unit 3

Question 1

similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

• same: ribosome, DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm
• prokaryotic: flagella, cell wall
• eukaryotic: nucleus

Question 2

cell compartmentalization importance in eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

• provides local environments to support specific metabolic functions, so incompatible processes can go at the same time

Question 3

cytoskeleton functions

Answer 3

• maintenance of cell shape
• chromosome mvmt in cell division + division of animal cells
• organelle mvmt and muscle contractions where cell shape changes

Question 4

plant cell wall function and chem components

Answer 4

• outside of cell membrane
• made mostly of cellulose
• provides rigid structural support for cell

Question 5

Extracellular matrix structure and functions

Answer 5

• hold cells to other cells to form tissues, protects cell membrane
• acts like mesh layer holding cell membrane of phospholipid bilayer in place

Question 6

integral vs peripheral proteins

Answer 6

• integral: embedded in lipid bilayer: you can see from both sides
• peripheral: on the surface of a membrane: only seen on one side

Question 7

how membrane carbohydrates help cell-cell recognition

Answer 7

• recognition: distinguishing neighboring cells
• carbs on plasma membrane have variation and a location that helps other distinguish them

Question 8

role of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

Answer 8

create phospholipid bilayers to make more cell wallsso that more cells can synthesize

Question 9

types of molecules that can and cannot pass through the cell membrane

Answer 9

can: small, non-charged molecules, nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2, lipid)
cannot: ions and polar molecules

Question 10

water passing thru cell wall

Answer 10

• moves thru very slowly even tho polar bc so small
• can move more quickly through a channel integral protein called aquaporin

Question 11

passive transport

Answer 11

• requires no added energy
• molecules move down concentration gradient
• diffusion is when they move through bilayer
• facillitated diffusion: diffusion with the help of a channel protein: polar,large
• osmosis

Question 12

osmosis

Answer 12

water moves down concentration gradient to create more equal concentrations of solute

Question 13

hypertonic vs hypotonic vs isotonic

Answer 13

• hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than a hypotonic solution
• isotonic: same solute concentration
• water is most hypotonic solution

Question 14

animal cell vs plant cell osmosis vocab

Answer 14

animal
- hypotonic: lysed
- isotonic: normal
- hypertonic: shriveled
plant
- hypotonic: turgid
- isotonic: flaccid
- hypertonic: plasmolyzed

Question 15

active transport

Answer 15

• mvmt of molecules against their concentration gradient
• requires added energy
• requires channel protein

Question 16

exocytosis vs endocytosis

Answer 16

-both bulk transport for large items
- requires energy + cytoskalotn mvmt
- cell membrane moves to warp around item
- exocytosis: out, endocytosis: in

Question 17

mechanism and functions of local signaling vs long distance (endocrine) signaling

Answer 17

• local: secreting cell uses secretory vesicles to send out signaling molecules(or hormones/ligands) to target cells
• long distance (endocrine): endocrine cell sends out signaling hormones that travel through blood vessel to cell that can only revive is proper structure

Question 18

signal transduction 3 stages

Answer 18

• reception: signaling molecule receipted by integral protein (shape of receptor has to match shape of signaling molecule: ligand)
• transduction: chain of events to activate a response
• response: activation of a cellular function

Question 19

why some signaling molecules have receptors in the cell membrane and others have intracellular receptors

Answer 19

cell-membrane receptors: for protein based signaling molecules
intracellular receptors: for lipid based hormones that can pass through the membrane

Question 20

possible cellular responses to external signals

Answer 20

• turning genes on and off
• activating proteins/triggering exocytosis
  -any imaginable cell activity