Unit 3 Flashcards
what are features of animals?
-heterotrophs
-multicellularity
-no cell walls
-active movement
-sexual reproduction
-embryonic development
-tissues (except sponges)
Totipotent definition
zygote cell can become any kind of specialized cell (irreversible in animals except sponges)
which animal phyla have radial symmetry
cnidarians and Ctenophora
Cephilization definition
concentration of nerve tissue at anterior end
three cell layers of triploblastic animal
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
what does ectoderm form into
outer body covering, nervous system
what does endoderm form into
digestive system
what does mesoderm form into
skeleton and muscles
what is the role of body cavities
provide support, distribute materials, develomental interactions (liquid in most animals, gas in vertebrates)
which phylum doesn’t have a body cavity
acoelomates
Pseudocoelom definition
body cavity develops embryologically between mesoderm and endoderm
Coelom definition
body cavity develops entirely in the mesoderm
open circulatory system definition
blood mixes with fluid that bathes tissues from vessels
closed circulatory system definition
blood is confined to blood vessels
archenteron definition
indent in hollow ball of cell from early development
blastopore
hollow ball of cell from early dvelopment
protostome
mouth develops first from blastopore
deuterostome
anus develops first from blastopore
spiral cleavage pattern
A pattern where the division planes are not at 90° angles, resulting in daughter cells that are not directly on top of one another. characteristic of protostomes
radial cleavage pattern
A simple pattern where the division planes are at 90° angles to each other, resulting in daughter cells that are directly on top of one another. characteristic of deuterostomes
determinate development
type of tissue each embryonic cell will form in adult is determined early
indeterminate development
first few cells produced by zygote are identical daughter cells, and can turn into a complete organism (each is unspecialized)
formation of coelom is protostomes
cells move apart
formation of coelom in deuterostomes
group of cells pouch off the end of the archenteron
which groups are monophyletic
sponges, all animal
what are the protostomes
lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans
features of lophotrochozoans
-grow through gradual addition of mass
-live in water, propel with cilia or body muscular contractions
phyla of lophotrochozoans
platyhelminthes, bryoza, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelida
ecdysis definition
lose skeleton by molting
Porifera characteristics
Sponges
lack symmetry and specialized tissue
cell recognition
larval sponges are free swimming
choanocytes definition
flagellated cells (found in sponges)
Cnidarian characteristics
radial symmetry, have tissues, carnivores, extracellular digestion
Nematocyte definition
stinging cells in cnidarians
cnidarian medusae body form
free floating, gelatinous, umbrella shaped, downward mouth
cnidarian polyps body form
cylindrical, pipe shaped, upward mouth
what animals are cnidarians
jellyfish, hydra, corals, sea anemones
what animals are ctenophora
comb jellies (radial symmetry)
what animals are platyhelminthes
flatworms and rotifers
Flatworm characteristics
Platyhelminthes
lost true coelom
simple bilaterians
most are parasitic
most complex lifecycle
Flame cell definition
work with cilia to move excretory substances into tubules and then out of epidermal cells in flatworms
hermaphroditic definition
contains male and female sexual structures (worms, snails, barnicles, leaches, sponges)
parts of mollusk body
head-foot (locomotion, attachment, food rapture), Visceral mass (central section, contains organs), mantle
what animals are gastropods (mollusk)
snails and slugs
what animals are bivalves (mollusk)
clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
what animals are cephalopods (mollusk)
octopuses, squids, nautiluses
Nephridia definition
tublar, kidney like structure gathers waste from coelom to discharge to mantle cavity
Radula definition
rasping, tonguelike organ in gastropods and cephalopods
annelida characteristics
- Ringlike body segments, may be specialized
- Body Fluid in Coelom creates hydrostatic Skeleton
- Anterior contains Sensory organs
- Move by contracting segments
- Closed circulatory system
- Tube within a tube body plan
-Exchange gasses through body surface
Chaetae definition
bristles of chitin in each segment to help prevent slipping, in annelida
Bryozoans characteristics
- Small, marine, live in colonies (like moss)
- U shaped digestive system (anus near mouth)
- Lophophorate
Nematodes characteristics
- Roundworms
- Bilateral symmetry
- Unsegmented
- Shed thick, flexible cuticle by molting
- Exchange gas through cuticle
- many parasitize humans
Stylets definition
piercing organs of the mouth in nematodes
5 classes of arthropods
Chelicerates, Crustaceans, hexapods, myriapods, trilobites (extinct)
characteristics of arthropods
segmented body, rigid exoskeleton, jointed appendages
Chelicerata animals
spiders, mites, ticks
chelicerata characteristics
- Two tagmata: anterior prosoma (appendages), Posterior Opisthosoma (reproductive Organs)
- 4 pairs of walking legs
- Chelicerae mouthpart (pincers)
crustacea animals
crabs, shrimp, lobsters
crustacea characteristics
- Three tagmata: Cephalon and thorax (may fuse for Cephalothorax)
- antennae, 3 appendages for food, legs
- Large have feathery gills for respiration
- Nauplius larva
Hexapoda animals
insects
hexapoda characteristics
- 6 legs
-wings
-metamorphosis
Myriapoda animals
centipedes (carnivorous) and millipedes (mostly herbivores)
Echinoderm animals
Sea stars, cucumbers, urchins, sand dollars
Ossicles definition
calcium carbonate plates found in echinoderm
Water-vascular system characteristics
- in echinoderm
- Mareporite: Sievelike plate water enters through
- Radial canal: extends through side branches
- Ampulla: base of tube foot, muscular sack contracts, one way value
- Tube feet move around mouth of holothurian
Echinoderm characteristics
-exoskeleton of hard, calcium carbonate plates beneath skin
-mutable collagenous tissue
-water-vascular system
-gas exchange through body surface and tube feet
what are the three classes of chordates
urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata
urochordata characteristics
-tunicates
-larvae have notochord and -nervecord (not adult)
-adults don’t have body cavity or visible segmentation
cephalochordate characteristics
-lancelets
-scaleless
-live in shallow water
-filter-feed on microscopic plankton
-adults burry into ground, stick partially out
Definining characteristics of vertebrates
-vertebrae
-distinct head
-neural crest
-internal organs
-endoskeleton
orders of vertebrates
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
fish defining characteristics
-vertebral column
-jaws and paired appendages
-internal gills
-single-loop blood circulation
-nutritional deficiencies
which fish don’t have jaws
Hagfish (myxini) and lampreys (petromyzontida)
how did jaws evolve
from most anterior of cartilage arch supports that reinforced tissue between gills
what did shark teeth develop from
rough scales
what is the lateral line system
mechanoreceptors down the side of a fish sensitive to motion (sharks and bony fish)
three classes of bony fish
ray finned, lungfish, lobe-finned
what does a swim bladder do in bony fish
gas-filled sac to regulate boyancy
what does an operculum do in bony fish
hard plate that covers gills on each side of head
which class of fish did tetrapod most likely evolve from
lobe-finned
amphibians characteristics
-legs (most have 4)
-lungs
-cutaneous respiration
-pulmonary veins
-partially divided heart
which group of amphibians doesn’t have legs?
caecilians
3 groups of amphibians
anura
cudata
caecilians
what animals is anura
frogs and toads
what animals is cudata
salamanders
what is a caecilian
tropical burrowing amphibian, small eyes, like worms with jaws and teeth
amniotes characteristics
reptiles
- amniotic egg
- dry skin
- thoracic breathing
chorion definition
outermost membrane of amniotic egg
amnion definition
encases developing embryo within fluid-filled cavity in amniotic egg
yolk sac definition
provides food from the yolk for embryo via blood vessels in amniotic egg
allantois definition
surrounds cavity into which waste products are excreted in amniotic egg
what groups are in amniota
synapsids and diapsids
what is a synapsids
single temporal hole behind each opening for the eye
what is a diapsids
skulls have two holes on each side of the head
chelonia animals
turtles and tortoises
groups of amniotes
amniota, chelonia, rhynchocephalia, squamata, crocodylia
carapace definition
dorsal covering of shell of turtles and tortoises
plastron definition
ventral side of shell of turtles and tortoises
Rhynchocephalia animals
tuartaras
squamata animals
lizards and snakes
crocodylia animals
crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials
how do crocodiles resemble birds
4 chambered heart, build nests for young
bird characteristics
- feathers
- flight skeleton
modern bird characteristics
- efficient respiration: air goes through lungs in single direction
- efficient circulation: complete wall divides ventricle
- endothermy
mammals characteristics
- hair
- mammary glands
- endothermy
- placenta
groups of mammals
monotremes: egg laying
marsupials: pouched mammals
placental: primates
cloaca definition
single opening for feces, urine, and reproductive excretion (monotremes and reptiles)
Primates characteristics
- grasping fingers and toes
- binocular vision
