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9th grade Biology Honors > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

biochemistry

1
Q

oxygen and hydrogen is bonded by–

A

covalent bonds

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2
Q

what do both oxygen and hydrogen share?

A

both share some electrons

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3
Q

water is a what type of molecule?

A

water is a polar molecule

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4
Q

which one is bigger, oxygen atom or hydrogen atom?

A

oxygen is bigger with 8 protons

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5
Q

O (oxygen) is–

A

“stronger”, pulls most of the electrons towards it

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6
Q

O becomes a little–

A

negative

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7
Q

H (hydrogen) is–

A

“weaker”, loses electrons

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8
Q

H becomes a little–

A

positive

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9
Q

what does the unevenness of O and H make the water molecule?

A

the unevenness makes the water molecule polar

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10
Q

how does water stick together?

A

the positive end of one water molecule attracts the negative end of another water molecule, until all the water molecules are connected

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11
Q

what are these types of water connections called?

A

hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

a weak attraction between the slightly negative oxygen of one water molecule, and the slightly positive hydrogen of another water molecule

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13
Q

H-bonds are weak alone, but–

A

strong in high numbers

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14
Q

cohesion–

A

attraction between molecules of the same substance. water-water

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15
Q

why is water very cohisive?

A

because of the H-bonds, molecules hold on to each other very tightly and create high surface tension

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16
Q

adhesion–

A

attraction between molecules of different substances, water loves other substances.

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17
Q

what is an example of adhesion?

A

meniscus in graduated cylinder: water sticks to the glass and “crawls up”

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18
Q

capillary action–

A

when water moves up a thin tube by itself, it’s called capillary action. this is how water moves up in plants

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19
Q

how does water move up in plants from the roots to the leaves?

A

through tubes called xylem (the thinner the tube, the higher the water)

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20
Q

true or false: water can move up through small tubes against gravity

A

true

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21
Q

true or false: water is able to absorb large amounts of heat, lakes and oceans stabilize land.

A

true

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22
Q

true or false: water temperatures most substances (good solvent). water inside the cells and body can carry nutrients and waste around.

A

true

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23
Q

true or false: water absorbs heat when it evaporates, organisms can cool off

A

true

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24
Q

how does some insects walk and other things float on water?

A

because water has high surface tension

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25
Q

which is less dense; solid water (ice) or liquid water?

A

solid water (ice) is less dense

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26
Q

what happens to water when it freezes?

A

it turns into ice, making it float. this prevents rivers, lakes, and oceans from freezing solid

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27
Q

the top ice does what to the water?

A

the top ice insulates the water underneath from the extreme cold

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28
Q

cohesion + adhesion =

A

capillary action

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29
Q

pH–

A

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is [pH scale: 0-14 with 0 being very acidic, and 14 being very basic (alkaline)]

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30
Q

true or false: all macromolecules are monomers, and they are also an inorganic compound

A

false, all macromolecules are polymers, and they are all organic compounds

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31
Q

macromolecules are big molecules that compare to–

A

H2O and O2

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32
Q

how are macromolecules made?

A

by joining/bonding together thousands of smaller monomers

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33
Q

small/single molecules are called what?

A

monomers

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34
Q

monomers join together to make what?

A

polymers

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35
Q

organic compounds–

A

compounds that contain a backbone of carbon and hydrogen at the same time (carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids)

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36
Q

inorganic compounds–

A

no carbon backbone or C without H [H2O, salt (NaCl), O2, vitamins, CO2, minerals]

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37
Q

how many types of organic macromolecules are there?

A

there are four types of macromolecules: carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats, oils, waxes, steroids), proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATD)

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38
Q

carbohydrates (fruits, vegetables, rice, potato, bread, etc.)–

A

made of CHO (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) elements in a ratio of 1:2:1

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39
Q

what kind of monomers are carbohydrates made out of?

A

monosaccharides, glucose and fructose are monosaccharides

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40
Q

monosaccharides are made up of–

A

1 monomer

41
Q

dissaccharides are made up of–

A

2 monomers

42
Q

polysaccharides are made up of–

A

many monomers

43
Q

plants store the extra glucose in the form of–

A

starch (polysaccharide, which is a carbohydrate)

44
Q

true or false: in plants, glucose molecules join together to make cellulose

A

true

45
Q

true or false: in animals, glucose molecules join together to make glycogen, which is stored for energy in the muscles and liver

A

true

46
Q

carbohydrates (sugar and starch) are the main source of–

A

quick energy

47
Q

how do plants make glucose (sugar)?

A

through photosynthesis

48
Q

glucose is stored as what in plants?

A

glucose is stored as starch in plants

49
Q

if a word ends with “ose”, that means it probably is a–

A

sugar (carbohydrates) ex: glucose, fructose, cellulose, lactose, galactose, maltose, etc.

50
Q

lipids (fat, oil, butter, wax, steroids, etc.)–

A

are made up of CHO(P)

51
Q

how are lipid monomers made?

A

by joining a glycerol molecule and 1 or more fatty acids

52
Q

what do lipids store?

A

lipids store energy (fat)

53
Q

lipids are a good temperature–

A

insulators (body fat)

54
Q

what do lipids make?

A

they make cell membranes (phospholipids)

55
Q

true or false: lipids are waterproof

A

true

56
Q

proteins (eggs, chicken, beef, fish, nuts, tofu, lentils, soy, etc.)–

A

made of CHON(S)

57
Q

what are proteins made up of?

A

made up of monomers called amino acids

58
Q

how many types of different amino acids are there?

A

there are about 20 different amino acids

59
Q

the sequence and number of amino acids makes each protein–

A

different

60
Q

how are amino acids joined by what?

A

peptide bonds

61
Q

polypeptide–

A

proteins fold in specific ways to have specific shapes = configuration

62
Q

true or false: proteins are not the building blocks of of the body

A

false, proteins are the building blocks of the body, most of the body is made up of protein

63
Q

what kind of protein does muscles have?

A

myoglobin

64
Q

what kind of protein does nails and hair have?

A

keratin

65
Q

nucleic acids (found in all foods)–

A

made up of CHONP

66
Q

what kind of monomers are nucleic acids made up of?

A

nucleotides

67
Q

nucleotides are made of how many parts?

A

3, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

68
Q

what does nucleic acids store?

A

they store and transmit genetic information, control all cell and body activities

69
Q

how many types of genetic information is there?

A

there are two types, DNA and RNA

70
Q

what is hydrolosis?

A

breaking macromolecules

71
Q

explain what hydrolysis does

A

water is added to break macromolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acids)

72
Q

what is dehydration synthesis?

A

building (storing) macromolecules

73
Q

explain what dehydration synthesis does

A

water is released (produced) to build macromolecules

74
Q

chemical reactions–

A

processes that change one set of chemicals (atoms/compounds) into another set of chemicals

75
Q

where do chemical reactions occur in living organisms?

A

chemical reactions in living organisms occur in the cells metabolism

76
Q

what are reactants?

A

reactants are what you start out with in a reaction

77
Q

what are products?

A

products are what you end up with

78
Q

what does the arrow show?

A

arrow shoes direction of the reaction and means “yields”

79
Q

what do chemical reactions break?

A

chemical reactions break bonds in reactants and form new bonds in products

80
Q

energy is released or absorbed–

A

whenever bonds are formed or broken

81
Q

making bonds–

A

releases energy

82
Q

breaking bonds–

A

absorbs/needs energy

83
Q

true or false: most chemical reactions are too slow or have high activation energies, and cannot happen on their own inside the cells.

A

true

84
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

85
Q

if a word ends in “ase”, then it’s probably an–

A

enzyme (ex. lipase, protease, nuclease, maltase, galactase, lactase, etc.)

86
Q

how are enzymes usually named?

A

after the substrate (molecule that it acts on)

87
Q

enzymes are special–

A

proteins that make reactions go faster

88
Q

enzymes are what?

A

catalysts

89
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a catalyst is a chemical that changes the rate (speed) of reaction without being used up in the reaction

90
Q

what type of shape does an enzyme have?

A

enzymes have a definite 3-dimensional shape (configuration) that allows them to bond with a specific molecule called substrate

91
Q

what is the special pocket where the substrate attaches to the enzyme?

A

active site

92
Q

true or false: when the reaction is complete, the product or products are released and the enzyme is ready to be used again - the enzyme is recycled

A

true

93
Q

what is lock-and-key?

A

enzymes are substrate-specific, this is called the lock and key model or mechanism. the specificity is due to precise shape of the active site: only fits one substrate

94
Q

what are enzymes sensitive to?

A

pH,m temperature, substrate concentration

95
Q

each enzyme works at an–

A

optimum (ideal) pH

96
Q

what happens when the wrong pH works with an enzyme?

A

it can denature (damage) the enzyme by changing it’s shape so it does not work properly

97
Q

true or false: each enzyme works at an optimum (ideal) temperature

A

true

98
Q

too high or too low can do what to the enzyme?

A

it can denature (damage) the enzyme and it does not work properly

9th grade Biology Honors (5 decks)

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