unit 4 Flashcards
photosynthesis vs cellular respiration
processes and location
photosynthesis: builds glucose from light E in plant chloroplast
cell respiration: breaking glucose to make ATP mostly in mitochondria
cell respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
oxidation vs reduction
what goes thru each in cell resp.
oxidation: lose electrons
reduction: gains electrons
glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
ATP and ADP cycle process
ATP(high E) broken by hydrolysis into ADP + P(low E) which can be joined by dehydration synthesis
glycolysis inputs and outputs
inputs: Glucose, NAD+, a little ATP to start up process(Energy investment)
output: 2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP molecules(Energy payoff), 2 NADH
does glycolysis need oxygen
where does the process take place
no
cytoplasm
pyruvate oxidation inputs and outputs (in mitochondria)
inputs: pyruvate, NAD+(oxidizes pyruvate)
outputs: Acetyl CoA(2C attached to CoA(carrier molec)), NADH, CO2
citric acid cycle(mitochondrial matrix) inputs and outputs
inputs: acetyl CoA which combines with oxaloacetate
outputs: CO2, 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH, oxaloacetate
Where do the outputs of the citric acid cycle go
to the mitochondrial matrix
why is the critic acid cycle a cycle
oxaloacetate is a starter of the cycle that regenerates to allow for 1 more round of acetyl coA entry
oxidative phosphorylation inputs and outputs
inputs: NADH, FADH2, ADP, Oxygen
outputs: ATP, NAD+, FAD+, H2O
oxidative phosphorylation steos
- electrons are transported from NADH and FADH2 to protein complexes and electron carriers(electrons are released to join O2 to make H2O)
- this releases energy that is used to pump protons across the membrane into inter membrane space
- chemiosmosis: protons flow back across membrane through ATP synthase which phosphoralizes ADP to make ATP through its movement down its concentration gradient
what happens in cellular respiration is oxygen is not presnt
- cellular respiration fails
- electron is final acceptor and if they can’ be passes along, E can not be extracted to produce ATP
On average, how much ATP is made through cellular respiration
30-38 net ATP
alcohol fermentation (like yeast)
- 2 pyruvate produced from glycolysis produces CO2 and ethanol by 2 acetaldehyde accepting electrons from NADH also produced from glycolysis
- empty NAD+ can be used to restart glycolysis
- only 2 ATP per glucose molecule
lactic acid fermentation (like in muscle cells)
- 2 pyruvate from glycolysis makes 2 lactate
- pyruvate becomes e- acceptor allowing NADH to become NAD+
obligate anaerobes vs facultative anaerobes
obligate: can only survive with no oxygen and will die if exposed to it
facultative: can grow and thrive in both absence and presence of oxygen
proteins for ATP production
- protein turned into amino acids
- our cells want to keep those to restructure and create chains to build our own muscle
- as a last resort our body will consume its own muscle by joining pyruvate oxidation and losing NH3
fats for ATP production
- glycerol used in glycolysis
- fatty acids are large hydoxcarbons that are choppe into 2 Carbons each which attach to an enzyme to create coA
