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9th grade Biology Honors > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

ecology

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1
Q

what is ecology?

A

ecology is the scientific study of interactions.

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2
Q

who made the term ecology and why?

A

Ernest Haeckel coined the term ecology in 1866, he saw the living world as a household with an economy where each organism plays a “role”.

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3
Q

what are the ecological levels of organization?

A

the ecological levels of organization are individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere.

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4
Q

how much is an individual?

A

one organism.

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5
Q

what is a population?

A

a group of individuals that are the same species living in the same area.

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6
Q

what is a community?

A

different populations living together in an area.

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7
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

all the communities in an area + all the abiotic components of the environment.

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8
Q

what is a biome?

A

group of ecosystem with the same climate and similar communities.

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9
Q

what is biosphere?

A

part of the earth in which life exists, including air, land, and water.

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10
Q

what is a species?

A

individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring.

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11
Q

what does biotic mean?

A

all the living things.

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12
Q

what does abiotic mean?

A

all the non-living things.

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13
Q

what are some biotic factors?

A

animals, fungi, plants, bacteria, and protists.

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14
Q

what are some abiotic factors?

A

sunlight, water, temperature, soil, wind, and rocks.

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15
Q

are severe disturbances abiotic? (tornadoes, fires, hurricanes, droughts, and volcanic eruptions)

A

yes, severe disturbances are abiotic.

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16
Q

what is energy?

A

energy is the ability to do work or to cause change.

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17
Q

what are the forms of energy?

A

light (radiant), heat (thermal), chemical, mechanical (movement) and kinetic.

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18
Q

true or false: energy does not transform and doesn’t transfer

A

false, energy transforms and is transferred within ecosystems.

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19
Q

does energy flow in one direction or many?

A

energy flows in one direction: from the sun to consumers.

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20
Q

what is the main initial source of energy?

A

sunlight.

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21
Q

true or false: producers (autotrophs) use sunlight or chemicals to produce food and harness energy.

A

true

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22
Q

what does the suffix troph mean?

A

troph means nourishment or food.

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23
Q

what are the two types of autotrophic processes?

A

photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

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24
Q

what kind of energy does photosynthesis use?

A

photosynthesis uses light energy.

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25
Q

what kind of energy does chemosynthesis use?

A

chemosynthesis uses chemical energy.

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26
Q

what do consumers (heterotrophs) rely on for energy?

A

consumers (heterotrophs) rely on other organisms for energy.

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27
Q

what are herbivores?

A

herbivores are organisms that eat only plants

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28
Q

what are carnivores?

A

carnivores are organisms that eat only meat.

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29
Q

what are omnivores?

A

omnivores are organisms that eat bot plants and meat.

30
Q

what are scavengers?

A

scavengers are organisms that mostly eats large pieces of dead animals or plants (carrion).

31
Q

what are detritivores?

A

detritivores are organisms that eat plant and animal remains.

32
Q

what do decomposers do?

A

decomposers break down organic matter.

33
Q

what are food chains?

A

food chains are steps that show how energy is passed on.

34
Q

what do the arrows in food chains mean?

A

the arrows point in the direction that energy is flowing.

35
Q

true or false: fewer steps of a food chain means less energy for the consumers at the end/top.

A

false, fewer steps mean greater energy for consumers at the end/top of a food chain.

36
Q

what are food webs?

A

a food web links all food chains in an ecosystem together.

37
Q

what do trophic levels show?

A

trophic levels shows the position of an organism with available energy in a food chain or a food web. it is the number of steps starting with the producers (autotrophs).

38
Q

what does the first trophic level start with?

A

the first trophic level always starts with some sort of producer.

39
Q

what is an energy pyramid?

A

an energy pyramid is energy passed between trophic levels.

40
Q

how much energy is transferred to each level?

A

only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next level.

41
Q

how much energy is “lost” at each level?

A

90% is lost at each level to work and as heat.

42
Q

what is a biomass pyramid?

A

a biomass pyramid shows the potential food available for each trophic level.

43
Q

how is a biomass pyramid measured?

A

biomass pyramids are measured in grams per unit area g/m^2

44
Q

pyramid of numbers-

A

number of individual organisms at each trophic level. (not always a pyramid).

45
Q

what is a habitat?

A

a habitat is where an organism lives including abiotic and biotic factors.

46
Q

what is a niche?

A

a niche is a role or an organism in an ecosystem.

47
Q

true or false: two species can have the same niche in a habitat.

A

false, two species cannot have the same niche in a habitat.

48
Q

when does competition occur?

A

competition occurs when two organisms try to use the same resource like food, nesting area, mate, etc.

49
Q

what is competitive exclusion principle?

A

competitive exclusion principle is where no two species can occupy the same niche.

50
Q

what is predation?

A

predation is where one organism captures and feeds on another.

51
Q

what is a predator?

A

a predator is the organism that does the killing.

52
Q

what is the prey?

A

the organism that gets hunted, the one that gets eaten.

53
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

relationship in which two species live closely together.

54
Q

how many types of symbiosis is there?

A

there is three types of symbiosis.

55
Q

what are the types of symbiosis?

A

mutualism, commenalism, paratism.

56
Q

what is mutualism?

A

mutualism is where both species benefit from the relationship.

57
Q

what is commenalism?

A

commenalism is where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed or not helped, neutral.

58
Q

what is paratism?

A

paratism is where one one organism lives on or inside another organism “harming” them. the parasite obtains most of its food from its host.

59
Q

pioneer species–

A

are the first to arrive usually lichens and mosses.

60
Q

climax community–

A

last stage of ecological succession that does not change anymore.

61
Q

what are the two types of land (terrestrial) succession?

A

primary and secondary succession are the two types.

62
Q

when does primary succession occur?

A

primary succession occurs on land where there is no soil existing.

63
Q

when does secondary succession occur?

A

secondary succession occurs following a disturbance, where the soil is still existing.

64
Q

when does aquatic succession occur?

A

aquatic succession occurs in lakes and ponds and they get filled up with sediment.

65
Q

what are the nutrient cycles?

A

water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus.

66
Q

what are all living things made out of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus.

67
Q

what do producers do with C, H, O, N, P?

A

producers are able to “put together” these elements into macromolecules

68
Q

what do consumers do with C, H, O, N, P ?

A

consumers acquire them by eating the producers.

69
Q

water cycle–

A

the movement of water (H2O) through and ecosystem.

70
Q
A

9th grade Biology Honors (3 decks)

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