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Geography - Changing Places > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the quaternary sector and what is it worth in the U.K?

A

knowledge based sector, and is worth £30 billion in the U.K

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2
Q

What percentage of U.K industry works in the quaternary sector?

A

10 - 15%

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3
Q

What is a saturated market?

A

when similar products are produced, constant redeveloping

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4
Q

What are the 4 locational factors that increase the growth of the quaternary industry?

A
  1. Skilled workforce
  2. Communication infrastructure
  3. Government
  4. MNC’s
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5
Q

How does having a skilled workforce increase growth of the quaternary sector?

A

people in these industries have higher levels of educations, can lead to clustering

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6
Q

How does having a communication infrastructure increase growth of the quaternary sector?

A

-> fast internet connectivity, allows the exchange of information
-> transportation infrastructure for meetings and conferences

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7
Q

How does having governmental support increase growth of the quaternary sector?

A

In 2014 British government spent £9 billion on R & D projects, this can attract foreign direct investment (FDI)

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8
Q

How do MNC’s increase growth of the quaternary sector?

A

These companies carry out their R & D operations abroad, usually to MEDC’s

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9
Q

What is meant by clustering?

A

when quaternary sector industries all concentrate in the same area, usually near universities to fund their work-force

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10
Q

How is clustering measured?

A

using ‘Location Quotient’, which quantifies how concentrated a particular industry or demographic group is in the region, compared to the nation

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11
Q

What is the equation of the Location Quotient (LQ)?

A

regional total employment
———————————————–
state industry employment
———————————————–
state total employment

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12
Q

How do you interpret the LQ results?

A

> 1.25+ = significant, above national avg.
1 = similar national avg.
<1 = less, below national avg.

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13
Q

Where does the M4 corridor pass through?

A

London to South Wales

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14
Q

What areas does the M4 pass through and the relevance to the quaternary sector?

A
  1. London -> 500,000 jobs in quaternary sector, £156bn to U.K economy
  2. Reading -> 45,000 jobs in dig tech, £30.6bn to U.K economy
  3. Bristol -> high tech start ups (Nokia, Amazon) foreign investment
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15
Q

What are the 4 establishments along the M4?

A
  1. Aldermaston and Harwell
  2. Jealott’s Hill
  3. Porton Down
  4. Brunel uni
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16
Q

What R & D project do Aldermaston and Harwell research?

A

newly formed atomic energy research establishment
In 2000 received £26 million investment, explores fusion research

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17
Q

What does Jealott’s Hill research?

A

Large commercial research facility in the U.K dedicated to agri-tech
employs approx. 800

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18
Q

What does Porton Down research?

A

Chemical weapons, science and defense technology campus, works with the ministry of defense

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19
Q

What research does Brunel University do?

A

Engineering, design and physical sciences (future liquid metal engineering)

20
Q

What is the Cambridge Science Park, and what transportation systems does it have in place to make it accessible?
HINT: investments

A

->Clustering of quaternary industries, has great railway links (Cambridge north railway) with connections to London
->park and ride schemes, public services
->£24 million for M11 and M14, cycling lanes and updating transportation
Cambridge INTERNATIONAL airport, increases communication

21
Q

Who and when was the Cambridge Science park established?

A

Established by Trinity College in 1970

22
Q

What was the first company to be established and when in Cambridge Science Park?

A

Laser-Scan in autumn 1973

23
Q

At the end of the 1970’s how many companies were established?

24
Q

In 1994 how many companies were established and how many people were employed?

A

64 companies
employing 4,000

25
How many quaternary sector companies were located in the wider Cambridge area and how many did they employ?
1,200 companies, employing 35,000 people by the 1990's
26
What is meant by 'agglomeration of economies'?
agglomeration = a mass collection of things describes the mechanisms that cause employees and firms to co-locate geographically
27
What are the advantages of clustering?
- meetings can increase connections - companies can collaborate, can share products/services - similar supplies = lower costs, possible could share employees - can share customers to boost profits
28
What is an example of a company operating (in Cambridge) in the biomedical sector?
In 2007, Napp Pharmaceuticals completed 3 new buildings Astra Zenica = Covid-19 Vaccine
29
What is an example of a company operating (in Cambridge) in the computer/telecoms sector?
40,000 sq ft Bradfield centre opened in summer 2017 to house deep technology start up and scale up e.g World Pay = leading international pay company
30
What has the rapid and prolonged economic growth in Cambridge led to?
Overheating in Cambridge, economy has reached crisis level which may lead economy elsewhere
31
What is the % of R & D jobs in Cambridge compared to Oxford and Birmingham in 2011?
Cambridge = 8.2% Oxford = 5.4% Birmingham = 2.4%
32
Why has there been an increase in house prices in Cambridge?
increase number of high paying jobs, which increases demand, low supply = increased house prices
33
What are the house prices in 2020 of Cambridge compared to National average?
Cambridge = £426,000 National = £240,000
34
What are the unemployment rates in Cambridge compared to England in 2021?
Cambridge = 2.2% England = 4.8%
35
In 2023 on average how many hours did residents in Cambridge spend in traffic annually?
66 hours
36
What was the % increase of the population of Cambridge compared to England from 2001 to 2011?
Cambridge = 14% increase England = 8% increase
37
What are the economic positives of Cambridge's clustering?
+ highly skilled workers, benefit from clustering of institutions e.g Jealott's Hill and Porton Down + property owners x4 greater than average prices + by 1999 64 companies, employing 4,000 + quaternary industry grew
38
What are the economic negatives of Cambridge's clustering?
- low supply of housing - retail jobs cannot afford local services
39
What are the social positives of Cambridge's clustering?
+ more opportunities, services, products tailored to residents with higher paying jobs + globalisation, interconnectivity (international airport) + higher availability of jobs + low unemployment rates +development of key services
40
What are the social negatives of Cambridge's clustering?
- population increase from 2011 to 2021 by 17.1% which can lead to overcrowding - harder to access healthcare services - first time buyers - loss of community
41
What are the environmental positives of Cambridge's clustering?
+ eco friendly - public transport investment (M11 and M14 £24 million) +cycle lanes + e-bikes
42
What are the environmental negatives of Cambridge's clustering?
- increased congestion and traffic - 2015 -> traffic volume index highest at 120
43
When and who founded the Birmingham Science Park?
Founded in 1982, owned by Birmingham City Council
44
How many companies and employees in the Birmingham Science Park?
Covers 14 acres, over 100 companies, employing more than 5000 ppl
45
Why might Birmingham Science Park benefit from Cambridge's overheating?
They'll attract a highly skilled workforce, cheaper land for companies in U.K, also has more integrated transport links and lower rates of congestion in Birmingham
46
What is the Spearman's Rank test used for?
test for correlations (the relationship between 2 variables) and whether the relationship is significant and whether it is positive or negative
47
What are the 4 steps to complete a Spearman's Rank?
1. Rank each data set individually 2. Calculate difference between two ranked columns 3. Calculate the square of the differences 4. Substitute values into equation: 1 - 6 (sum of) difference sq over n cubed - n

Geography - Changing Places (7 decks)

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