Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography - Changing Places > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is the quaternary sector and what is it worth in the U.K?

A

knowledge based sector, and is worth £30 billion in the U.K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percentage of U.K industry works in the quaternary sector?

A

10 - 15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a saturated market?

A

when similar products are produced, constant redeveloping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 locational factors that increase the growth of the quaternary industry?

A
  1. Skilled workforce
  2. Communication infrastructure
  3. Government
  4. MNC’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does having a skilled workforce increase growth of the quaternary sector?

A

people in these industries have higher levels of educations, can lead to clustering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does having a communication infrastructure increase growth of the quaternary sector?

A

-> fast internet connectivity, allows the exchange of information
-> transportation infrastructure for meetings and conferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does having governmental support increase growth of the quaternary sector?

A

In 2014 British government spent £9 billion on R & D projects, this can attract foreign direct investment (FDI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do MNC’s increase growth of the quaternary sector?

A

These companies carry out their R & D operations abroad, usually to MEDC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by clustering?

A

when quaternary sector industries all concentrate in the same area, usually near universities to fund their work-force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is clustering measured?

A

using ‘Location Quotient’, which quantifies how concentrated a particular industry or demographic group is in the region, compared to the nation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the equation of the Location Quotient (LQ)?

A

regional total employment
———————————————–
state industry employment
———————————————–
state total employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you interpret the LQ results?

A

> 1.25+ = significant, above national avg.
1 = similar national avg.
<1 = less, below national avg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the M4 corridor pass through?

A

London to South Wales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What areas does the M4 pass through and the relevance to the quaternary sector?

A
  1. London -> 500,000 jobs in quaternary sector, £156bn to U.K economy
  2. Reading -> 45,000 jobs in dig tech, £30.6bn to U.K economy
  3. Bristol -> high tech start ups (Nokia, Amazon) foreign investment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 establishments along the M4?

A
  1. Aldermaston and Harwell
  2. Jealott’s Hill
  3. Porton Down
  4. Brunel uni
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What R & D project do Aldermaston and Harwell research?

A

newly formed atomic energy research establishment
In 2000 received £26 million investment, explores fusion research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Jealott’s Hill research?

A

Large commercial research facility in the U.K dedicated to agri-tech
employs approx. 800

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does Porton Down research?

A

Chemical weapons, science and defense technology campus, works with the ministry of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What research does Brunel University do?

A

Engineering design and physical sciences (future liquid metal engineering)

20
Q

What is the Cambridge Science Park, and what transportation systems does it have in place to make it accessible?
HINT: investments

A

->Clustering of quaternary industries, has great railway links (Cambridge north railway) with connections to London
->park and ride schemes, public services
->£24 million for M11 and M14, cycling lanes and updating transportation
Cambridge INTERNATIONAL airport, increases communication

21
Q

Who and when was the park established?

A

Established by Trinity College in 1970

22
Q

What was the first company to be established and when?

A

Laser - Scan in autumn 1973

23
Q

At the end of the 1970’s how many companies were established?

A

25

24
Q

In 1994 how many companies were established and how many people were employed?

A

64 companies
employing 4,000

25
Q

How many quaternary sector companies were located in the wider Cambridge area and how many did they employ?

A

1,200 companies, employing 35,000 people by the 1990’s

26
Q

What is meant by ‘agglomeration of economies’?

A

agglomeration = a mass collection of things
describes the mechanisms that cause employees and firms to co-locate geographically

27
Q

What are the advantages of clustering?

A
  • meetings can increase connections
  • companies can collaborate, can share products/services
  • similar supplies = lower costs, possible could share employees
  • can share customers to boost profits
28
Q

What is an example of a company operating (in Cambridge) in the biomedical sector?

A

In 2007, Napp Pharmaceuticals completed 3 new buildings
Astra Zenica = Covid-19 Vaccine

29
Q

What is an example of a company operating (in Cambridge) in the computer/telecoms sector?

A

40,000 sq ft Bradfield centre opened in summer 2017 to house deep technology start up and scale up
e.g World Pay = leading international pay company

30
Q

What has the rapid and prolonged economic growth in Cambridge led to?

A

Overheating in Cambridge, economy has reached crisis level which may lead economy elsewhere

31
Q

What is the % of R & D jobs in Cambridge compared to Oxford and Birmingham? What Year?

A

Year 2011
Cambridge = 8.2%
Oxford = 5.4%
Birmingham = 2.4%

32
Q

Why has there been an increase in house prices in Cambridge?

A

increase number of high paying jobs, which increases demand, low supply = increased house prices

33
Q

What are the house prices in 2020 of Cambridge compared to National average?

A

Cambridge = £426,000
National = £240,000

34
Q

What are the unemployment rates in Cambridge compared to England in 2021?

A

Cambridge = 2.2%
England = 4.8%

35
Q

In 2023 on average how many hours did residents in Cambridge spend in traffic annually?

A

66 hours

36
Q

What was the % increase of the population of Cambridge compared to England from 2001 to 2011?

A

Cambridge = 14% increase
England = 8% increase

37
Q

What are the economic positives of Cambridge’s clustering?

A

+ highly skilled workers, benefit from clustering of institutions e.g Jealott’s Hill and Porton Down
+ property owners x4 greater than average prices
+ by 1999 64 companies, employing 4,000
+ quaternary industry grew

38
Q

What are the economic negatives of Cambridge’s clustering?

A
  • low supply of housing
  • retail jobs cannot afford local services
39
Q

What are the social positives of Cambridge’s clustering?

A

+ more opportunities, services, products tailored to residents with higher paying jobs
+ globalisation, interconnectivity (international airport)
+ higher availability of jobs
+ low unemployment rates
+development of key services

40
Q

What are the social negatives of Cambridge’s clustering?

A
  • population increase from 2011 to 2021 by 17.1% which can lead to overcrowding
  • harder to access healthcare services
  • first time buyers
  • loss of community
41
Q

What are the environmental positives of Cambridge’s clustering?

A

+ eco friendly - public transport investment (M11 and M14 £24 million)
+cycle lanes
+ e-bikes

42
Q

What are the environmental negatives of Cambridge’s clustering?

A
  • increased congestion and traffic
  • 2015 -> traffic volume index highest at 120
43
Q

When and who founded the Birmingham Science Park?

A

Founded in 1982, owned by Birmingham City Council

44
Q

How many companies and employees in the Birmingham Science Park?

A

Covers 14 acres, over 100 companies, employing more than 5000 ppl

45
Q

Why might Birmingham Science Park benefit from Cambridge’s overheating?

A

They’ll attract a highly skilled workforce, cheaper land for companies in U.K, also has more integrated transport links and lower rates of congestion in Birmingham

46
Q

What is the Spearman’s Rank test used for?

A

test for correlations (the relationship between 2 variables) and whether the relationship is significant and whether it is positive or negative

47
Q

What are the 4 steps to complete a Spearman’s Rank?

A
  1. Rank each data set individually
  2. Calculate difference between two ranked columns
  3. Calculate the square of the differences
  4. Substitute values into equation:
    1 - 6 (sum of) difference sq over n cubed - n

Geography - Changing Places (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions