Unit 2

Question 1

What are the 4 stages involved in the decline of the inner city?

Answer 1

1. Industrial change/decline
2. Increasing unemployment
3. Declining of shops and services
4. declining in housing and environment

Question 2

What are the social factors involved in the cycle of decline?

Answer 2

• people are made unemployed
• people have less money to spend
• crime rates increased
• lower aspirations/lower wage demand
• outmigration of skilled people in search of jobs

Question 3

What are the environmental factors involved in the cycle of decline?

Answer 3

• dereliction of industrial premises more waste land
• increased burglary, grafitti, vandalism and fly tipping
• environmental/building quality decline

Question 4

What are the economic factors involved in the cycle of decline?

Answer 4

• industrial decline/de-industrialisation happens
• industries and businesses start to reduce workforce and relocate
• industrial buildings sit empty
• less skilled workforce
• low investor confidence in the area

Question 5

What is social exclusion in de-industrialised places?

Answer 5

process of de-industrialisation can create areas of deprivation within a city

-> the process that leads to exclusion = filtering

Question 6

How does social exclusion work?

Answer 6

1. de-industrialisation within an area leads to unemployment
2. outward migration of people within with higher levels of skills and education occurs as they find work elsewhere
3. remaining population decline in no. Those who remain suffer high unemployment and have decreased skills/ levels of education level leads to few prospects
4. decreased pop with a lack of spending power causes closure and further decline, lack of key services
5. remaining pop suffer social excursion and deprivation

Question 7

What are some of the issues that deprived/filtered areas face?

Answer 7

• poverty/homelessness
• dereliction
• less resources
• decline in public services
• increased crime rates
• poor quality of life
• ageing population
• spiral of decline

Question 8

What is the case study for deprivation?

Answer 8

Ladywood, Birmingham

Question 9

Why is ladywood now deprived?

Answer 9

Is an inner city location that developed in response to the growth of industry, canals and railway networks. De-industrialisation has led to its decline

Question 10

In 2008, ‘The campaign to end child poverty’ revealed what?

Answer 10

80% of familied fighting for financial survival

Question 11

In what year was it reported that Ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of ALL constituents in the U.K?

Answer 11

2010

Question 12

In 2009 what percentage of all violent crime occurred in Ladywood?

Answer 12

25%, in all of Birmingham

Question 13

What does LLSOA stand for?

Answer 13

Lower Layer Super Output Areas

Question 14

What was the % of homes rented from the council in 2021 in Ladywood compared to the national average?

Answer 14

Ladywood = 75%

National Average = 9%

Question 15

What was the % of people in 2021 that had no qualifications in Ladywood compared to National Average?

Answer 15

Ladywood = 29%

National Average = 18%

Question 16

What are enterprise zones?

Answer 16

These are designated areas in England that provide tax breaks and government support, objective to encourage businesses to establish themselves in these areas and start economic development

Question 17

How have government policies helped improve areas suffering from deprivation?

Answer 17

• encourage new economic growth in the tertiary sector by attracting FDI in the U.K from MNC’s
• retaining local population
• improving environment

Question 18

What are some of the benefits the U.K government offer to companies?

Answer 18

• up to 100% business rate discount worth up to £275,000 per business, over a 5 year period
• simple, fast planning permission
• access to superfast broadband
• 100% tax relief on things such as machinery

Question 19

HSBC Arena Central is an Enterprise Zone. Where is it located? When did it open? What is it?

Answer 19

Located in central Birmingham
Opened in 2013
Delivered 1.2 million sq ft of mixed development for work, leisure, retail
670,000 sq ft of offices
250 bedroom Holiday Inn

Question 20

When was the Big City Plan introduced?

Answer 20

2010, added enterprise zones

Question 21

When will all zones be established by?

Answer 21

2031

Question 22

What are the six economic zones that will be established?

Answer 22

1. The advanced manufacturing hub
2. Tyseley, environmental enterpise district
3. U.K science campus
4. City centre enterprise zone
5. Long bridge
6. Tec park

Question 23

What will the new enterprise zones attract?

Answer 23

attract £1.5 billion investment, generating 1.8 million sq ft of new floor space and 50,000 new jobs

Question 24

What are the problems in living in a heavy industry area?

Answer 24

• contamination of air and water
• noise pollution
• industrial waste

Question 25

What are the effects caused by the problems of a heavy industry area?

Answer 25

• health problems e.g. asthma
• hazardous piles of mining metals
• sewer outlets directly in canals
• worker hearing problems - noise

Question 26

What are the outcomes of de-industrialisation?

Answer 26

• clean air zones (planting trees)
• clean water, systems in place
• noise decreased as business moves abroad (MNC’s and Globalisation)
• industrial waster decreased due to decline in primary and secondary industry
• now know of impact to environment so cleaner energy used