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Life 103 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are features of animals?

A

-heterotrophs
-multicellularity
-no cell walls
-active movement
-sexual reproduction
-embryonic development
-tissues (except sponges)

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2
Q

Totipotent definition

A

zygote cell can become any kind of specialized cell (irreversible in animals except sponges)

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3
Q

which animal phyla have radial symmetry

A

cnidarians and Ctenophora

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4
Q

Cephilization definition

A

concentration of nerve tissue at anterior end

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5
Q

three cell layers of triploblastic animal

A

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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6
Q

what does ectoderm form into

A

outer body covering, nervous system

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7
Q

what does endoderm form into

A

digestive system

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8
Q

what does mesoderm form into

A

skeleton and muscles

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9
Q

what is the role of body cavities

A

provide support, distribute materials, develomental interactions (liquid in most animals, gas in vertebrates)

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10
Q

which phylum doesn’t have a body cavity

A

acoelomates

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11
Q

Pseudocoelom definition

A

body cavity develops embryologically between mesoderm and endoderm

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12
Q

Coelom definition

A

body cavity develops entirely in the mesoderm

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13
Q

open circulatory system definition

A

blood mixes with fluid that bathes tissues from vessels

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14
Q

closed circulatory system definition

A

blood is confined to blood vessels

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15
Q

archenteron definition

A

indent in hollow ball of cell from early development

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16
Q

blastopore

A

hollow ball of cell from early dvelopment

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17
Q

protostome

A

mouth develops first from blastopore

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18
Q

deuterostome

A

anus develops first from blastopore

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19
Q

spiral cleavage pattern

A

A pattern where the division planes are not at 90° angles, resulting in daughter cells that are not directly on top of one another. characteristic of protostomes

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20
Q

radial cleavage pattern

A

A simple pattern where the division planes are at 90° angles to each other, resulting in daughter cells that are directly on top of one another. characteristic of deuterostomes

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21
Q

determinate development

A

type of tissue each embryonic cell will form in adult is determined early

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22
Q

indeterminate development

A

first few cells produced by zygote are identical daughter cells, and can turn into a complete organism (each is unspecialized)

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23
Q

formation of coelom is protostomes

A

cells move apart

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24
Q

formation of coelom in deuterostomes

A

group of cells pouch off the end of the archenteron

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25
Q

which groups are monophyletic

A

sponges, all animal

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26
Q

what are the protostomes

A

lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

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27
Q

features of lophotrochozoans

A

-grow through gradual addition of mass
-live in water, propel with cilia or body muscular contractions

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28
Q

phyla of lophotrochozoans

A

platyhelminthes, bryoza, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelida

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29
Q

ecdysis definition

A

lose skeleton by molting

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30
Q

Porifera characteristics

A

Sponges
lack symmetry and specialized tissue
cell recognition
larval sponges are free swimming

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31
Q

choanocytes definition

A

flagellated cells (found in sponges)

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31
Q

Cnidarian characteristics

A

radial symmetry, have tissues, carnivores, extracellular digestion

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31
Q

Nematocyte definition

A

stinging cells in cnidarians

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32
Q

cnidarian medusae body form

A

free floating, gelatinous, umbrella shaped, downward mouth

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33
Q

cnidarian polyps body form

A

cylindrical, pipe shaped, upward mouth

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34
Q

what animals are cnidarians

A

jellyfish, hydra, corals, sea anemones

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35
Q

what animals are ctenophora

A

comb jellies (radial symmetry)

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36
Q

what animals are platyhelminthes

A

flatworms and rotifers

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37
Q

Flatworm characteristics

A

Platyhelminthes
lost true coelom
simple bilaterians
most are parasitic
most complex lifecycle

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38
Q

Flame cell definition

A

work with cilia to move excretory substances into tubules and then out of epidermal cells in flatworms

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39
Q

hermaphroditic definition

A

contains male and female sexual structures (worms, snails, barnicles, leaches, sponges)

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40
Q

parts of mollusk body

A

head-foot (locomotion, attachment, food rapture), Visceral mass (central section, contains organs), mantle

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41
Q

what animals are gastropods (mollusk)

A

snails and slugs

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42
Q

what animals are bivalves (mollusk)

A

clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

43
Q

what animals are cephalopods (mollusk)

A

octopuses, squids, nautiluses

44
Q

Nephridia definition

A

tublar, kidney like structure gathers waste from coelom to discharge to mantle cavity

45
Q

Radula definition

A

rasping, tonguelike organ in gastropods and cephalopods

46
Q

annelida characteristics

A
  • Ringlike body segments, may be specialized
  • Body Fluid in Coelom creates hydrostatic Skeleton
  • Anterior contains Sensory organs
  • Move by contracting segments
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Tube within a tube body plan
    -Exchange gasses through body surface
47
Q

Chaetae definition

A

bristles of chitin in each segment to help prevent slipping, in annelida

48
Q

Bryozoans characteristics

A
  • Small, marine, live in colonies (like moss)
  • U shaped digestive system (anus near mouth)
  • Lophophorate
49
Q

Nematodes characteristics

A
  • Roundworms
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Unsegmented
  • Shed thick, flexible cuticle by molting
  • Exchange gas through cuticle
  • many parasitize humans
50
Q

Stylets definition

A

piercing organs of the mouth in nematodes

51
Q

5 classes of arthropods

A

Chelicerates, Crustaceans, hexapods, myriapods, trilobites (extinct)

52
Q

characteristics of arthropods

A

segmented body, rigid exoskeleton, jointed appendages

53
Q

Chelicerata animals

A

spiders, mites, ticks

54
Q

chelicerata characteristics

A
  • Two tagmata: anterior prosoma (appendages), Posterior Opisthosoma (reproductive Organs)
  • 4 pairs of walking legs
  • Chelicerae mouthpart (pincers)
55
Q

crustacea animals

A

crabs, shrimp, lobsters

56
Q

crustacea characteristics

A
  • Three tagmata: Cephalon and thorax (may fuse for Cephalothorax)
  • antennae, 3 appendages for food, legs
  • Large have feathery gills for respiration
  • Nauplius larva
57
Q

Hexapoda animals

A

insects

58
Q

hexapoda characteristics

A
  • 6 legs
    -wings
    -metamorphosis
59
Q

Myriapoda animals

A

centipedes (carnivorous) and millipedes (mostly herbivores)

60
Q

Echinoderm animals

A

Sea stars, cucumbers, urchins, sand dollars

61
Q

Ossicles definition

A

calcium carbonate plates found in echinoderm

62
Q

Water-vascular system characteristics

A
  • in echinoderm
  • Mareporite: Sievelike plate water enters through
  • Radial canal: extends through side branches
  • Ampulla: base of tube foot, muscular sack contracts, one way value
  • Tube feet move around mouth of holothurian
63
Q

Echinoderm characteristics

A

-exoskeleton of hard, calcium carbonate plates beneath skin
-mutable collagenous tissue
-water-vascular system
-gas exchange through body surface and tube feet

64
Q

what are the three classes of chordates

A

urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata

65
Q

urochordata characteristics

A

-tunicates
-larvae have notochord and -nervecord (not adult)
-adults don’t have body cavity or visible segmentation

66
Q

cephalochordate characteristics

A

-lancelets
-scaleless
-live in shallow water
-filter-feed on microscopic plankton
-adults burry into ground, stick partially out

67
Q

Definining characteristics of vertebrates

A

-vertebrae
-distinct head
-neural crest
-internal organs
-endoskeleton

68
Q

orders of vertebrates

A

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

69
Q

fish defining characteristics

A

-vertebral column
-jaws and paired appendages
-internal gills
-single-loop blood circulation
-nutritional deficiencies

70
Q

which fish don’t have jaws

A

Hagfish (myxini) and lampreys (petromyzontida)

71
Q

how did jaws evolve

A

from most anterior of cartilage arch supports that reinforced tissue between gills

72
Q

what did shark teeth develop from

A

rough scales

73
Q

what is the lateral line system

A

mechanoreceptors down the side of a fish sensitive to motion (sharks and bony fish)

74
Q

three classes of bony fish

A

ray finned, lungfish, lobe-finned

75
Q

what does a swim bladder do in bony fish

A

gas-filled sac to regulate boyancy

76
Q

what does an operculum do in bony fish

A

hard plate that covers gills on each side of head

77
Q

which class of fish did tetrapod most likely evolve from

A

lobe-finned

78
Q

amphibians characteristics

A

-legs (most have 4)
-lungs
-cutaneous respiration
-pulmonary veins
-partially divided heart

79
Q

which group of amphibians doesn’t have legs?

A

caecilians

80
Q

3 groups of amphibians

A

anura
cudata
caecilians

81
Q

what animals is anura

A

frogs and toads

82
Q

what animals is cudata

A

salamanders

83
Q

what is a caecilian

A

tropical burrowing amphibian, small eyes, like worms with jaws and teeth

84
Q

amniotes characteristics

A

reptiles
- amniotic egg
- dry skin
- thoracic breathing

85
Q

chorion definition

A

outermost membrane of amniotic egg

86
Q

amnion definition

A

encases developing embryo within fluid-filled cavity in amniotic egg

87
Q

yolk sac definition

A

provides food from the yolk for embryo via blood vessels in amniotic egg

88
Q

allantois definition

A

surrounds cavity into which waste products are excreted in amniotic egg

89
Q

what groups are in amniota

A

synapsids and diapsids

90
Q

what is a synapsids

A

single temporal hole behind each opening for the eye

91
Q

what is a diapsids

A

skulls have two holes on each side of the head

92
Q

chelonia animals

A

turtles and tortoises

93
Q

groups of amniotes

A

amniota, chelonia, rhynchocephalia, squamata, crocodylia

94
Q

carapace definition

A

dorsal covering of shell of turtles and tortoises

95
Q

plastron definition

A

ventral side of shell of turtles and tortoises

96
Q

Rhynchocephalia animals

A

tuartaras

97
Q

squamata animals

A

lizards and snakes

98
Q

crocodylia animals

A

crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials

99
Q

how do crocodiles resemble birds

A

4 chambered heart, build nests for young

100
Q

bird characteristics

A
  • feathers
  • flight skeleton
101
Q

modern bird characteristics

A
  • efficient respiration: air goes through lungs in single direction
  • efficient circulation: complete wall divides ventricle
  • endothermy
102
Q

mammals characteristics

A
  • hair
  • mammary glands
  • endothermy
  • placenta
103
Q

groups of mammals

A

monotremes: egg laying
marsupials: pouched mammals
placental: primates

104
Q

cloaca definition

A

single opening for feces, urine, and reproductive excretion (monotremes and reptiles)

105
Q

Primates characteristics

A
  • grasping fingers and toes
  • binocular vision
106
Q
A

Life 103 (5 decks)

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