeterminate early development, coelomates

352
Q

which groups are lophotrochozoans

A

platyhelminthes, bryoza, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelida

353
Q

which animals are platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

354
Q

trochophore

A

free swimming larvae in mollusca and annelids

355
Q

groups of molluscs

A

gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves

356
Q

radula

A

scraping, tonguelike tooth in molluscs

357
Q

molluscs characteristics

A

head foot, mantle, visceral mass, small coelom

358
Q

annelids characteristics

A

marine, trochophore, some cephalization, ventral nerve cord, closed circulatory system

359
Q

annelids animals

A

leaches, bloodworms, earthworms

360
Q

ectozoans groups

A

arthropods and nematodes

361
Q

ectozoans characteristics

A

molting animals

362
Q

hierarchical organization of vertebrate

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

363
Q

tissue types in vertebrates

A

epithelial, nerve, connective, muscle

364
Q

what does the ectoderm form in vertebrates

A

skin, nervous system, sense organs

365
Q

what does endoderm form in vertebrates

A

digestive and respiratory tract lining, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid

366
Q

what does mesoderm form in vertebrates

A

skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, heart, etc

367
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A

secretion, absorption, transport, protection

368
Q

squamous epithelial cell

A

flattened

369
Q

cuboidal epithelial cell

A

cube shaped

370
Q

columnar epithelial cell

A

column shaped

371
Q

stratified epithelial layer

A

multiple layers

372
Q

pseudostratified epithelial layer

A

columnar, all attached to basement but cells are different types

373
Q

simple squamous function

A

diffusion, filtration, permeable (lungs, blood vessels)

374
Q

stratified squamous function

A

protection (inside of mouth, esophagus, cervix)

375
Q

cuboidal cell function

A

usually simple but can be stratified, secretion and absorption (simple: lines kidney tubules, small ducts of glands, Stratified: linings of sweat and mammary glands)

376
Q

columnar function

A

absorption, secretion, protection (simple: digestive system, pseudostratified: respiratory passages)

377
Q

how are glands formed

A

invaginations of epithelium

378
Q

exocrine glands function

A

duct to the outside, secretions end up on surface of body or within tubes

379
Q

endocrine glands function

A

no duct to outside, secretions to capillaries and circulated by the blood

380
Q

cross-bridge cycle

A
  1. start with myosin head in resting position (ATP attached to head)
  2. break ATP molecule, myosin head is energized
  3. myosin head binds to actin, forms cross bridge
  4. myosin releases ADP and P making myosin pull on actin (power stroke)
  5. new ATP molecule binds to myosin head and causes it to release the actin
381
Q

tropomyosin and troponin function

A

calcium binds, inhibits cross-bridge formation

382
Q

motor neuron function

A

release acetylcholine, stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium inside the cell

383
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory, interneurons, motor neurons

384
Q

sensory neurons

A

peripheral nervous system, input neurons

385
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons, peripheral nervous system

386
Q

motor neurons

A

output neurons, peripheral nervous system

387
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mv

388
Q

how do channels open across membrane

A

sodium channels open first, potassium open second

389
Q

action potential pumps

A

move against gradient

390
Q

action potential leakage channels

A

slow drip

391
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

open and close based on charge

392
Q

neuroglia/glial cells

A

support functions for nerve cells

393
Q

parts of a neuron cell

A

cell body (nucleus), dendrite (electrical impulse towards cell body), axon (electrical impulse away from cell)

394
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

transmits signals to CNS

395
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

396
Q

types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper, special connective tissue

397
Q

loose connective tissue proper

A

lots of fluid ground substance, relatively few fibers with space between them, squishy and gelatinous

398
Q

dense connective tissue proper

A

lots of collagen fibers in the matrix

399
Q

regular dense connective tissue

A

collagen lined up in parallel (tendons and ligament)

400
Q

irregular connective tissue

A

collagen oriented in different ways

401
Q

special connective tissue

A

cartilage, blood, bone

402
Q

cartilage

A

matrix contains collagen and chondroitin (protein)

403
Q

blood

A

living cells are red/white cells, matrix is plasma

404
Q

bone

A

ground substance hardened w calcium phosphate crystals

405
Q

matrix

A

fluid with network of protein fibers (usually collagen), in connective tissue

406
Q

muscle tissue types

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

407
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

used for involuntary movements

408
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

striated, voluntary movement

409
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated, heart

410
Q

sliding filament mechanism

A

filaments stay the same length, thick pull thin, how muscles contract

411
Q

do prokaryotes have a nucleus

A

no

412
Q

do eukaryotes have a nucleus

A

yes

Life 103 (5 decks)

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