obj 39A, 40B

Question 1

proximate causes of behavior

Answer 1

• How questions
  about mechanisms of behavior

Question 2

ultimate causes

Answer 2

• Why questions
  evolutionary explanations for behavior

Question 3

fixed action patterns

Answer 3

• sequence of unlearned behavioral acts
• unchangeable + carried to completion

Question 4

what are fixed action patters triggered by

Answer 4

sign stimulus: external sensory stimulus

Question 5

innate behaviors

Answer 5

• under strong genetic influence
• performed nearly identically in all members of the same species
• simple or complex

Question 6

animal communication methods and reasoning

Answer 6

• mechanisms that match lifestyle + environment
• visual, body language, sound touch, sound movement, chemicals (smell)

Question 7

altruism

Answer 7

• providing aid to close offspring who share many similar genes to produce offspring

Question 8

kin selection

Answer 8

• natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives
• weakens with hereditary distance
• type of altruistic behavior

Question 9

population
population ecology

Answer 9

• group of organisms of the same species living together in 1 geographical area
• study of how populations of a species change over time

Question 10

population density

Answer 10

the number of organisms per unit area

Question 11

different types of dispersion patterns

Answer 11

• random distribution: spacing between individuals is irregular, presence of one has no effect on another (plants)
• clumped distribution: individuals are grouped in patches
• uniform distribution: regular and evenly spaced, finding one decreases probability of another close by

Question 12

life tables: mortality and survivorship

Answer 12

• relative proportion of individuals in each age group
• high proportion of reproductive and prereproductive ages has higher potential for population growth than when mostly older individuals
• stable usually 2 young: 1 adult

Question 13

type 1,2,3 survivorship curves

Answer 13

• type 1: late loss: low infant death rate (humans)
• type 2: constant loss: mortality independent of age
• type 3: early loss: high early mortality but survive group reaches adulthood

Question 14

carrying capacity

Answer 14

• how many organisms a particular environment can suppport

Question 15

r vs k selection

Answer 15

• r: high bitotic potential, usually dont reach carrying capacity, unpredicatable climate, often t3 s-curve, generalist niche: can survive in wide range of environments
• k:population near carrying cqapacity, fewer offspring but longer lives, nurture young more,specialist niche: survives in specific environment

Question 16

boom and bust

Answer 16

• species has rapid population growth, dramatic decline
• usually limited resources, predator/prey, or environmental fluctuations

Question 17

bottom up regulation factors

Answer 17

reduce access to resources

Question 18

top down regulation factors

Answer 18

deaths by disease or predators

Question 19

factors regulating population growth

Answer 19

density independent: rain, temp, natural disasters
density dependent: food supply, disease, predation, space